First, the editor-in-chief compiled the whole book from beginning to end. The first draft of a local chronicle, from collecting information, drafting articles to forming the first draft, is completed by many people. Because everyone's experience, knowledge and writing level are different, local chronicles are prone to problems such as different material standards, different genres and different language styles. Therefore, the compilation of local chronicles is a key link to improve the quality of local chronicles. So, who will compile it is worth studying. Generally speaking, the editor-in-chief should be the editor-in-chief of local chronicles The editor-in-chief has the function of "beating gongs with a thousand hammers and making a final decision" The editor-in-chief cannot be a nominal editor-in-chief. The editor-in-chief should have a strong sense of responsibility, professional knowledge, high theoretical level, extensive knowledge, solid basic writing skills and comprehensive ability. And he has the spirit of an old ox who is immersed in compiling records, can withstand loneliness and devote himself to compiling records. In order to ensure the quality of local chronicles, the editor-in-chief should always compile the whole book from beginning to end.
Second, strictly control politics through the trial of Quan Zhi. Whether to take Deng Xiaoping Theory, Theory of Three Represents and Scientific Outlook on Development as the guidance, and whether to take the principles, lines and policies since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party as the basis to record the achievements and shortcomings of all walks of life in the past 20 years of reform and opening up, we should strictly grasp them when compiling. While grasping this requirement, we should also pay attention to whether the things described in local records are guided by dialectical materialism and historical materialism, whether they are realistic and straightforward. In addition, it is necessary to examine whether there is anything in the account of local chronicles that violates the confidentiality provisions of the party and the state. Only by grasping the above requirements, can the compiled local chronicles meet the needs of the contemporary situation, make them politically consistent with the CPC Central Committee, and objectively, fairly and scientifically reflect the history and present situation of a place and an industry. It can play a role in preserving history, managing resources and educating people.
Third, make a general survey of Quan Zhi, consider it repeatedly and adjust its contents. Catalogue is the framework structure of local chronicles, the outline of local chronicles and the reading guide after the book is written. Because the content before the total compilation can only be used as the basis for the compiler to collect data and the procedure for refining and summarizing data, it is definitely not perfect. When writing, with the discovery of new materials, the deepening of understanding of things and the expansion of content, it is necessary to modify and adjust unreasonable chapters after a comprehensive investigation of Quan Zhi. So how do we start? The author thinks: first, handle the relationship between the whole and the part, and take the whole as the goal, not the department and the part as the goal. Under the premise of not affecting the overall situation, we should take care of the integrity and scientificity of local conditions and avoid making them the content of departmental records. The second is to examine whether the design of the article reflects the whole picture of this industry, dividing things horizontally and not missing items (major items). The third is whether the ownership of the goods is reasonable, so as to achieve horizontal, parallel and vertical subordination, and the classification standards are consistent. Fourth, whether the order of the articles is logical, putting nature before society; First early and then late; Agriculture precedes industry; First there is an economic foundation, then there is a superstructure; First priority, then second priority. Fifth, whether the title of the article is accurate, short, concise and eye-catching.
Fourth, check the data to prevent all kinds of "hard injuries". Data is the basis of compiling local chronicles, and whether the data is comprehensive, systematic, true, accurate and typical is the key to ensure the quality of local chronicles. When compiling, the author must fully understand the importance of information work in the compilation of local chronicles, concentrate on and carefully examine the information entered into local chronicles. Check the comprehensiveness of information. Judging from a local chronicle, all kinds of materials from nature to society must be complete, and there can be no leaks; From the point of view of a professional journal, the materials that constitute the main elements of the profession must be complete and cannot be missing; From the perspective of a career, we should not only reflect achievements, but also record mistakes, experiences and lessons, pros and cons, and prevent one-sidedness. Second, check the systematicness of the data. In order to reflect the whole process of occurrence, development and change of various things and reveal the development law of things, data must be systematic. This is the "vertical continuous line". 3. Check the authenticity of the data. Wisdom is a messenger, and its scientific nature is based on the authenticity of information. Without authenticity, there is no science. Therefore, for wrong, suspicious or controversial information, we must verify and verify it to ensure the authenticity of the information. 4. Check the accuracy of the data. Whether the recorded materials properly reflect the original appearance of objective laws, without exaggeration or exaggeration. This requires that the time, place, people, process and result of each event can be clearly remembered in the account. Fuzzy language such as approximation, estimation, majority and minority cannot be used. The typicality of survey data. A large number of collected data should be typical and representative when written into local chronicles. For those materials that lack typical meaning and can't reflect the experience and laws, we should delete and communicate, and work hard on the depth of the materials. Sixth, statistics must be approved and unified. A local history, especially the local history of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, is based on a large number of statistical data and charts, which are important information. For these statistics and data in statistical charts, we should pay attention to two problems: First, the numbers entered in the records should be accurate. Statistics from various sources are not always accurate. It is not true because of the mistake in copying. If those untrue materials are written into local chronicles, the authority of local chronicles will be weakened. Therefore, it is a meticulous and complicated job to review repeatedly in the editor-in-chief. When dealing with statistical data, we should correct some exaggerated and untrue figures, check some inaccurate figures, and never write inaccurate figures into the chronicle. Second, the number of volunteers should be consistent. A local chronicles book is compiled by various departments of each system, and the figures come from all directions and are calculated by different methods. If the statistics on the same issue in various local chronicles are inconsistent, it will inevitably affect the scientificity, information and authenticity of local chronicles. In order to avoid mistakes, all statistical data must be checked when compiling, and when contradictions are found, the reasons should be carefully found and corrected. When the figures of various departments are inconsistent with those of the Bureau of Statistics, the figures of the Bureau of Statistics shall prevail. The numbers required by the same concept should be consistent, and the numbers required by different concepts should be accurate and not contradictory.
