Research on the Application of China Classical Garden Architecture Design Principles in Modern Landscape (Architecture) Design —— From the Private Space of Classical Gardens to the Open Public Leisure Space of Modern Cities
Liu Zhenxing
Brief introduction: Taking the classical gardens in China as an example, based on the application of its spatial processing techniques in the design of open public leisure space in modern cities, through the analysis of the scenic space of Jiang Bin Park in Longyou, Zhejiang Province, this paper discusses the relationship and development between the private space of classical gardens and the open public leisure space in modern cities.
Keywords: spatial processing; Privacy; Openness; * * * Leisure
1. Summarize the spatial design techniques of classical gardens in China.
Garden is the material environment, and the material elements that constitute the garden are called landscape elements. Landscape elements can be roughly divided into three categories, namely, landscape, architecture and animals and plants. The second kind of buildings, in a broad sense, include artificial garden buildings, garden roads, square sculptures and garden sketches [1].
In China classical gardens, it is not so much gardening as the layout and structure of buildings, because buildings constitute the whole garden, and other elements are the subsidiary parts of buildings. The idea of "harmony between man and nature" has been fully reflected in China's garden design, and the garden structure is perfectly integrated with landscape elements, animals and plants. According to the practical and artistic requirements of literati for Mariko, a unique oriental gardening art was constructed.
China traditional garden space processing methods: proportional coordination, scale adaptation, height change, patchwork; In other words, we should be able to make good use of the change of light and shade and the contrast between reality and reality, and also penetrate each other in various spaces, take care of each other from beginning to end, echo each other and learn from each other. In addition, we can also make the static space flow and realize the combination of static and dynamic [2].
2. With the intensification of urbanization, the open space of modern urban landscape design calls for humanized places.
In recent years, more and more regions in China have experienced the phenomenon of "urbanization". The construction environment of the whole city is wide and fast, and there are even many large-scale public space construction projects, which require the completion of the whole process from project establishment, planning to design in a short time. The popularity of "Sparse Forest Grassland" and "Fountain Square" in previous years is related to the whole country, and the pursuit of foreign artistic style and visual image is excessive. The layout of a large number of grasslands reduces people's activity space and attracts people to use it [3].
Modern human geography school and phenomenological landscape school emphasize the experience of people in places, the activities of ordinary people in ordinary and daily environments, and the trinity of physical characteristics, human activities and significance of places. The physical features here include the spatial structure of the place and all concrete phenomena; The people here are people in the scene rather than bystanders; What it means here is what people are doing. Therefore, places and landscapes lose their meaning without people's use and become things without places (Ralph, 1976). The relationship between public leisure space and modern urban leisure space should be formal. It is experience, life and communication-communication between people, communication between people and nature [4].
3 case study
3. 1 Case Study of Jiang Bin Park in Longyou, Zhejiang Province
3. 1. 1 Overview of Longyou City
(A) a long history and background
Longyou, located in the west of Zhejiang, in the upper reaches of Qiantang River and in the center of Jinqu Basin, was the capital of Gumi country in the Spring and Autumn Period about 2,500 years ago and has always been the political, cultural and economic center of southwest Zhejiang. In 222 AD, when Qin Shihuang established the first batch of counties in China, Longyou was under the jurisdiction of Taimu County, with a history of 2228 years. In the eighth year of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty (AD 634), it was renamed Longqiu, and it was called Longyou in the Five Dynasties, which has been used ever since. Historical and cultural accumulation is extremely rich. There are 17 ancient sites in China, among which various stone tools and pottery clay were unearthed from the ancient cultural sites of the Stone Age, revealing the information of "the birthplace of western Zhejiang civilization".
(2) Unique conditions
Longyou County enjoys a unique geographical position, with "two mountains, two rivers and two beaches". Jiming Mountain and Fenghuang Mountain occupy the north and south of the county, Qujiang and Lingshan pass through the city, and Qujiang Shipyard sandbar and Grotto sandbar are located on the east and west sides of the county.
