Irish writer and poet. Born into a Catholic family in Dublin on February 2nd,19411165438+3 died in Zurich, Switzerland. He studied at Cronkiewood College, Belvodir College and University College of Berlin University, and showed his talent in music, religious philosophy and language and literature at an early age, and began to write poems and essays. He is familiar with the works of European writers, especially influenced by Ibsen, and gradually shows a special understanding of the spiritual world of human beings, as well as a rebellion against the religions his family believes in and the customs and traditions in his living environment. 1902 After graduating from university, he came into contact with the Irish Renaissance at that time and soon became its opposite. In the same year, forced by economic pressure, in order to get rid of the shackles of family, religion and narrow environment, he went into exile on the European continent alone, and lived a wandering life in France, Switzerland and Italy successively, absorbing the essence of European continent and world culture extensively. After 1905, he settled in Trieste, Italy with his wife and children, and persisted in literary creation despite illness. Joyce is one of the greatest writers in the 20th century. His works and "stream of consciousness" have exerted great influence on the whole world.
I. Life and work
1882 On February 2nd, James Joyce was born in Dublin, Ireland. His father has a firm belief in nationalism, while his mother is a devout Catholic. When Joyce was born, Ireland, a beautiful island country, was still a British colony, with constant wars and people in dire straits. He has a large group of younger brothers and sisters, but his father prefers this talented eldest son. "No matter if you don't have enough to eat at home, give him money to buy foreign documents." He received Catholic education in a missionary school since he was a child, and his academic achievements were outstanding, initially showing extraordinary literary talent. Joyce entered the University of Dublin on 1898, majoring in philosophy and language. 1902 In June, Joyce graduated from the University College of Berlin with a bachelor's degree in modern languages. 10 years 10 2, he enrolled in Santacecilia medical college. But I only studied here until 1 1 and gave up my studies because of financial difficulties. 1904, he eloped with his girlfriend Nora to the European continent, and from then on, he began his life in exile without hesitation, only interspersed with a short visit to his hometown. 19 1 year later, he never set foot on Irish land again. He once lived in Trieste, Rome, Paris and other places. He spent most of his time teaching English and writing for newspapers and periodicals. He suffered from eye diseases and was almost completely blind in his later years. However, he made up his mind to literature and worked hard to write, eventually becoming a great master. 1939 Paris fell, 12 he evacuated to the south of France with his family. 1940 12 17 Joyce and his wife left their schizophrenic daughter lucia in a French hospital and fled to Zurich, Switzerland. On June 65438+1October 10 of the following year, Joyce was hospitalized with abdominal spasm and was found to have perforated duodenal ulcer. She died in the early morning of June 13 at the age of 59.
Joyce's literary career began with his collection of short stories Dubliners, and he started writing in 1904. In a letter to the publisher Richards, he clearly stated the writing principle of this book: "My purpose is to write my own chapter for the moral and spiritual history of our country." In fact, this has also become the goal of his lifelong literary pursuit. Ireland in Joyce's eyes is a hopeless country under the double oppression and bondage of the British Empire and the Catholic Church, while Dublin is its "paralysis center", where scenes of numbness, depression and depravity are staged everywhere.
James. Joyce started writing the novel Portrait of a Young Artist in Dublin from 1904 to 65438+10.7, that is, four months after his mother's death, and finished it in Trieste, Italy from 19 14, which lasted1. The novel A Portrait of a Young Artist has a strong autobiographical color, which mainly describes the Dublin youth Stephen? How did Dedalus try to get rid of all kinds of influences that hindered his development-family bondage, religious tradition and narrow nationalist sentiment, and pursue the true meaning of art and beauty? Joyce through Stephen? The story of Dedalus actually raises the question of the relationship between artists and society and life, and reveals the fact that Stephen? Didalus himself was created by the Dublin world he tried to escape from, and Dublin virtually retaliated against the rebellious young artists.
The novel Ulysses is a record of an ordinary day in the life of an ordinary little person, that is, Leopold, the advertising agent of the protagonist? Bloom June activities 1904. In this book, Joyce casts symbolism and naturalism in the same furnace, borrows the framework of the ancient Greek epic Odysseus, and compares Bloom's wandering in Dublin every day 18 hours to the wandering at sea of the Greek epic hero Ulysses 10 years, making Ulysses a modern epic. Ulysses is characterized by three characters, representing the mediocre Bloom, the sentimental wife Molly and the nihilistic young Stephen. Dedalus. Through the life of these three people in one day, the novel shows all their history, spiritual life and inner world vividly.