Fifth, read and modify Quan Zhi to optimize the narrative quality. The title is the structural form of local chronicles, and the content is the real use value of local chronicles. A good manuscript should be correct in viewpoint, informative, distinctive in features, appropriate in details and non-overlapping, and fully reflect the rise and fall, development and changes of the industry in this field. And it is exquisite and perfect in the specific account. Before the total compilation, local chronicles have a good narrative foundation, and the quality needs to be further optimized by unifying manuscripts. The editor-in-chief should grasp it from the following aspects.
(1) Can you describe things in chronological order? Write down three points (starting point, turning point and end point) vertically. According to the main development stages of things, select representative historical materials that can reflect the essence of things to describe the main process of their ups and downs and reflect the objective laws of their development. Lack of comprehensive refinement of over-detailed data, inability to grasp the main line of things, inability to select data from a historical perspective, and narrative methods characterized by running accounts and piling up data; Or sum up a few experiences and understandings and form a summary report; Or don't analyze the characteristics (personality) of this thing here, blindly explain it, form a descriptive style, textbook description and other writing methods, which can't reflect the objective law of the development of things. Solution: First, grasp the main line and describe the main development stages. The second is to describe things in chronological order. Third, typical events and typical characters should be reflected in the account.
(2) Whether it fully describes the achievements of reform and opening up. The second round of chronicles describes the important stage of reform and opening up. During these 20 years, great changes have taken place in all walks of life in the province, which is closely related to the reform and opening up. Without reform, the things described in this round of local chronicles lack vivid content and internal motivation, and become passive water and trees without roots. Although the content design of the second round of provincial records does not reflect the reform and opening up, our leading idea is to describe it by means of large concentration and small dispersion. The big concentration is reflected in the overview, and the small dispersion is reflected in each article. The characteristics of this period in Heilongjiang province are: implementing the rural household contract responsibility system, leasing and contracting small and medium-sized enterprises, reforming state-owned enterprises into shareholding system, streamlining government institutions, transforming government functions into service-oriented, developing horizontal cooperation with foreign countries, invigorating border trade with Russia, and profound changes in education and scientific research. These are constantly advancing, solid and in-depth, colorful and vivid. It can be said that reform is the main theme, highlight and great article of Heilongjiang Province in the past 20 years, which embodies the historical process and true portrayal of the political, economic, social and cultural life of the province. Reform has brought great influence to all fields and all walks of life, and many new things have emerged in the changes. These direct reforms or those involving reforms should be fully described in each chapter of the chronicle, so as to truly reflect the historical changes brought about by the reform and opening up in Heilongjiang Province in the past 20 years.
