1, Master of Science-Qian Weichang
Award-winning business card pool
The awarding words are from righteousness to reason, from solidity to flow, alternating adversity, unyielding grievances, changing honor and disgrace, and getting stronger with age, which is the perfect mechanics of his life. He has no name, no benefits and no regrets, and his heart is attached to the motherland.
character introduction
Qian Weichang (19 12-20 10), a native of Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, was the father of modern mechanics in China, a famous scientist and educator. Qian Weichang studied physics in his early years, and he showed extraordinary talent while studying in Canada. At the age of 28, one of his papers shocked Einstein and quickly became a star in the international physics field. After the Anti-Japanese War, Qian Weichang insisted on returning to the motherland, refused the temptation of the American scientific community under difficult conditions, was loyal to the motherland, and persisted in realizing the ambition of "saving the country through science". Created a new mechanical science education system in China. He has made great achievements at home and abroad and made great contributions to the development of science in China. From 65438 to 0957, Qian Weichang was wrongly classified as Rightist and treated unfairly, but Qian still did not give up his scientific research and loyalty to the motherland. After 1977, he made hundreds of lectures and reports all over the country, advocated science and education, publicized modernization, and made suggestions for enriching the people and strengthening the country. 1990, running for the return of Hong Kong and Macao to the motherland and the great cause of peaceful reunification of the motherland.
Some people say that Qian Weichang is too comprehensive, and his achievements in science, politics and education are beyond the reach of ordinary people. Qian Weichang said: "I don't have a major, and the needs of the country are my major; I never think about my own gains and losses. The worries of the motherland and the people are my worries, and the joy of the motherland and the people is my joy. " With more than 60 years' experience in serving the country, he expounded his career: patriotism.
His important contributions are as follows: 1946 published "Torsion of Torsion" in cooperation with von Carmen, which became a classic of international elastic mechanics theory. 1947 established the perturbation method in the aspect of regular perturbation theory, taking the central deflection wm as the perturbation parameter, which is called "Qian Weichang method" in the international mechanics field. 1948 uses singular perturbation theory to write the asymptotic solution of large deflection problem of fixed circular plate, which is called "Qian Weichang equation". After liberation, he devoted himself to the fields of scientific theory and engineering mechanics and became one of the founders of modern applied mathematics and force in China.
Qian Weichang: The Legendary Life of the Giant of Science
Black Friday.
Qian Weichang, a famous scientist in China and the last scientist in San Qian, died on July 30th at the age of 98.
The patriotic scholar's course of nearly a hundred years is like a big river, sometimes mighty and sometimes tortuous. Like many China scientists of his time, Qian Weichang chose the road of saving the country by science when the country was in danger. The needs of the country will always be the compass of his career. The suffering of war, or political misfortune, never overwhelmed him.
In his later years, he became a university president and an enthusiastic educator. Cultivating creative young people and opening up the future for the nation is his concern in his later years.
Qian Weichang's legendary life is the epitome of the hopes and struggles of a generation of China scholars.
Abandon literature and reason
1931September, Tsinghua University recruited a batch of new students. One of them is a thin Wuxi man with glasses. Freshman's composition and history are full marks, and science is almost zero. He is Qian Weichang.
Tsinghua's enrollment essay is entitled Sleepwalking in Tsinghua Campus. "I wrote a 450-word essay," Qian Weichang recalled. "The teacher wanted to change the purpose of the question, but later gave a hundred points."
The historical question is even more strange: what is the twenty-four histories; Who is the author; How many volumes are there in each book; Who is the annotator? Qian Weichang got a perfect score, another perfect score.
It's not surprising that Qian Weichang's liberal arts is good. His father and grandfather are both teachers, and his fourth uncle is a famous liberal arts scholar Qian Mu. The literature and history teacher in his middle school is Lv Shuxiang, a linguist. Qian Weichang grew up reading ancient books, and when he was 10, he could recite The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
However, Qian Weichang, 19 years old, is a stranger to science. He got 25 points in math, physics, chemistry and English. Among them, I only got 5 points in physics and I haven't studied English, so I got 0 points. Fortunately, I passed Tsinghua's exam with liberal arts. He followed Qian Mu's advice and chose to study in Tsinghua Chinese Department.