Superior natural conditions provide a good foundation for creating an "eco-cultural tourism city" and building a "scenic spot without walls". Longyou is rich in products, which is a civilized "hometown of bamboo shoots in China" and "hometown of Huang Huali in China", with warm and humid climate and abundant land resources, and is an ideal area for developing modern agriculture.
Longyou Grottoes excavated in recent years, located at the foot of Fenghuang Mountain, three kilometers north of Longyou County, is a magnificent ancient underground grottoes group, and is known as "the ninth wonder of the world". The discovery of caves has attracted more and more attention and favor from archaeologists, mysterious hunters and tourists at home and abroad, and has become an important tourist highlight in East China. At present, it is actively applying for world cultural heritage. Other scenic spots, such as Jiming Mountain, Ming and Qing Residential Gardens, Bamboo Sea Forest in Longnan, Baifoyan Waterfall, Sandie Rock and Zhaoqing Temple, an ancient temple in the Tang Dynasty, are all loved by Chinese and foreign tourists.
3. 1.2 Field trip to Longyou Riverside Park
(1) Overview
Located on the south bank of Qujiang, near Huancheng North Road, east to the traffic police brigade office and west to the park, it is about 1800 meters long and 35-250 meters wide, with a total area of 1 10000 square meters, including 4000 square meters of buildings, 65000 square meters of green space, 35000 square meters of paved area and 6000 square meters of water. The whole park is designed by Hangzhou Landscape Design Institute and constructed by Shanghai Municipal Landscape Engineering Company. The construction lasted160th day and was divided into ten functional zones, including Tongqu Garden, Yue Ming Bay, Ningbixuan, Tianxiangzhai, Cuiguangting, Sundial Terrace, Yuan Lei, Qingyougu, Dove Rapids and Longyou. It is an open city integrating leisure, culture and entertainment.
(2) Analysis of main scenic spots
(1) Tongqu Garden
Different from the classical garden architecture design in China, the park itself is an open venue, mainly for children. Therefore, there are maze, sand pool, zodiac, big double pavilion and other facilities in the venue. The facilities are connected by an arc corridor, with wooden flower stands at the top, and two volumes are equipped with marble stone benches for children and parents to rest (see attached figure 1~2).
The stone carvings of the zodiac are lifelike, arranged in an arc on a small platform, and there is an iron wall 1.2 meters high on the left side of the platform, which not only prevents children from entering the opposite swimming pool playground, but also plays the role of "attracting scenery"; Bamboo forest is planted above the retaining wall on the right, which is both a landscape wall and an isolated space. In this way, it is both private and open, but as a modern park, it is essentially an open, at least semi-closed space.
(2) Yue Ming Bay
The scenic spot is an artificial lake with irregular width, which takes water from Qujiang and is designated as a spring between rocks and flows to the main lake. In this process, there is a drop of water, and you can hear the gurgling sound. The method of putting stones by the lake is quite similar to that of classical gardens, such as imitating the trend of nature. Water lilies, calamus and local aquatic plants are planted in the lake, although it is artificial.
There are natural beach stones, which are 42 meters long and weigh 1500 tons. There are fountains above, running water, fog around, misty spray and flowing water like a dream. There are two rows of original stone pavilions next to Xitan Stone, where visitors can climb the stone and play in the water. At the same time, pavilions also form a water level difference, and watch the water dynamics (see attached figure 3).
Pay more attention to leisure in handling techniques, so that tourists can climb the placed stones in person and meet the concept of manned places, which is not available in rockeries in classical gardens. The development from the classical rockery to the present rockery is a kind of transcendence. There are many hydrophilic platforms beside the bay to satisfy the hydrophilic nature of tourists.
(3) Cui Guang Pavilion
A small bridge spans Yue Ming Bay and leads directly to the Cui Guang Pavilion by the river. Cuiguangge is an antique building, named after facing Cuiguangyan across the river. The exhibition hall is divided into 6 floors (underground 1 floor), with a height of more than 30 meters and a total construction area of 1285 square meters. It is decorated with the wood of Boluo Pavilion, carved with exquisite dragon and phoenix patterns, black matt glazed tiles, railings made of snowflake granite and dragon wall relief, and the furnishings in the pavilion mainly reflect the local culture of Longyou (see attached figure 4).
