Mr. Wang said: I can't learn.
Green is taken from blue, and green is blue; Ice, water, but colder than water. Wood is straight in the rope, not a wheel, and its curve is in the gauge. Although there is a crisis, those who stop coming forward will make it happen. Therefore, the wood is straight by the rope, the gold is sharp, the gentleman is knowledgeable, and he saves himself every day, so he knows clearly without fault.
So, if you don't climb the mountain, you don't know the height of the sky. Don't face the deep stream, I don't know the thickness of the ground; You didn't know the greatness of learning until you heard the last words of the late king. The sons of Gan, Yue, Yi and Xun were born in unison, long and different, and naturally educated. The poem says, "Dear Sir, there is no constant rest. Jing * * *, good is integrity. Listen to God and you will be blessed. " God is greater than Tao, and joy is greater than harmlessness. (Not in this textbook)
Think all day long, it is better to learn it in a moment; I've tasted it and I'm looking forward to it. Let's go hiking. Climb a trick, the arm does not lengthen, but the person you see is far away; Call with the wind, the sound does not add disease, the listener shows. Those who cheat horses are not good enough, but cause thousands of miles; A man who pretends to be a boat can't swim, but he can't swim. The life of a gentleman is the same, and the goodness lies in personal leave.
In the south, there is a bird named Meng Dui, whose nest is feathers, whose hair is woven and whose reed is tied. When the wind breaks, the egg broken child dies. The nest is endless, but so are the people connected with it. There is a kind of wood in the west called Shegan. Its stem is four inches long, and it was born on a high mountain. However, in the abyss, the wooden pole can't grow out, but it stands naturally.
Everything has a beginning and an end. When honor or disgrace comes, it will be like virtue. Meat rots into adults, and fish withers into moths. Ignoring and forgetting your body is a disaster. Strong cultivation, soft cultivation. Evil is in the body, and resentment is in the structure. Wages are the same, the fire is dry, the ground is the same, and the water is wet. Vegetation is born, birds and animals are numerous, and things are human beings.
Is a piece of nature, bows and arrows are very important; Lin, and the axe is heavy; Trees provide shade, but birds rest. Acyl acid, but Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. Therefore, words are troublesome, actions are humiliating, and gentlemen are cautious about words! (Not in this textbook)
Accumulated soil becomes mountains, and the wind and rain are prosperous; The water drops merged into the ocean and the dragon was born; Accumulate goodness into virtue, the gods are complacent, and the sacred heart is prepared. Therefore, you can't take Wan Li Road without accumulating steps; If you don't accumulate small streams, you won't be a river. Leap, not ten steps; This is a great contribution to the success of Ma Xu. Perseverance, rotten wood can't be carved; Perseverance, the stone can be carved.
Therefore, people with ulterior motives have no bright future; He made much ado about nothing, which has nothing to do with hehe. Those who follow the right path will not come, and those who follow the right path will not allow it. Eyes can't see, ears can't hear. The viper flies without feet, and the mouse is poor in five skills. "Poetry" said: "The corpse dove is in Sang, and her son is seven. A good gentleman with noble character is always a polite person. His appearance is clumsy and his heart is like a knot! " Therefore, a gentleman is bound by one.
I used to play drums, but the fish flowed out to listen; Boya Guqin, while Liu Ma raises Yuan. Therefore, the sound is not small but not heard, and the line is not hidden but not shaped. Jade is moist in the mountains, pearls are born in the deep, and cliffs are not withered. Do good without accumulating evil? Did anyone not hear?
Learn evil from scratch? Evil in the end? Yue: its number begins with chanting and ends with reading ceremony; Its significance begins with being a scholar and ends with being a saint. If you really accumulate strength for a long time, you will enter, and if you learn, you will stop.
Therefore, there is an end to the number of students. If it is just, it cannot be abandoned for a moment. For it, people are also; Give up, so do animals. Therefore, this book is the discipline of political affairs; Poet, the stop of the middle voice; Etiquette, the main points of law, class discipline.
The knowledge of villains is also heard, not spoken; Between the mouth and ears, four inches, seven feet of beauty! Ancient scholars were themselves, and today's scholars are people. The study of a gentleman is also for beauty; Little people learn that birds are calves. Therefore, if you don't ask, you will be proud of it, and if you ask, you will be proud of it. Proud, no, ooh, no; A gentleman is like a man.
