The word "Li Bai" is "Taibai" and is called "Qinglian layman". He was born in Ji Cheng, Longxi (northwest of Qin 'an, Gansu), and his ancestors fled to Suiye (near Kyrgyzstan and tokmak today) during the war at the end of Sui Dynasty, where Li Bai was born. As a teenager, Li Bai was gifted and had a wide range of interests, such as "reading strange books", "wandering immortals" and "being good at fencing". In the first year of Tang Zhongzong Shenlong (705), the family moved to Mianzhou, Sichuan, and was once enshrined by the Hanlin. Because it is called "Li Hanlin". He is known as "the immortal in the sky", and later generations also call him "Li Chenxian". However, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty only asked Li Bai and others to send a letter to Hanlin, the minister of the Chapter Department, and Li Bai's ambition could not be realized. Li Bai's personality is arrogant, and he can't stand the life of "making eyes at the eyebrows and bending his back to serve the dignitaries". Three years later, Li Bai was ruined by slander, so he invited himself back to the mountain and left Chang 'an. He can only visit the mountains and immortals and drink crazy songs to relieve his grief and indignation. But he never gave up his dream of making contributions and becoming an extraordinary person. After the An Shi Rebellion broke out, Li Bai was invited to Lilin, the shogunate of Wang Yong, and thought he had a chance to make contributions. Recite the heroic poem "but use Dongshan Xie Anshi to laugh at Jinghu Sand for you". After Wang Yong's army was destroyed by Tang Suzong, Li Bai was also implicated in prison, and was later pardoned on his way to exile Yelang. Until the age of sixty-one, Li Bai also asked to join the army, hoping to have a "one-knife use", but he turned back due to illness and failed to do so. At the age of sixty-two, he was ordered by his uncle to stay in the Li family (dangtu county, Maanshan, Anhui).
Now there are more than 990 poems and songs by Li Bai. There are a large number of political lyric poems, which fully show the poet's extraordinary ambition, unrestrained passion and chivalrous spirit, and also represent the typical tone of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai has a strong sense of self and compares himself with Dapeng many times. "One day, Dapeng rises with the wind and goes straight to Wan Li" and "Li Yong". However, Li Bai's frustration in Chang 'an for three years turned his full political enthusiasm into a wild song of grief and indignation when he was hit by reality again, and it gushed out from his chest: "The road is like a blue sky, and there is no way out in front of me. I am ashamed to follow those who have no courage, fighting chickens and dogs to bet on pears, and I want to return home with no fish to eat. Zhou Busi succumbed to the gentry. Li Bai also used a hearty drinking poem to dispel the sadness of his talent. "Into the wine": "Oh, let a man with spirit take risks where he likes, and never point his golden cup at the moon! Since God has given talents, let them be used! , spin one thousand silver, all back! Cook a sheep, kill a cow, sharpen your appetite, and let me, 300 bowls, take a long drink! " It is in line with this unrestrained emotional momentum. The remarkable characteristics of Li Bai's poems in artistic techniques are: magical imagination, endless changes, vertical and horizontal structure and patchwork sentence patterns, which form a magnificent and elegant style. Climbing Tianmu Mountain in the Dream:
"In a straight line to heaven, its peak enters heaven, with five holy peaks on top, and casts a shadow in China. The Paradise Terrace Mountains are 100 miles long, and it is here that they begin to extend to the southeast. My heart and my dream are in Wu Heyue. They cross Jinghu Lake on a moonlit night. The moon lit up my shadow and I came to Yanhe. Xie 'an is still there, with a loud voice and rippling blue waves. Xie, climbed Yun Lan's ladder. Halfway through the sunny ocean, the sacred rooster crows in space. Countless peaks and more valleys, there is no road, flowers tempt me, and rocks relax me. The day suddenly ended. Bears, dragons and storms on mountains and rivers disturb forests and shake mountains. Clouds are darkened by rain, and streams are pale by fog. The god of thunder and lightning shattered the whole mountain range, and the stone gate was divided and vented in the sinkhole. An impenetrable shadow, but now the sun and the moon illuminate a golden and silver terrace. Dressed in colorful clothes and riding the wind, all the queens of the clouds came down one by one, with tigers playing pipa and phoenixes dancing. Row after row, like a hemp field, lined with fairy figures. When the big dream first woke up, the dreamland disappeared, which led to the understanding of the world of life: "People's happiness is always like this, and thousands of waters flow eastward in Qian Shan", "Alas, how can I bow and scrape to those high-ranking officials who will never be shown with honesty?". This feature of Li Bai's Dream Falling from the Sky has greatly developed Zhuangzi's fable, Qu Yuan's first romantic spirit and expression techniques, and also incorporated the Taoist immortal image, which has amazing artistic charm and won the praise of a generation of "poetic immortals".