The novel The Night's Watch in finnigan is a dreamy work written in dreamy language, based on the subconscious and dreams of a hotel owner in the suburbs of Dublin. Joyce borrowed the idea of Vico, an Italian thinker in the18th century. The world circulates in four different social forms, and complicated contents are developed in this framework. This book is a metaphor for the Bible, Shakespeare, ancient religions, modern history, Dublin local chronicles and so on. It borrows a large number of foreign words and even its own words, and through exaggerated association, it metaphors the history of Ireland and even all mankind and the movement of the whole universe. ?
In addition to the above three works, Joyce also wrote a collection of poems "Chamber Music" and a play "Exile". ?
In Joyce's life, nationalism has always been carried out. As early as 19 12, Joyce, who just turned 30, wrote in a letter to his wife Nora: "I am a member of this generation of writers, and I may have forged my conscience in the soul of this unfortunate nation." 1936, Joyce read the proof of the English version of Ulysses and told Frith? Moeller said: He "fought for this day for twenty years". Joyce began to write Ulysses from 19 14, but it was not until 19 18 that the American short commentary began to be serialized. The earliest monograph was published by French Shakespeare Publishing House in 1922. German version (1927), French version (1929), Japanese version (1932 four volumes, 1935 fifth volume) were published one after another, and American version (Random House, 1934) was also published. However, for Joyce, the most important thing is the publication of Ulysses in Britain. No wonder he is interested in Danish poet and novelist Tom? Christensen said: "Now, the war between Britain and me is over, and I am the winner." He means that although there are many derogatory words in Ulysses about Queen Victoria and her prince who died in 190 1 year (then King Edward VII [1904]), Britain finally had to admit the book and let it be published word for word.
The love for nation and country in Joyce's works deeply touched the Irish people. Irish people worship Joyce very much, and they even described Leopold, the hero of Ulysses. June 16 in Bloom was designated as "Bloom Festival" and later became the biggest festival after the National Day (St. Butrick's Day on March 17).
Joyce entered the field of vision of China literature.
The term "stream of consciousness" was first coined by American philosopher and psychologist William? James put forward it in the early 20th century, and then it was borrowed into the field of literature. Joyce's novel Ulysses is a masterpiece of stream of consciousness and one of the greatest novels in the 20th century.
China literature in the 20th century was influenced by the western theory and creation of stream of consciousness, and on this basis, China's stream of consciousness literature was formed and developed. The concept of "stream of consciousness" enters the context of China through two routes: one is from the west to Japan, and then from Japan to China; The other directly "flows" from the west to China. In time, the former is earlier than the latter. Therefore, before examining the stream of consciousness entering China, we should first examine how the stream of consciousness entered the Japanese cultural context. Joyce was first introduced to Japan by Yonejirō Noguchi (1875- 1947), a famous poet who was active in Japan and Europe and America at that time. 19 18 In March, he published an article on Joyce's Portrait of a Young Artist, Portrait of a Painter, in the famous magazine Light of Learning. He praised "this novel is a modern masterpiece written in English". In addition, the earliest record of Joyce is Ryunosuke Akutagawa. In his article "Excerpt from My Ghost Cave Diary" published in "Three S" magazine (サンェス No.65438+March 0920), he mentioned that he had bought "Portrait of Young Artists" published by Maruyama Bookstore. And in Children in Essays published by Human magazine 1920 in September, he commented on Joyce: "Joyce's Ulysses is a direct description of children's feelings in any case. Or it can be said that as long as I have a little feeling, I have the mood to write it down. But in any case, a treasure is a treasure, and a writer like him can't find a second one. I think it is good to read it. (August 20) "
Because of this, he later personally translated a part of the portrait of a young artist.
China and China are separated only by a strip of water and have close contacts. The concern and translation of western stream-of-consciousness literature by Japanese literary circles was quickly noticed by Japanese intellectuals. However, the Japanese's initial introduction and grasp of the stream of consciousness was not accurate. Professor Waseda Qiao Song's Introduction to Western Literature, translated by Gao Ming from 65438 to 0933, classifies Proust and Joyce as surrealist schools. Zhu Yunying wrote in Modern Japan Newsletter (Volume 3,No. 1 issue): "The' new psychological school' is represented by Eto Hengji. Although several fan magazines have been published and the theoretical propaganda is quite lively, there are no works at all, but Ulysses translated by James Joyce is very popular.