Who would have expected that Qian Weichang would change his choice and life direction the next day. On this day, the "September 18th Incident" that shocked the whole country broke out. The invasion ended with concessions from China's army.
"I was very angry," Qian Weichang recalled. "We didn't have a cannon, so we built it ourselves. So I made up my mind to learn from aircraft cannons. "
He wanted to transfer to the physics department, so he went to see Dean Wu several times. This makes Wu very embarrassed-Qian Weichang's math and physics are really poor. Unable to resist Qian Weichang's pestering, Wu offered to let Qian Weichang try for one year. If he got 70 points in chemistry, physics and advanced mathematics, he would be transferred to a major.
That year, Qian Weichang spent all his time and energy on physics and mathematics except eating and sleeping. But at first, the effect was very bad. He failed the classroom exam every week for seven weeks in a row.
In the first semester of physics department, Wu personally taught general physics. He advised Qian Weichang not to just take notes in class, but to listen carefully, try to understand in class and write in his own language after class. Wu knew that Qian Weichang's English was poor, so he specially found a Chinese version of physics lecture notes for reference.
Many things happen. At the end of the first semester, Qian Weichang passed the physics exam. By the end of the school year, his test scores in mathematics, physics, chemistry, foreign languages and other subjects all got more than 80 points, which was recognized by Wu, who is famous for his strictness.
During his four years in the Physics Department of Tsinghua, Qian Weichang laid a solid academic foundation. At that time, physics professors Zhou Peiyuan, Sabendong, Ye, Wu and others were very famous. There are often seminars in the department, and famous European and American scholars such as Bohr, Dirac and Langevin come to visit and give lectures. Students are destined to communicate with masters and gain insight into the frontier landscape of physics. Encouraged by teachers such as Wu and Ye, Qian Weichang also took courses such as Mechanics of Materials, Engineering Thermodynamics, Modern Mathematics and Chemical Analysis.
Qian Weichang 1935 graduated with a bachelor's degree, and his graduation thesis was "Electrical Measurement of Beijing Atmosphere", which was read at the National Physics Annual Meeting held in Qingdao in June 2006. This is the first batch of data independently measured by China, and it is also the beginning of scientific research in Qian Weichang.
Shortly after graduation, Nanjing Institute of Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences recruited an internship researcher. Qian Weichang took the exam and was admitted by Ding Xilin, the director. At the same time, he was admitted to the Department of Physics of Tsinghua Research Institute as a graduate student, and his tutor was still Professor Wu, majoring in X-ray diffraction.
Difficult to go abroad
The outbreak of "July 7th Incident" disturbed the research career of Chinese scientists and temporarily suspended Qian Weichang's research. Tsinghua University moved to Kunming. In order to raise money for a trip to the south, Qian Weichang taught physics in Tianjin for one year.
A year later, Qian Weichang, together with four friends, took a boat at the beginning of 1939, passing through Hong Kong and Vietnam's coastal defense, and from Hanoi to Kunming, the National Southwest Associated University, via the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway.
When he first arrived at National Southwest Associated University, Qian Weichang got the opportunity to teach. At this time, he also met Kong, a fourth-grade girl from the Chinese Department of the school. In July this year, Qian Weichang took part in the seventh exam for overseas students from China-UK Geng Fund, and was admitted. After graduating from a good university in Sun Gang, they decided to become lifelong partners. On the wedding day of August 1 day, Zhu Ziqing appeared in the liberal arts department of Tsinghua, and Wu appeared in the science department, serving as the officiating ceremony and witness respectively.
Qian Weichang, who just got married, is about to go to graduate school. 1On September 2nd, 939, when 22 students studying in Britain arrived in Hong Kong, World War II broke out, all the passenger ships going to Britain were detained for military use, and the study plans of Qian Weichang and other students were forced to be postponed.
