In the feudal era, no matter from what angle, the ruler and the ruled were two extremely opposite interest groups. This kind of interest opposition is not necessarily expressed only by the class opposition between life and death, but more often by a reasonable way of release. Class opposition should not be exaggerated, but should be blurred, bridged or even eliminated as much as possible. This vague and bridging measure is the imperial examination system. Study hard at a cold window today, and the temple will be high tomorrow. Although the position of emperor Lao Tzu can never be obtained through several exams, what about it? What kind of prince would like to have? This kind of voice does not have to be realized through vigorous bloodshed. As soon as the pen is turned, the students win thousands of troops and fight thousands of miles, creating a spectacle of millions of scholars rushing to take the exam for thousands of years. Is the whole world a land of kings? Is leading the land king? The royal family is the world, and officials of the royal family are naturally in charge of the emperor. In ancient China, the system of selecting officials for the emperor began with the family power and national interests of royalty, and later spread all over the world, that is, family selection was based on merit and the way was examination. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, most officials were selected from the children of powerful people. The selection of officials is based on family and family status. Children of powerful people, regardless of their merits and demerits, can become officials in the DPRK, and their promotion is rapid, and all confidential positions of officials or officials are occupied by them. People with humble origins but real talents can get a part-time job by their own talents, but they are too humble to hold important positions in the central and local governments. There is no scholar in a noble family, and there is no prince in a poor family. Whether a person can make a difference has been determined long before he was born. What's this called? The difference between scholars and ordinary people, the seal of the country? . The disadvantages of taking people by their family background are obvious. Rulers and ruled are completely different, and the selection and promotion system of local officials and gentry bureaucrats is not conducive to the long-term stability of the country. After the Sui Dynasty unified China, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty carried out a series of reforms in order to strengthen centralization. He first initiated the reform of the official system and the talent selection system closely related to the official system. He concentrated the power of selecting talents in the hands of the central government, snared and ensnared intellectuals, provided them with opportunities to participate in politics, and let talents who met the needs of feudal rule serve as officials at all levels. During the period of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, Wei and Jin officially abolished the dynasty? Do you want to make nine products? . In 605 AD, Yang Di established the Jinshi branch, which marked the formal establishment of the imperial examination system. The Sui Dynasty laid the foundation of the imperial examination system, which was followed by successive dynasties and gradually enriched and improved. In the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination became a custom, and the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties constantly criticized each other. In the 31st year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, that is, 1905, the imperial examination system was implemented in China for 1300 years. The essence of imperial examination is that feudal rulers select officials through examinations. It is called imperial examination because it adopts the method of selecting scholars by subjects. The imperial examination in Sui Dynasty mainly examined current affairs strategies, that is, political papers about the political life of the country, which were called trial strategies and were admitted according to their grades. At the beginning, the selection of candidates for subjects had just begun, and there were no unified laws and regulations in the country. The Jinshi examination had not yet formed a fixed system, but the basic framework of studying, taking exams and being an official had been established. During the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination system was further improved. Emperor Taizong, Wu Zetian, Tang Xuanzong and other emperors actively promoted the reform of the imperial examination system and selected a large number of poor talents. After an exam, the new Jinshi filed in and went to see the emperor. Emperor Taizong said happily: Heroes of the world, are you caught in my net? . The subjects of imperial examinations in Tang Dynasty are divided into two categories: routine subjects and institutional subjects. The examinations held in stages every year are called regular subjects, and the temporary examinations held by the emperor are called institutional subjects. The content of the exam is already very complicated. There are more than 50 subjects such as scholar, Ming Jing, Jinshi, gentleman and Fa Ming, among which Ming Jing and Jinshi are the most important. After Tang Gaozong and Li Zhi, the branch of Jinshi became more and more important, and many prime ministers and ministers were scholars. Because the exam time is in spring, so scientific research is called? Chunwei? . The imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty was very small, so it was difficult to get the first place. Ming Jing, 30, and a scholar, 