There are also two curved corridors on both sides of the pavilion, which not only provide a rest for tourists, but also make the Cui Guang Pavilion more harmonious. The combination of horizontal and vertical fully embodies the expression of design language.
Although Cui Guang Pavilion is an antique building, it is different from ordinary antique buildings because its base is magnificent. The 30-meter-high pavilion really looks like an exquisite pagoda. When I boarded the pavilion, I felt that when Rainbow visited Wang Tengting, there was quite a scene of "the sunset was lonely in Qi Fei, and the autumn water was * * * and the sky was one color", which also produced the "vast sky" in the second beauty. These techniques of borrowing scenery are exactly the same as those used in the design of China classical garden architecture, so that nature and architecture are integrated. China ancient gardeners have always attached great importance to borrowing scenery, believing that borrowing scenery is the most critical thing in landscape design. For example, Ji Cheng said in "Garden Metallurgy": "The husband borrows scenery, and the heaviest one in the garden is also." Then, he made a further discussion on borrowing scenery: "Although borrowing scenery is different inside and outside, it is infinite." Sunny mountains are beautiful, Hanyu is flying in the air, and his eyes are everywhere. Custom is the screen, Jia is the hand. This is a smoky scene, regardless of Machida children. Also known as smart and decent people. " [5]
With the river as the background, the pavilion has a vast space. The tall pavilion becomes the highlight of the river facade, and the vertical pavilion forms a sharp contrast and unified relationship with the horizontal river surface.
In addition, Cui Guang Pavilion, as the main building of the whole garden, has become the center and center of gravity of the whole garden. At the same time, you can see the surrounding scenery in the pavilion, which is the highest point of the whole garden. This treatment is also very common in classical gardens, such as the layout of the Buddha Pavilion in the Summer Palace, which is located on Wanshou Mountain, the highest point in the middle of the garden and controls the scenery of the whole garden. It is not only the artistic composition center of the Summer Palace, but also the symbol of the garden (see Figure 65433).
(4) Ning Bixuan (see figure 1-2), Tian Xiang Zhai Xuan and Zhai are unique in China classical garden architecture, and they also have specific definitions.
Xuan, the Xuan in the garden, refers to a relatively open and quiet garden building, whose function is to provide a quiet rest place for tourists. Therefore, the mysterious shape in the garden should be small, set behind a large building, and must be hidden and hidden, looming in the depths of quiet flowers and trees [7].
Zhai, its garden function is to give visitors a quiet place to rest and read newspapers, and the construction land should be as deep as possible [8]. Ningbixuan here is a residential style building and a place for tourists to relax. The main function of Tianxiangzhai is to show the food culture of Longyou.
Ningbixuan is a rest peak with thatch on top and a wooden platform in front (see attached figure 5). There are some restrictions on site selection, but first of all, considering its function, this park is an open space without walls. Secondly, it is aimed at citizens and tourists. In addition, it must reflect local cultural ideas. Even so, it is located next to Yue Ming Bay, surrounded by stones, trees and bamboo, which constitutes a semi-closed space with certain privacy, but it is more an open public leisure space for the public to enjoy and watch. In classical gardens, the porch is mostly just the study of the owner and his family, which can be said to be a pure private space. The elegant environment was indeed a "paradise" that could be detached from the secular world at that time. However, today, people's sociality is becoming more and more obvious, and people must face the reality. Man is the product of society and must be integrated into this society. Although the modern pavilion is still the original style in form, it has changed in essence, and its existence must meet the requirements of the public. Otherwise, they will become lost places in modern entertainment places [9].
(5) Yuan Lei
In my opinion, Yuan Lei is a bit "less is more"-in a circular pool with a radius of15m, it is similar to a pan (see figure 1-3). The surface of the pan is inlaid with smaller pebbles, and two large pebbles of more than 20 tons are arranged in the middle of the pan as the main scene, surrounded by dry spray and flower beds.