Joyce and his Ulysses came to China via Japan.
There is a passage in 1933 European and American Literature written by Gao Ming: "Zhu serialized Works in Progress in Transition Magazine. When trying the British revolution, people pay attention to it. Sometimes the words are linked together, and sometimes all the associations of the sentence are used: it seems that he means to open up a new situation in the performance. Maybe he said,' New feelings need new words'? At the same time, new words are attached there; Because in that article, it is incomprehensible not to explain. " "Work in progress" in this paper refers to Joyce's last novel, Wake for Finnegan, which was serialized in magazines from 1927 and published in 1939. At the end of the article, the author notes that this article was written according to the annual report of the Central Committee of Japan in 1934. This proves once again that Joyce came to China from Japan.
China Literary World and Joyce's Works
In the year when Ulysses was published, Xu Zhimo, a famous poet studying in Cambridge, read this work and praised it as a unique work in his preface to Twilight in West Cambridge. In the poet's passionate language, he praised the last chapter of the book for not punctuating: "It is really pure prose, as smooth as cow's cheese and as clear as the stone altar in the church ... A large number of beautiful and vast articles proudly show in front of me, like a big white horse, and the waterfall hangs upside down without trace. What a big handwriting! "
1922 Mr. Mao Dun wrote a short article about James? Joyce's new work Ulysses: The recently published book Ulysses by James Joyce shows two inconsistencies. Johannes is a quasi-great American new writer. Ulysses was first published in Xiao Ping by stages: at that time, a "vulgar" reader wrote a letter to the editorial department of Xiao Ping, signed it as "the hobby of not seeking common ground with vulgarity", and there were also abusive words. At the same time, however, some young people enthusiastically praised the book. Young people in Britain also have a good impression on Johannes: this is probably the result of Welsh praising the portrait of a young artist (also Joe's work, slightly earlier than Ulysses). However, the great critic Arnold Bennett recently wrote a paper, and he was very dissatisfied with Ulysses. He invited the traditional "novel method" and accused the sloppy punctuation in Ulysses of being out of genre. Although he also said that "the best poem in this book is immortal", he can't say that he praised the book because he belittled it more than praised it.
Modernism reached its second climax in China in 1930s, and Joyce's scattered introduction texts increased slightly under this background. It is worth mentioning that two short monographs appeared, and Joe's short story "counterpart" was translated completely for the first time. The foothold of the two monographs is completely different, so the description of Joe is also different. The first review is "The Irish Writer Yus" written by Fei. This paper does not presuppose whether Joe is progressive or decadent, and it is more objective to hold the argument. Wen Fei introduced Du Bailin and portraits, focusing on free thought (that is, Ulysses). Vivien Leigh tried to interpret Joe, but several points were cut in, but overall it was unsuccessful (short space was one reason), and she just walked around Joyce. This paper holds that You is a work that covers everything in the modern world-politics, religion, reality, humanitarianism and so on. It has many advantages, but it can't be said that this book is "new" and has obvious shortcomings: first, it pays attention to the part and ignores the overall harmony; Second, it pays attention to people's material aspects and ignores the spiritual aspects. Although from today's perspective, Fei's shortcoming is misreading, but Fei read the original work in order to try to criticize. Wen Fei's shortcoming is that he doesn't work hard enough. He reads Joe as an ordinary writer. In the final analysis, he lacks real interest.
Another monograph is Zhou Libo's 1935, The Declaration? James Joyce published in Free Talk. The first half of the article objectively introduces Joe's position in the history of modern literature, Joe's life track, the evolution and development of his creation; The main comments are basically in line with the facts, but the portrait is considered "non-original". The second half of the article is very problematic. Zhou's starting point for seeing Joyce is exactly the same as the Outline of English Literature published by the Soviet Union, and even the basic derogatory terms (such as "decadence") are exactly the same. It can be seen that he was influenced by Soviet literary criticism. The first translation of You by the Soviet Union was in 1935, and only the first to tenth sections were selected and published in the Soviet World Literature magazine. Therefore, it can be considered that Libo's writing of this article is especially related to the Soviet Union's selected translation, and its source of information comes from the Soviet Union, and Libo himself has not read the original work, so Lu can't even misread it. The source of misreading is the Soviet Union. Zhou Libo's comments or translations are quite different from those of Mao Dun, Xu Zhimo, Fei, Zhao, Yang Changxi and others. From the source of influence, the latter's basic viewpoint is western, the former is Soviet, and the former is arbitrary and subjective. The latter's criticism is full of hesitation and confusion, unable to grasp the object of criticism, and there are many ambiguities. The former is obviously negative. Zhou Libo's viewpoint in this article gradually evolved into an overwhelming theme in the second half of 1940s and 1950s-1960s.