(3) whether the account stands at the height of the whole province and the whole industry. Local chronicles are the local chronicles of a province. This statement explains the compilation connotation of local chronicles very accurately. There is no doubt that the provincial records must describe the provincial situation. As each part of the provincial records, we should focus on the overall appearance of various industries in this province and their position and role in the historical development of this province. Therefore, the focus of the compilation of local chronicles must be strategically positioned. All articles in this industry in the province should be described from top to bottom, not limited to a certain piece above or below, and it is by no means an internal matter of a department or unit. Some local chronicles can't take the whole province as the unit, but can write the whole picture of this industry, this field and this specialty. Such records are not provincial records, but departmental records. For example, when a department tries to write a manuscript describing 1998 flood fighting and disaster relief, it only remembers how an organ in the province did it, how many people were dispatched, how much money was donated, how many warm clothes were donated, and so on. As for how the province's system has done in flood fighting and disaster relief, there is no description, which can't reflect the whole picture of the province's contribution to flood fighting and disaster relief in this system. For another example, some economic journals only pay attention to the description of state-owned enterprises and collective economy, while other economic systems and conditions under the market economy, such as individual economy, shareholding system and foreign capital, etc. , not reflected, nor can it cover the whole picture of the industry. If we don't pay attention to the diversified economy under the market economy in the new period, how can we fully reflect the development, changes and laws of this industry in the new period for 20 years? It is definitely not fully reflected. The account has a low foothold. Then, based on the height of the whole province and the whole industry, how to describe it? The author believes that we should grasp the following aspects: First, the article design should be based on the whole province and the whole industry. Second, when collecting information, it should be based on the whole province and the whole industry. Third, the account should not only write part of the contents of provincial organs or direct management, but also cover the contents of the whole province. The content of the account should not only lead the organs, but also the whole province and the whole industry. Only in this way can we reflect the situation and appearance of the province, and it is the complete content of an industry in the province, not a small piece of this department or industry.
(4) Whether the description is detailed and appropriate. You should be prepared in detail, but you should be prepared in detail, regardless of priorities. But considering the situation, the detailed should be done in detail, the slight and the detailed should be done appropriately. Records are works with abundant information, rich content and large capacity. In the limited space, the narrative should not only reflect the whole picture, but also highlight the key points, so as to accommodate more and more valuable information. Therefore, it is very important to be detailed and appropriate in the account. The problem of improper details in some local chronicles is more serious. The reasons are mainly manifested in the possession of materials and the mastery of narrative methods. For example, if a department tries to write a draft, the first chapter * * * has six chapters and has written 177 pages. Because the first chapter takes up a lot of information, I wrote 10 1 page, accounting for more than 57% of the whole article, while the other five chapters only account for 43%. It looks light and heavy. The above is analyzed from the number of words. From the content point of view, the first chapter is too detailed and tedious because it has a lot of materials and has not made great efforts to select them. On the contrary, other chapters can only outline a few strokes in rough lines because of too little information collected. It is difficult to enter the specific description, often with a small preface in front, and the following description is accompanied by pictures, forming an annotated writing with pictures and explanations. The content is extremely thin and insignificant. This inappropriate detail needs attention. Solutions: First, make great efforts to collect information, enrich the contents of relevant weak chapters, and fully reflect the value of preserving history and managing information. Secondly, in narrative, the author strengthened the mastery of narrative methods and the screening of recorded materials. You can't be detailed because of the large amount of information, regardless of priority; It can't be omitted because of insufficient information, but it can be written as a picture to explain it. But to take into account the situation, so that the main points and personality are detailed, the details are detailed, the details are omitted, and the details are appropriate.
(5) Whether the account number is popular. Because some local chronicles involve some technical contents, their descriptions are not popular enough, there are too many technical terms and the problems are too deep to explain in simple terms. Except scholars, experts and insiders, ordinary readers simply can't understand it. Professional records should reflect the characteristics of the profession, and write out the uniqueness, main aspects and main development of the profession to distinguish it from other professions. Specializing in content, not in words. Of course, writing professional journals involves many technical terms and problems, and some even incomprehensible technical problems are inevitable when describing them. However, it must be remembered that professional journals are not professional papers or professional textbooks, but journals that record professional development for a wide range of readers. Therefore, it should be written in a professional, scientific and easy-to-understand way, so that professionals can benefit from it and laymen can understand it roughly. If the professional chronicle is written as a professional scientific work, most people except scientists and scholars can't understand it at all, and they lose the sociality of the chronicle. Therefore, we should always consider the readers when describing, pay more attention to the methods of description, write profound contents in simple terms, and explain and elaborate some difficult technical problems, professional terms and terms in a popular way in appropriate places, instead of forming a noun explanation or textbook-style writing when expounding. Try to avoid a lot of boring technical terms in the text. Professionalism should be strengthened in actual content and weakened in description method. This should be a general requirement.