(6) clearing the valley
After a few minutes of meditation, I walked into a reed bush along the path and felt a sense of depression, surrounded by dense reed stems and leaves. If there were no trails, I would think I was in the wilderness! After crossing the reeds for about 10 meter, my eyes suddenly opened, and the footpath under my feet became a 3-meter-wide wooden curved bridge across an artificial lake, with a 40-cm-high wooden "railing"-or stool-on one side of the curved bridge for tourists to rest and fish (see attached figure 7). The lakeshore is designed in a natural form, completely adopting local plant species, which is very natural and harmonious. Although it is made by people, it is natural. It can be said that this scene is my favorite place, and its natural ecology makes people feel comfortable.
Rationally speaking, its spatial treatment fully expresses the design technique of China classical garden architecture, which is closed first and then opened, and relaxed one by one, giving full consideration to people's environmental behavior psychology. The name Qingyougu seems to express the meaning of the environment. For people who are busy with work all day, this place is really a place to relax.
Besides, the main contradiction of this curved bridge in the structural comparison of classical gardens lies in the "curve", which is in a straight line with the curve. "Water must bend and gardens must be separated" in gardening theory; "It is appropriate to deviate from the road and set up a board tactfully" and so on are the experiences of ancient artists on the linear layout of gardens [10]. "Qu" and "Zhi" are both opposite and unified. Since harmony and flexion are straight, it should also include the straight factor. Therefore, we can see from the picture that there is a highland on the left side of the curved bridge and a straight path along the Cui Guang Pavilion, which is 4 meters wide. On the other side of the path, you can walk down the concrete platform paved with marble along six steps. There are some modern pavilions and benches on the platform, sitting on Qujiang River, which can be seen under the platform, opposite the rolling mountains. Occasionally, birds fly in the air, which is naturally refreshing.
From the perspective of appreciation, the curved bridge can increase the distance of the tour route, extend the time width of enjoying the scenery and expand the sense of space in the garden. At the same time, the music in the landscape continuation space creates conditions for appreciating the rhythm and musical sense of the spatial sequence. A single "straight" can not form a simple and repetitive space, only "music" can bring about various changes and make the space cadence [1 1]. Coupled with the wooden curved bridge, its charm is unparalleled, not only a good place for scenery, but also a beautiful landscape. The use of local native plants makes the design more humanized, ecological and economical, and makes the integration of the whole valley and nature to the extreme and more interesting.
(7) sundial platform
The sundial platform is set on a platform, which is not so much a scenic spot as a sculpture. The sundial is made of bronze and engraved with the Chinese zodiac signs of China. I think what it wants to express is more abstract. The sundial itself is an ancient timekeeping tool, and its combination with bronze and the zodiac is a historical and cultural accumulation.
(8) White dove rapids
The main scenery is dry beaches and merchant ships. As a symbol of landscape and culture, it symbolizes the convenience of waterway shipping and the prosperity of waterway commerce in Longyou history.
(9) Travel everywhere
This is a place with a strong historical and cultural atmosphere. In classical gardens, the setting of landscape does not need to express many historical things, but only the personal preferences of the owner. But in modern cities, the open leisure space is different, especially Longyou, as a city with a long history and culture, she must pass on these history and excellent traditional ideas to the younger generation to make it develop continuously. Moreover, as a famous tourist city in western Zhejiang, she must also show these historical cultures to foreign tourists. Only in this way can we continuously expand the development of urban tourism economy.
Therefore, in this scenic spot, designers used a series of totem poles and various abstract landscape walls to carve the history of Longyou. The combination of graphics and hieroglyphics makes it intuitive but mysterious. In this way, the tourists' psychology was immediately grasped and their curiosity and thirst for knowledge were satisfied.