Back in Kunming, waiting for the notice, Qian Weichang borrowed a book "Mathematical Theory of Elasticity". After careful study, he found that the theory of elastic plates and shells in international academic circles was very chaotic at that time. Not only plates and shells are separated, but also plates and shells with different shapes have different equations. Therefore, Qian Weichang is determined to find a unified intrinsic theory based on three-dimensional elasticity. After several months' efforts, he used differential geometry represented by Gaussian coordinate tensor to represent deformation and stress components, and actually got an unheard-of unified intrinsic theory.
Three months later, Qian Weichang set off for further study in Canada-many famous British professors fled to Canada because of the outbreak of war.
After receiving students from the British Concession in Shanghai, the head of the Sino-British Geng Fund issued passports with Japanese visas to the students. Qian Weichang recalled: "He kindly said that when you are in Japan, you will take a boat trip for three days, and you can go to Yokohama if you have nothing to do." But international students are unwilling to appreciate it.
"Japan occupied our territory, we suffered so much, but also a visa to go there? The foreign students threw their passports into Huangpu River on the spot, and all 22 people disembarked. As a result, the Englishman who was in charge of the Sino-British Geng section admitted his mistake. He said that we don't understand the patriotism of China people. You go back first. "
1940 In September, Qian Weichang set out for the third time, finally arrived at the University of Toronto, and began a hard study abroad career. This is also the first batch of China graduate students accepted by the University of Toronto.
Qian Weichang follows Professor Qi Xin from the Department of Applied Mathematics. When teachers and students met for the first time, Professor Qi Xin found that both he and Qian Weichang were studying the "unified intrinsic theory of elastic plates and shells", which was only the macroscopic view of the tutor and the microscopic view of the students. Although the results obtained at that time could not be unified, I firmly believe that since they are the same substance, they will be unified. Just when they met for the first time, they decided that teachers and students should write a paper in two paragraphs and submit it to the Aviation Department of California Institute of Technology to congratulate Professor Von Carmen on his 60th birthday.
The collection of birthday essays was published in the summer of 194 1, and included 24 papers written by famous scholars who gathered in North Timoshenko during World War II. Qian Weichang is the only young student in China. This achievement has increased Qian Weichang's popularity. After a year's hard work, Qian Weichang got through the channels of macro theory and micro theory, and successfully passed the doctoral thesis defense.
Academic nova
At the beginning of his study abroad career, he was able to write first-class papers, which made Qian Weichang full of confidence. At the same time, the only young student in this paper collection also attracted the attention of Professor von Carmen. Two years later, under his welcome, Qian Weichang came to the Department of Aeronautical Engineering of California Institute of Technology.
Under the guidance of Von Kamen, Qian Weichang completed the calculation of the actual departure angle of the bending guide vane of the hydraulic turbine and the research on the problem of variable torsion. From June 65438 to June 0943, Qian Weichang formally joined the Jet Propulsion Research Institute of Kogenheim Laboratory of California Institute of Technology after receiving his Ph.D. from the University of Toronto. Von Carmen was also the mentor of Qian Xuesen, Guo Yonghuai and Lin Jiaqiao. Qian Weichang and Qian Xuesen get along well and discuss with each other. Ten years later, these people have become the pillars of China's aviation industry.
Qian Weichang is mainly engaged in ballistic calculation and aerodynamic design of various missiles. Through repeated research and calculation, he put forward a simple calculation scheme for the first time to determine how much the orbital height of the satellite in the sky will decrease every time it goes around the earth due to energy consumption, and the differential correction of the rocket trajectory, which contributed to the initial orbit calculation of the satellite. He also completed aerodynamic design, missile design and research on high-altitude weather rockets.
1944 In the summer, due to Qian Weichang's achievements in aviation research, he became a full member of the American Society of Aviation Science, and conducted soil rocket launch experiments and liquid rocket launch experiments at Baisha proving ground in Texas. In the autumn of the same year, he read "Perturbation Theory of Supersonic Symmetric Cone Flow" at the American Society of Aeronautical Engineering, which was the first paper in this field in the world. This year, the quarterly journal of applied mathematics in the United States serialized the basic part of Qian Weichang's doctoral thesis in three issues. One of the important equations is also called "Qian Weichang equation".
During the period from 1943 to 1946, Qian Weichang also participated in the rocket launch test. At the same time, under the guidance of Professor Von Kamen, some important research topics, such as torsion change, flow calculation of inclined blades of hydraulic turbines and supersonic cone flow calculation, have been completed.