50? Statement. Only about 5% of the new officials were recruited through the imperial examinations. Moreover, Jinshi and only obtained the qualification of being an official, but also passed the examination of the official department to be an official. In any case, for poor students, passing the imperial examination is as worthy of celebration as carp yue longmen. What is the name of the Jinshi after the results of the imperial examination are announced? Climb the dragon gate? The first name is the champion, and the people on the same list should chip in for a celebration dinner and go to the apricot garden collectively for a dinner, which is called a flower-exploring banquet. After the banquet, the new Jinshi went to the Great Wild Goose Pagoda in Jean Temple to show off his glory, so China Jinshi was also called? Wild goose pagoda? . There are many princes and nobles attending all kinds of parties to celebrate the new scholars, and many dignitaries choose son-in-law at the party, which is really a great happy event for poor students who have both official positions and wives. Meng Jiao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, once wrote a poem:? Spring breeze is proud of horseshoe disease. Have you ever seen Chang 'an Flower? In order to express the happy mood after graduating from high school. Liu Zongyuan was awarded a title immediately after he passed the official department? Jixian temple orthography? . On the contrary, some people who passed the imperial examination but failed the official examination were not so lucky. They can only go to local governments as aides to officials, and then strive for official positions officially appointed by the state. After Han Yu's Jinshi exam, he failed the official department exam three times, so he had to be the aide of our time before he entered the officialdom. The imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty not only depends on the examination results, but also on the recommendation of celebrities. As a result, candidates rushed to the doors of officials and officials. This system implies great nepotism and corruption tendency, but there are indeed many students who show their talents. Bai Juyi, a poet, threw a poem "Giving Grass to the Original" to Gu Kuang, which was well received and benefited Bai Juyi's career. During the Wu Zetian period, the female emperor personally? Asking for a tribute to Luo Chengtang? This is the beginning of imperial examination in Chinese imperial examination system. Once they pass the exam, the students can go to the palace to be personally inspected by the emperor. This is a great honor. But at present, palace examination in the Tang Dynasty was only an accidental act, and it did not form a system. Wu Zetian also set up martial arts, taking part in the examinations of horse shooting, step shooting, flat shooting, janjawid, weight bearing, wrestling and other subjects, which were assessed by the Ministry of War. The highest rank is awarded to officials, followed by class promotion? . Wu Ju played an important role in the troubled times of the late Tang Dynasty, and Guo Ziyi, who played an important role in pacifying the Anshi Rebellion, was the champion of Wu Ju. He lived in Xuanzong, Suzong, Daizong and Dezong dynasties and served as prime minister twice. He is the only official among the top scholars in China. The Tang Dynasty also gave birth to a scholar with both civil and military skills. In 823, Zheng Guan was the champion of liberal arts in high school, and in 828, Zheng Guan was the champion of martial arts in China. Therefore, he became the only person in the history of China who won the first prize in literature and the first prize in martial arts. The imperial examinations in the Song Dynasty were generally the same as those in the Tang Dynasty, but the importance of Jinshi was more prominent. Most of the first-class Jinshi can be prime ministers, so the Song people took the Jinshi branch as prime ministers. A three-level examination system was established in the Song Dynasty. At this time, the imperial examination began to paste names and copy them, and the names and places of origin of candidates' papers were sealed to prevent malpractice. Song Taizong began to implement the paste name system for court examinations; During the period of Song Renzong, the provincial and state examinations were labeled as paste names, and later candidates' papers were further copied. When examiners read papers, the names and handwriting of candidates are unrecognizable, which plays a very good role in preventing examiners from practicing favoritism and malpractice. With the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the imperial examination system entered its heyday, and the imperial examination was stricter than previous dynasties. Scholars in the Ming Dynasty had to attend the imperial examinations before they could take part in the imperial examinations. The examination is divided into three levels: after having obtained the township examination, after having obtained the township examination, and palace examination. After having obtained the township examination, it is held by the South and North Zhili and the bureaus, and the location is in the South, Beijing and the headquarters of each bureau, once every three years. The examination is a national examination presided over by the Ministry of Rites, also known as the Ministry of Rites, which is held in the second year of the rural examination. The palace examination was held in the same year after the meeting, presided over by the emperor himself, and only took current affairs policy as the subject. After the palace exam, the paper will be changed the next day and the results will be released the next day. Admission is