Learn not to be close to others. Rites and music are not mentioned, poetry and books are not cut, and the Spring and Autumn Period is unhappy. If you learn from a gentleman, you will respect him all over the world. Therefore, learning ink is almost close to people.
If you pat your collar with five fingers, there will be countless followers. If you don't respect the constitution, take the poetry book as an example, and refer to the river, the millet and the cone-shaped rice pot, you can't get it. Therefore, although Longli is unknown, he is also a lawyer; If you don't give a long gift, you will scatter Confucianism, although you will argue.
If you ask, don't sue; Don't ask if you told anyone; Don't listen to those who talk. Don't argue with people who live up to expectations. Therefore, we should learn from it and then pick it up; Avoid it unless it is the way.
Therefore, return the courtesy before you can talk to the parties; Words are fluent, and then words and deeds can be consistent and justified; Therefore, color can be followed by words and actions. Therefore, it cannot be said in words that this is pride; Can have nothing to say, that is hidden; In terms of color, it is called sorrow. Therefore, a gentleman is not proud, not hiding, not jealous, let nature take its course. The poem says, "The son of heaven gave me comfort from bandits." This is also called.
A gentleman knows that his husband is not perfect and can't think of beauty, so he recites it consistently and thinks it over, so as to treat others and educate people. Make eyes have no desire to see, ears have no desire to listen, mouth has nothing to say, and heart has nothing to worry about. When you are good at time, your eyes are good with five colors, your ears are good with five tones, your mouth is good with five flavors, and your heart benefits the world.
Therefore, rights cannot be dumped, the masses cannot be moved, and the world cannot be shaken. Life depends on reason, death depends on reason, and husband is called virtue. Fuck, then you decide, then you decide, then you respond. A husband is an adult if he can handle it. The sky sees its light and the earth sees its light, and the gentleman values all this.
Translation of "encouraging learning";
The gentleman said: learning can't stop. Indigo is extracted from bluegrass, but bluer than bluegrass; Ice is condensed from water, but it is cooler than water.
The wood is straight and conforms to the chalk line, but if it is bent into a wheel (extracted by fire), the curvature of the wood will conform to the general standard of compasses (round). Even if the wind and the sun dry up, (wood) will not be straight again, and the fire will become like this.
Therefore, if you don't climb the mountain, you don't know how high the sky is; I don't know how thick the ground is without facing the deep stream; If you don't understand the legacy of the emperor, you won't know the breadth of knowledge.
Children of michel platini, Vietnamese, foreigners and raccoons cry at birth with the same sound, but their customs are different when they grow up. This is because of education. The Book of Songs says, "You are a gentleman, don't always covet comfort. Respect your work and love the virtue of integrity.
The gods will give you good luck and good luck when they hear all this. "Nothing is more spiritual than moral edification, and nothing is more blessed than no disaster. I have been thinking hard all day, but I can't compare with the knowledge I learned in an instant. I once stood on tiptoe and looked into the distance, but I climbed too high to see widely.
Climb high and wave, the arm is not lengthened, but people in the distance can see it; Shouting with the wind, the voice did not increase, but the listener heard it clearly. People who use horses and chariots can walk Wan Li Road if they don't walk fast, and people who use boats and boats can swim across the Yangtze River and the Yellow River if they are not good at swimming.
Everything happens for a reason, and the arrival of honor and disgrace also corresponds to virtue. Rotten meat gives birth to maggots, while dead fish give birth to worms. Neglect and negligence will get you into trouble if you forget the rules of being a man. Objects that are too hard are easy to break, those that are too weak are easy to be bound, and being unfriendly to people will cause disgust. With firewood, the fire will spread to dry places.
When the land is flat, water will flow to wet places. There are many plants and animals, and everything is birds of a feather. So the target is set, and the bow and arrow will be shot. When a tree grows into a forest, it will attract axes to cut it down, and the trees will be lush and have birds to live in. When vinegar turns sour, it attracts mosquitoes.
Therefore, words may cause trouble, actions may be humiliated, and a gentleman can't help but be cautious when dealing with things. Earth and stone pile up into mountains, and the wind and rain start from here; Water flows into the abyss, and dragons are born from it; Accumulate virtue and do good deeds, cultivate noble moral character, and the natural mind will be clear and there will be a spiritual realm of saints.
Therefore, without the accumulation of half a step, there is no way to reach thousands of miles away; Without the accumulation of tiny flowing water, there is no way to merge into the rivers and seas. The horse jumped less than ten paces; A rotten horse can pull a cart for ten days, and its achievement comes from constantly walking.