Qian Weichang gave the asymptotic solution of supersonic cone flow in high-speed aerodynamics by clever perturbation expansion method, which greatly improved the linearized approximate solution given by von Carmen and N·B· Moore. In the past, people generally used the power series of asymptotic sequence. Qian Weichang broadened the range of asymptotic sequence and introduced logarithmic function, which was a major breakthrough of perturbation method. After 1950s, this achievement was recognized and accepted by people.
1946, Qian Weichang and von Carmen jointly published the article "Flexibility of Flexibility". Von Carmen once said that this is the most classic paper on elasticity in his life. These years are indeed a productive period of scientific research in Qian Weichang. He became von Carmen's right-hand man and a new star in science.
Basic mechanics
Just as Qian Weichang's career in the United States was in full swing, he chose to return to China. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory made him eager to return to China. He described the inner contradiction at that time: "Am I patriotic? Why do you have the ability to serve foreigners? "
He repeatedly asked von Carmen to return to China. But von Carmen never nodded. Qian Weichang finally asked to go back to China to visit relatives on the grounds of missing his family and the six-year-old children he had never met. On May 6th, 1946, Qian Weichang returned home from LA by boat, with only simple luggage and some necessary books. He is 34 years old.
1946 In August, Qian Weichang came to Tsinghua, and everything he saw surprised him. The alma mater is empty, with no doors and windows, and there are mountains of garbage everywhere. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, officials appointed by the National Government took over here for three months before the teachers and students returned to school.
"They removed the doors and windows and took them to the market to sell." Qian Weichang said: "The recipient sold the student bed and the books in the library."
Qian Weichang had to buy books at his own expense. In order to realize the ambition of "saving the country by science", Qian Weichang almost took the basic courses of applied mechanics and material mechanics of Tsinghua University Peking University and department of mechanical engineering of Yanjing Institute of Technology, theoretical mechanics and elastic mechanics of physics department, and also served as the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Tsinghua Engineering. After teaching, Qian Weichang continued to study lubrication theory and large deflection theory of circular thin plate, and wrote and published eight influential papers.
In 1949, Qian Weichang derived the high-order Reynolds equation of lubrication problem, and further established the corresponding variational expression, thus greatly reducing the calculation workload. His results can be used to calculate the problem of lubricated bearings, and the calculation results are correct and reliable. This is a classic work of lubrication fluid dynamics.
1in March, 949, Tsinghua University, which was recovered from the civil war, established a school affairs committee, with Ye as the director and Qian Weichang as the deputy provost. 1952 after the adjustment of departments, Qian Weichang was appointed as the dean of pure engineering in Tsinghua University. 1956, Qian Weichang was appointed as the vice president of Tsinghua University, and still served as the provost and professor of mechanics.
195 1 At the beginning of the establishment of China Academy of Sciences, Qian Weichang was also the director of the Mechanics Research Office of Institute of Mathematics. After Qian Xuesen returned to China, he established the Institute of Mechanics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, with Qian Weichang as the deputy director. The Faculty of Chinese Academy of Sciences was established 1955, and Qian Weichang became the first member of the faculty.
The title of "San Qian" was also put forward during this period. From 1954 to 1956, Qian Weichang spent a lot of energy in the formulation of 12 natural science plan led by Premier Zhou.
At that time, Qian Weichang and others put forward six contents after discussion, namely, atomic bomb, missile, computer, semiconductor, automation technology and radio electronics. Because the first two items, as cutting-edge national defense projects, were arranged by the state alone, the last four items became the "four major emergency measures" of the state. In planning seminars, Qian Weichang's opinions are always supported by Qian Sanqiang and Qian Xuesen. Premier Zhou called them "San Qian".
From 65438 to 0954, the scientific monograph "Large Deflection of Elastic Circular Thin Plate" co-authored by Qian Weichang and his students was published, and the nonlinear equation was successfully solved by the system perturbation method for the first time in the world. "Qian Weichang method" is the most classic, closest to reality and simplest solution recognized by mechanics. The next year, this achievement won the National Science Award. 1956, he also published China's first monograph on elasticity.