divided into three grades: Grade A and Grade III, which are given to Jinshi, Champion, Champion and Flower Exploration respectively. Second, I am a scholar, and third, I am a scholar. The Jinshi list is written in yellow paper, so it is called Huang Jia, also known as the Golden List, and the sergeant is called the top scholar. After the court examination, the top scholar was awarded the editor of imperial academy, the second prize and the flower detective, and the rest of the Jinshi passed the examination, which was called Jishi Shu of imperial academy. Three years later, those who pass the examination are awarded the positions of editor, reviewer and so on, and the rest are assigned to the ministries as directors, or the magistrate of a county gives priority to employment, which is called scattered libraries. After Ming Yingzong, the imperial court formed a situation that the Jinshi did not join the Hanlin or the Hanlin did not join the cabinet. The imperial examination in Ming dynasty mainly tested stereotyped writing. In order to become famous, literati devoted their lives to stereotyped writing. Eight-part essay takes the sentences in the Four Books and Five Classics as the topic, and expounds the meaning according to the meaning of the topic. Writing eight-part essay should be worded in the tone of the ancients and stand in the position of the sages; The format must conform to the program, the number of words is limited, and the syntax must be dual. Eight-part essay is an article composed of eight rows. Eight-part essay is generally divided into six paragraphs, with the first sentence breaking the topic and two sentences bearing the topic, and then the source is expounded. The main part of the eight-part essay is four paragraphs: initial division, middle division, final division and bundle division. Each paragraph has two paragraphs with a big knot at the end. Eight-part essay evolved from Confucian classics in Song Dynasty, which seriously bound people's thoughts and made the imperial examination system into a dead end. Gu, a famous scholar in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, said indignantly: stereotyped writing is more harmful than burning books. ? The imperial examination system developed to the Qing Dynasty and declined day by day. Although the Qing rulers severely punished cheating in the imperial examination, cheating became more and more serious due to the shortcomings of the imperial examination system itself, and the imperial examination system eventually died out. As the old saying goes, learning to be excellent is an official. You can be an official after reading a book, which is the result of the imperial examination system. Therefore, the book has its own thousand bells and millet, the book has its own golden house and the book has its own Yan Ruyu. Fame in the examination room has become the initial motivation and lifelong pursuit of scholars, and even it is common for scholars in their seventies and eighties to take exams. Past dynasties? A white-haired boy? 、? The birthday girl lifts people up? It is a very common phenomenon in the imperial examination. During the reign of Kangxi, Huang Zhang, a centenarian from Shunde, Guangdong Province, took the Shi Jing exam with the help of Xuansun. Cheating is common in scientific research, such as bribery, entrainment, naming, impersonation, gun substitution, delivery and so on. In the eleventh year of Yongzheng, Yu Hongtu, a Henan Jinshi, served as an examiner, and sold 47 Jinshi at one time, making a profit of 12000. Lu Xun's grandfather, Zhou Fuqing, was exposed in the 19th year of Guangxu (1893) to test his son's joints, and was jailed. Under the severe impact of modern western ships and modern science, the imperial examination system finally came to a dead end. 1898, the Reform Movement of 1898 announced the abolition of stereotyped writing examination. However, after the failure of the reform soon, the imperial examination survived. 190 1 year, in order to alleviate the ruling crisis of internal and external troubles, Cixi announced the implementation of the new policy of stopping stereotyped writing. 1September 2, 905, Governor Zhang Zhidong of Huguang, Governor Cen Chunxuan and Yuan Shikai of Zhili, General Zhao Erxun of Shengjing, Governor Zhou Fu of Liangjiang and Governor Duan Fang of Hunan jointly played in the imperial court, proposing? If we want to remedy the difficult times, we must start from promoting schools; To promote learning, we must first stop the imperial examination. ? On the same day, the Qing Dynasty issued a decree in the name of Emperor Guangxu, announcing that all provincial examinations and public examinations would be stopped. ? The imperial examination system officially ended. Objectively speaking, the imperial examination system has created a relatively fair competition system in the history of 1300 years. It is this bureaucratic selection system that extends from the examination competition system that transforms a closed hierarchical society into a mobile hierarchical society? Examination and selection agency? China's agricultural civilization reached its peak for thousands of years, surpassing any nation or country in the world at that time. The imperial examination system has become not only the core of China's political society, but also the core of academic culture. Confucianism has become a sacred book for the government and the people, and it has also become an important core of China's traditional culture. Undeniably, the examination system does have obvious disadvantages, but its greatest advantage is relative fairness. The scores of candidates overwhelm various factors such as family status, pedigree, relationship and money, which is a great progress.