If it stops after a while, the rotten wood will continue to be carved. Stick to carving and the stone will be carved successfully. Earthworms have no sharp claws and teeth and strong bones and muscles, but they can eat the soil and drink the water in it because they are single-minded.
So the sound will not be ignored because it is weak. If Baoyu is buried in a deep mountain, the vegetation is moist, and if pearls fall into an abyss, the cliff will not wither. Good deeds can be accumulated, and they are not widely told. How can they be accumulated into virtues? Where should I start studying? Where does it end? A: According to its way, it ends in the Book of Rites; In its sense, it begins with learning and ends with becoming a saint. I can't learn until I die.
Therefore, although the tutorial of learning has an end, the desire to make progress cannot be slackened for a moment. Before you become a man, study your whole life; Abandoning school is like an animal. Shangshu is a record of political affairs; The Book of Songs, the ultimate voice of neutralization; The Book of Rites is the premise of the legal system, and the general outline of various regulations can be regarded as the pinnacle of morality.
The Book of Rites respects the ceremony, the Book of Rites speaks in harmony, the Book of Songs and the Book of History are profound and profound, and the Spring and Autumn Annals is righteous and has covered all the university questions between heaven and earth. The learning of a gentleman is what you hear in your ears and remember in your heart, which is manifested in manners and behaviors that conform to etiquette. Every move, even the slightest words and deeds, can set an example for others.
Little people learn by listening in their ears and learning from their mouths; The distance between his mouth and his ears is only four inches. How can he perfect his seven-foot figure? The ancients read books for their own moral cultivation, but now people read books just to show off others. A gentleman learns and strives for self-improvement; The villain learned to show off and grandstanding.
Therefore, it is impetuous to teach others without asking your advice; Asking and answering two questions is lengthy; Impetuous, it is wrong, wordy. This is not right. The gentleman's answer should be like an empty valley echo, no more, no less, just right
Nothing is more convenient than getting close to your tutor. Both the Book of Rites and the Book of Music have statutes, but they are too rough. The Book of Songs and Shangshu are simple but not close to reality. Spring and Autumn Annals is subtle but not thorough enough. It is noble and comprehensive to imitate a good teacher and learn from a gentleman, and it can also reach the world. Therefore, nothing is more convenient than being close to a good teacher.
A scholar can only be considered if he can master the knowledge he has learned comprehensively and thoroughly. A gentleman knows that learning is not perfect, so he reads a set of books to achieve mastery, understands through thinking and exploration, practices through imitating a tutor, and removes his wrong habitual temperament to maintain.
I don't want to see if my eyes are wrong, I don't want to listen if my ears are wrong, I don't want to talk if my mouth is wrong, and I don't want to think if my heart is wrong. When you reach the ideal state of concentrating on your study, you will be as eager to have colorful eyes, good ears and good mouth as you are.
If this is done, then there will be no evil thoughts in front of power and selfish desires, many people will not give in, and nothing in the world can shake their beliefs. Living is like this, and it will not change until death. This is called moral integrity. Only with virtue and integrity can we be firm, and only with perseverance can we improvise.
If you can be firm and improvise, you are a mature and perfect person. At that time, the sky will be bright and the land will be wide, and the value of a gentleman lies in the perfection of virtue.
This article was written by Xunzi at the end of the Warring States Period.
Extended data writing background:
During the Warring States period, slavery further collapsed, the feudal system gradually formed, and epoch-making changes took place in history. Many thinkers expressed their opinions on the social changes at that time from different positions and angles, and gradually formed different factions such as Mohism, Confucianism, Taoism and Legalism, which was called "a hundred schools of thought contend" in history.
A major feature of "encouraging learning" in writing is to explain the truth and prove the argument through metaphor. Except for a few places that directly explain the truth, the whole text is almost a metaphor. In this paper, a large number of metaphors commonly used in life are used, which makes the abstract truth clear, concrete and vivid and easy for readers to accept.
Sometimes there are many parallel metaphors in the set, which explain the problem repeatedly from the same angle. This technique is called metaphor in rhetoric. There are various forms of metaphor in this paper. Sometimes similar metaphors are used to explain the problem from the same angle and emphasize the author's point of view.