According to the theory of human motivation, human psychology, high social needs and physiological security needs, as well as social identity, self-esteem and self-realization needs above human physiological security. Therefore, a comfortable leisure environment also needs to provide appropriate and sufficient humanistic factors to meet people's cultural and psychological needs. For example, the traditional gardens in China pay more attention to shaping the humanistic environment besides the good material environment, satisfying people's psychology of advocating nature, guiding and implying people's cultural identity, and following the ethereal and distant Confucianism and Taoism [12]. For example, (Attached Figure 8) shows a path full of dragons, with historical calligraphy and painting reliefs beside it-this is the first time I have seen it. In this way, tourists can learn about the history, culture, customs and customs of Longyou, and at the same time, they have walked a long way unconsciously. This arrangement itself is a beautiful scenery.
This open design mode is very common in modern landscape architecture. In essence, this technique has completely surpassed the classical gardening technique, or borrowed from foreign gardening techniques.
4 the development of open leisure space in modern cities
4. 1. Inheritance, development and innovation of design elements
4. 1. 1 natural design elements
Physical geography and landscape elements basically follow the techniques of classical gardens, especially the love of "marginal zone". However, in modern cities, these elements are also more restrictive. Designers can't design according to the ideal model, but can only use modern technology to transform it.
4. 1.2 structural design elements
In the open public leisure space of modern cities, the structural design is more and more abstract and artistic, rather than as elaborate as the buildings in classical gardens. In particular, the concept of "landscape box" [13] (see figure 1-4, 1-5) is put forward. These boxes are made of walls, nets or columns, giving people a three-dimensional experience in the simplest way. Compared with the pavilions in China's classical gardens. The landscape box also has the functions of borrowing scenery, viewing and ordering scenery, but the symbolic meaning of the pavilion is extroverted, while the symbol of the box is introverted. Therefore, through the landscape box, the experience is "seeing the big from the small" and "seeing the small from the rough", which is contrary to the "seeing the big from the small" in traditional gardens in China.
4. 1.3 visual design elements [14]
In the design of open public leisure space in modern cities, the visual impact is used more boldly in some landscape treatment, and there are ways beyond classical ones in form, order, proportion, scale, style, pattern and pattern. In addition, on the spatial level, it makes space develop to multi-dimensions.
4. 1.4 Design elements of historical context
The development of a city is closely related to the development of culture, context and history. Different from classical gardens, the historical culture expressed by urban open leisure space is far more systematic and scientific than classical gardens.
4. 1.5 Theoretical and technical elements
Since 1900, landscape architecture, as a modern independent discipline, has gradually become a systematic knowledge discipline in the west. The development of computer technology has further promoted the development of this subject, and the modern landscape planning and design based on GIS makes the planning and design more scientific. At the same time, the proposal of landscape pattern [15] in landscape ecology makes the psychology of advocating and imitating nature more intuitive and rational. The establishment of landscape sensitivity analysis [16] and minimum safety standard (SMS )[ 17] has great influence on modern landscape ecological design. In addition, Xia Jiantong's doctoral thesis "Object-oriented Design Method" was rated as "the most promising research topic in the future" by the International Computer and Urban Design Association. His speech "Pray in your own way: the challenge of contemporary China landscape planning and design" delivered at the 2004 Beijing International Urban Landscape and Architectural Design Expo in August 2004 is of great significance to both international and domestic landscape design.
5 conclusion
I remember Lawrence Chaplin said: "Modern landscape architecture is not only to simply create space, but also to understand environmental design as a sacred act to provide human living space." There is a saying that 2 1 century is the century of China, so from our professional point of view, I think the future landscape architecture design should be the combination and sublimation of East and West. China's classical gardens have their own unique things, and the west also has its own ideal aspects. The urbanization of China is increasing, and the increase of open public space is inevitable. As the saying goes, "drinking water from the source", we have to admit that the design of Kaifeng public leisure space in most cities in China is, to some extent, the inheritance and development of classical garden design techniques. We have no reason to believe that a design space is created out of thin air, without any precedent.
Chinese classical garden design is designed for the owner himself, which is humanized, and the private small space he created is also humanized. Modern urban leisure space design is designed for citizens and tourists. It must be humanized, and the open space he created must be considerate, otherwise it will not be able to adapt to the thinking of modern people. If the design space loses the participation of people, then this space is meaningless.
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