Fu Donghua's counterpart is the first Chinese translation of Joe's novel. Before the translation, there is a brief introduction of about 400-500 words written by the translator in a negative style. The translation itself is as fluent as Fu's, and there is nothing wrong with the content. In that issue of Literature (2 volumes and 3 issues), a middle-aged Joyce's photo frame and a cartoon were also published.
Another China company that translated Joe's works is the literary publication Western Literature, which seems to have little influence and only published 10. This publication, founded in 1940, has made an important contribution to the tentative landing of Joyce's works in China. 194 1 year, the magazine published Joyce Special Issue, which included Joyce's image, Joe's poems, the short story A Tragedy and Ulysses, and the translated version of Edmund? Edmund wilson on Joyce. The magazine also published a book theory signed by Xinghua in the "Book Review Column", introducing "Finnegan's Wake", which was published only 1939. According to Zhang Zhilian, one of the main editors of the magazine, the content of the magazine is "90% translated". Judging from Tolstoy's special edition, Ye Zhi's special edition and Joyce's special edition, and from the team of translators who published translations, this short-lived magazine was actually a high-grade translation magazine at that time. It is the same as Literature Magazine edited by Zhu Guangqian and New Moon edited by Xu Zhimo.
In the 30 years from 1949 to 1978, even this kind of "chop suey" introduction has hardly been seen. Even if occasionally mentioned, Joyce is like a rotting corpse with a foul smell.
1950165438+10, Mr. Zhu Guangqian was in Louis? Hallap also expressed the same attitude in the post-translation supplement of The Social Origin of Art. Although Mr. Zhu did not directly comment on this book, he denied Hallap's view that Ulysses is the best example of applying tradition and the highest peak of literary development for centuries. Yuan Kejia's comments on stream-of-consciousness novels published in the first issue of Literary Studies 1964 also hold a critical attitude towards Ulysses.
Foreign Literature and Art was first published in 1978, and enjoyed a special honor. In the fourth issue of 1980, three Joyce short stories were published, namely, The Dead (translated by Wang Zhiliang), Araby and Little People (translated by Zong Bai). Three short stories were selected, of which the first two were excellent short stories in world literature. This is probably the earliest translation published by Joe in the new period.
1979, half a century after the first edition of the book, Mr. Qian Zhongshu explained the words in Historical Records with the words in chapter 15 of Ulysses (Joyce changed yes and no to nes, yo) in his Cone (volume 1, page 394). 198 1 year, the part about stream of consciousness in the second volume of Selected Modern Foreign Works edited by Yuan Kejia and others was translated into Chinese in the second chapter of Ulysses, with a brief comment by Yuan himself, which once again affirmed the literary value and position of the book.
Mr. Huang Yushi, a senior translator, worked silently. His Portrait of Young Artists has been published by Foreign Literature Publishing House 1983. This is the first single book of Joe's works published and the first complete novel translated and introduced. 1984 10, there are seven short stories of Dubliners translated by Sun Liang and eight other translations by Zong Bai, which are published by Shanghai Translation Publishing House under the name of Dubliners.
You, the earliest selected translation in 1980s, is the second chapter of the Golden Translation, which was included in the second volume of Selected Works of Foreign Modernism (I) edited by Yuan Kejia and others. Five years later, World Literature revealed the fragments of the second, sixth, tenth and eighteenth chapters of Jin's translation of You. In the year of Yue, Baihua Publishing House published a selection of translations of You, and added a fragment translation of Chapter 15. This is China's second anthology of You, which is selected and translated on the basis of study, with a large quantity and high quality.
In the mid-1990s, Ulysses, a masterpiece of stream of consciousness, had two full translations: the one translated by Xiao Gan and Wen Jieruo, published by Nanjing Yilin Publishing House in 1994; The gold version was published by People's Literature Publishing House (1994 to 1996).
Book network:/books/1511517464.html.
Chen Yaxin/Blog