(6) handling cross repetition. The objective world is an interconnected organic whole. As a record of the history and present situation of the objective world, the internal categories are not isolated, but interact, restrict and connect with each other, and some overlaps will inevitably occur in some contents. We should not avoid these intersections, but should pay attention to writing well to reflect the relationship between all aspects of the record. Here I emphasize the difference between crossing and repeating. What we call crossing and repetition are different. The cross is saturated. Avoiding intersection will lead to omission and incomplete description of things. Repetition is one thing, just a simple reproduction. Repetition is the same and should be avoided as much as possible. So how to deal with the problem of intersection? First, when making a catalogue, we must coordinate the whole, reasonably define the attribute provisions of things, and avoid the expansion of the description scope. Strictly adhere to the principle of depending on the nature of the cause, that is, merge things with the same nature into one category, establish an ambition, and achieve "everything follows the category, and the category is the ambition." For example, when designing the contents of a newspaper, the contents of driver training are included in the second route and the third route, which obviously overlaps. After research and discussion, this content is put into Chapter III Road Management to avoid duplication. Second, each branch should highlight the characteristics of the major, do not make an all-round description, be detailed and appropriate, be good at everything, and not repeat the text. For example, the content of Heilongjiang river system should be described in detail in geography and water conservancy, but omitted in navigation. In particular, the evolution of rivers and lakes is not necessary to be described in detail in the voyage, but should be related to the shipping industry, and irrelevant ones should be omitted or omitted.
(7) Grasp the basic essentials of narration. It is very important to master the basic essentials of local narrative. The phenomenon of poor mastery of the essentials in the manuscripts of local chronicles is manifested in the following aspects: First, the text does not buckle the topic. When writing any article, the content should stick to the theme and the title should reveal the content. The relationship between the two should not be loose, but should be right. The same is true of compiling local chronicles. In local chronicles, the phenomenon that the article has nothing to do with the topic and the article does not deduct the topic still exists. Some manuscripts have the same title, but the content is eccentric and distorted. Or the title is not specific, the content is messy, or more than two things are written under one title, which confuse, interfere and argue with each other. For example, the title of the section of a local periodical is team members, but the contents of some institutions are mixed in, and the team and institutions are mixed together, so the team members can't see it clearly. I can't tell what this team is like and how it has developed and changed. Solution: First of all, the author should study thoroughly the information with a serious and responsible attitude, draw up the title of the article on the basis of possessing the information, and then put the content in "suit the remedy to the case". Second, the text does not match the table. It is the basic requirement of local chronicles to explain the table with the text. There are inconsistencies in Chinese tables in local chronicles. Some of the tables in local chronicles do not follow the article, some are concentrated in the preface, and some are concentrated after the festival. The solution is to carefully sort out the contents that should be explained in the form. If it is to explain the general situation, it can be placed in the preface under the chapter or the preface under the section, or after the chapter, and the rest of the tables will follow whoever explains the content. Words and tables should explain each other, complement each other and complement each other. Third, the narrative elements are incomplete. The basic elements describing the development of things are time, place, people, situation, cause, change, result and so on. Fourthly, there are some narrative and flashback phenomena. The narrative mode of local chronicles is usually called vertical writing. The concept of vertical writing is to describe the development and change of a thing (an industry) in chronological order after the vertical writing unit is determined. The most obvious difference between writing novels, plays, reportage and communication reports is that you can't gag and flashback.
(8) Do a good job of "the connection between people and things". People are an important decisive factor in the development of various undertakings. When taking notes, people who play an important role in career development include leaders, managers, scientific and technological personnel, and model workers. It should be described in a way that pays attention to people. Some volunteers write very little, and even can't see a person throughout. This makes local chronicles lack vitality and reduces readability. When editing, we can strengthen the description of people based on things, and naturally describe typical people and deeds closely related to career development when describing career development. If you don't remember things that have nothing to do with your career, you don't have to introduce the life and activities of the characters.
Sixth, unify the style of writing and standardize the writing.
(1) unify the style of writing. The first draft of each local chronicle is written by several editors, that is, "everyone collects firewood and the flame is high." Because everyone's language style is different, it is inevitable that the style of local chronicles is not unified. This requires the editor-in-chief to check the unified writing and scrutinize the language and characters according to the requirements of "conciseness, simplicity and fluency" in local chronicles. Do: First, strive to be accurate and rigorous, and seek truth from facts. Exaggerated, figurative and vague adverbs of degree should not be used as much as possible. The second is to be informative and concise. The third is to make every effort to write a straight book about it, regardless of it, and include opinions in the account. Fourth, the writing style, way, narrative habit and language of narration should be unified, and the formal trace of "one word for all" should be eliminated as far as possible.
Q: What are the conditions for taking the practical course exam and graduation thesis exam in