For example, climb high, call with the wind, fake horses, fake boats, accumulate soil into mountains, and water droplets merge into oceans. Sometimes two opposite situations are organized together to form a sharp contrast, so that readers can understand the truth. For example, compare Miracle to Ma Xu, and compare rotten wood to epigraphy. Sometimes the metaphor is reversed, and sometimes it is reversed. The content is different, the sentence patterns are diverse, and readers have no sense of stagnation.
Some metaphors are just metaphors, which imply truth and make readers think. Such as "shine on you" and "ice is cooler than water". Some set metaphors first, and then lead to the truth, such as "climbing the mountain, the arm is not lengthened, and the person who sees it is far away", "You can't swim in a fake boat, you can't cross the river".
Some set metaphors first, and then further demonstrate with other metaphors. For example, the analogy of "water drops make a sea" first leads to the truth that "accumulating goodness into virtue, the gods are complacent, and the sacred heart is prepared", and then further demonstrates it with "not accumulating steps" and "not accumulating trickle".
This step by step, up and down echo, so that their expressive metaphor, more fully play a role, so as to explain the truth very thoroughly. In addition, due to the use of metaphor, the language of the article appears concrete and concise.
Moreover, with the continuous use of Bi Xing and the change of techniques, neat and changeable sentence patterns have been formed, resulting in a sonorous rhythm, which shows Xunzi's exhortation passion. Therefore, this is not only an excellent paper on ancient education, but also a literary work.
The organization of each paragraph of this article is very clear, basically each paragraph expounds a specific problem, and it is always clearly explained at the beginning and end of the article. For example, the first sentence of the article reads: "A gentleman says: You can't learn." This is not only a central topic of the full text, but also the content to be elaborated in the first paragraph.
In the second half, "A gentleman attends Japan, saves himself with knowledge, but knows clearly without fault", which clearly and powerfully takes care of the first sentence, closes the above and clearly points out the central idea of the first paragraph.
Another example is "I think all day, it is better to learn in an instant" to illustrate that meditation alone is far less beneficial than learning. This paper enumerates several very common and convincing metaphors in life, such as "Climbing high and looking far", "Calling with the wind", "Fake horse" and "Fake boat", and then makes a powerful summary: "The life of a gentleman is different."
Here, starting from his "theory of evil nature", Xunzi pointed out that a gentleman's nature is also evil, and the reason why he is different from others is that he is good at learning from good teachers and friends to change his bad habits. The word "thing" has changed from "boat" and "horse" to the content of learning, and its writing has gradually deepened.
The two examples cited here are taken care of from beginning to end. Some paragraphs only reveal the center of the paragraph at the beginning, or just make a proper summary at the end. In short, the purpose is the same, but the way is not rigid. Philosophical papers of pre-Qin philosophers are generally difficult to read. Xunzi's rigorous and simple writing method is very effective in helping readers master the basic content of each paragraph.
About the author:
Xunzi (about 365438 BC+03 BC-238 BC), Ming Qing, was born in Huaxia (Han nationality) and Zhao at the end of the Warring States Period. A famous thinker, writer and politician, he is called "Xun Qing". It was also called in the Western Han Dynasty because it avoided the taboo of Emperor Gaozu, and because the words "Xun" and "Sun" were homophony. He served as a drinking ceremony for Xia Ji Gong Xue in Qi State for three times, and was later ordered by Chu Lanling (located in Lanling County, Shandong Province).
Xunzi's main effort is to confirm people's dominant position in moral cultivation and governing the country. In terms of moral cultivation, the theory of evil nature advocated by Xunzi is the premise and starting point.
Xunzi denied the transcendental moral basis of human nature from the standpoint of the separation between man and nature. In his view, the so-called human nature is the natural nature of human beings, and it is the so-called "being born as a human being". Its natural performance is "hunger means fullness, cold means warmth, and fatigue means rest". Its essence is the abstract natural biological instinct and psychological instinct that people are born with.
Xunzi believes that this natural desire for material life conflicts with moral and etiquette norms. He believes that human nature is "born with profit", "born with disease and evil", "born with eyes and ears, born with lust", and if "conforming to human nature and feelings, it is out of competition, which is equivalent to committing chaos and violence". So human nature is "evil" rather than "good".
Xunzi's view of love here is related to the early Confucian thought of "pretending to be sexual" However, the concept that sex pretends to take "emotion" as the sky leads to naturalism and emotionalism.
Xunzi didn't develop along this road, because he thought inherent vice. Therefore, conforming to his development will lead to people fighting, thieves killing and social chaos. This is the theory of evil nature.