Qian Weichang, along with Zhou Peiyuan, Qian Xuesen and Guo Yonghuai, is called the founder of modern mechanics in China with his pioneering academic contributions.
versatile
An article at the beginning of 1957 made Qian Weichang suffer for twenty years.
Qian Weichang published the article "Training Objectives of Higher Industrial Schools" in People's Daily on1October 3 1, 1957. The controversy caused by this article brought trouble to Qian Weichang in the "anti-rightist" movement in June that year. He was classified as a "Rightist" and dismissed from all his posts.
1964, he wrote a paper "Generalized Variational Principles of Elasticity and Its Application in Plate and Shell Problems", which was submitted to the Journal of Mechanics and was rejected as "not suitable for publication". Four years later, Japanese scholar Hisatsu Kuichiro expressed a similar argument in his book. The book "Finite Element Method" written by Chinkovich in 1977 was clearly discussed, which created a new subject field. This made Qian Weichang feel sorry.
Soon, Qian Weichang received a task assigned by Zhou Enlai-to study tank batteries. "At that time, our tanks couldn't move when they were on," Qian Weichang said, "because the battery life was limited. What I was doing at that time was a zinc-oxygen battery, with the aim of developing tanks. "
When Qian Weichang was a student, he knew nothing about batteries except chemistry. But he rode a bicycle, no matter whether it was cold or hot, and traveled all the units related to batteries in Beijing. He looked up 3 million words of information and studied it for a little over a year. He developed a kind of high-energy battery, whose performance is higher than that of General Motors. He helped set up a zinc-oxygen battery factory.
"After I returned to China, I did a dozen things," Qian Weichang said. "It's a strange major, so some people call Qian Weichang an all-round scientist, and I ignore it." His research projects are varied. He derived the summation formula of 13000 trigonometric series; He also studied the computer coding of Chinese characters and invented the award-winning "money code".
The new "old headmaster"
1978, Qian Weichang is very excited. In the preface of a collection of essays published at that time, he wrote: "I tried to regain the good years I lost and work day and night."
Qian Weichang can't wait to devote himself to the study of mechanics. At that time, the finite element method began to attract the attention of scholars all over the world. Qian Sanqiang's variational theory is the basis of finite element method. In 1978, Qian Sanqiang further discussed the application of generalized variational principle in finite element method. He has given many lectures on variational methods and finite elements. After 1978 resumed graduate students and established the degree system, the application of perturbation method, variational principle and finite element became a fashion in graduate papers.
1984, Qian Weichang established the unconditional generalized variational principle. The variational principle method in solid mechanics is extended to viscous fluid mechanics, which lays the foundation of finite element method in fluid mechanics.
Although his scientific career continues, he bears the burden of education. He was appointed president of Shanghai University, and this position remained until the last moment of his life.
Qian Weichang has always been interested in running a good university and realizing his educational philosophy. 1983, he came to Shanghai University of Technology (later Shanghai University) and was able to display his ambition. There has been no principal in this school for two years, and there are less than 1000 students in the school. It is called a fourth-class school by Shanghai people.
But Qian Weichang is not afraid. He proposed tearing down four walls. He wants to build a bridge between school and society, between teaching and learning, between scientific research and teaching, and between disciplines.
"You may not think that the sketch of the planning of the new campus of Shanghai University was drawn by Mr. Qian." Qian Weichang's assistant clearly remembers that President Qian drew the design scheme of the new campus of Shanghai University on a scale.
1992, Qian Weichang took the lead in implementing the credit system in China, which became popular all over the country within a few years. In the past twenty years, Shanghai University has grown from 800 students to 30,000 students with its unique educational philosophy. In recent years, Shanghai University ranks first in undergraduate teaching evaluation of more than 30 universities in China.
Qian Weichang is called the "voluntary principal". Because he didn't receive the principal's salary and didn't enjoy the principal's welfare. But this "lifelong principal" has become a model for scholars. For more than 70 years, Qian Weichang has only one principle, whether engaged in scientific research or education. "I hope this country will become strong," he said. "Strength needs strength, and this strength is knowledge."