Li Bai's poems and songs have diverse themes. His seven-character ancient poems (Shu Dao Nan, Tian Mu Shan Meng Deng, Jiang, Yin, etc. ); Five-character ancient poems (59 ancient styles); There are some poems in Yuefu folk songs in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, such as Long March and Midnight Wu Ge. And seven-character quatrains (looking at Lushan Waterfall, looking at Tianmen Mountain, making Baidi City as early as possible, etc. ) became masterpieces in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai was already famous in the Tang Dynasty. His poem "There is no set volume, but every family has it". He is the first poet in China's poetry.
Tao Yuanming: A Life of Active Pursuit
Since ancient times, Tao Yuanming has been regarded as a recluse poet, saying that he pursues a quiet, sincere and simple society.
Will, the pursuit of indifferent lofty, Ren Yuan Municipal Committee, life has no external requirements, refused to ups and downs, chose to resign and retire, self-motivated.
This road. His pastoral poems fully illustrate this point. Tao Yuanming also became a recluse scholar-bureaucrat admired by all previous dynasties.
Model. But we don't think this is the case. Tao Yuanming's change from "official" to "seclusion" is only a change of life and value orientation.
Change is a political retreat. He is unwilling to work hard and despises fame and fortune. He has been pursuing it all his life. his
Pursuit can be roughly divided into two stages: first, before returning to the field for the last time, it is mainly reflected in the pursuit of official career in order to realize self.
Political ideal; Second, after returning to the field, he turned from politics to literature in order to achieve the purpose of handing down poems. This paper starts from these two stages.
Line specific elaboration.
one
Tao Yuanming was a scholar in feudal times, and his ancestors.
Intellectuals who have accepted orthodox Confucianism for generations. At that time, the more orthodox way for intellectuals to realize their own value was
Through official career, you can realize political ideals such as poverty alleviation and security and the pursuit of contributing to the country. For example, in his poem Begging for Food.
Yes,
"Hunger drives me, and I don't know why. Going to Sri Lanka, knocking at the door is clumsy. Master solution, left empty?
. Talk about harmony all day long, and it will pour down. Love rejoices with new knowledge and joy, words are sung and poems are created. I'm sorry I'm not a Korean talent. Do you know the title
Thank you. The ghost will repay you. "
Some people think that this poem was written after the poet was 60 years old, and it is understood as begging for food because of hunger.
After being entertained by people, he tried to repay this kindness. But it doesn't make sense. He called the legator a "floating mother", which was out of tune with the old man's tone.
In Notes on Tao Yuanming, Mr. Wei thinks that this poem was written at the age of 19, which we think is more reasonable. The poet quoted Han Xin's classics.
So I hope to help Mingjun do great things like Han Xin and realize his ideal of "helping the poor". include
Expressing political thoughts eager to recommend, of course, there are also dual considerations of making a living and supporting the family. When Tao was nineteen, it broke out.
The famous battle of feishui in history. The war brought hope to the Eastern Jin Dynasty. "I am happy, I am eager to escape from everything in the world, and I am willing to think."
It's far. "(Tao Zashi) is a reflection of his enterprising thoughts.
But Tao didn't expect to take office.
The position is complex, the relationship between superiors and subordinates in officialdom is strict, colleagues socialize with each other and pay attention to family background.
Instead of valuing talents. Obviously, the reality is far from the poet's pursuit of making contributions and achieving his ideal goals. Tao's "truth"
The character of "wisdom" is incompatible with it. Tao in this period was contradictory and painful, so that five official career songs and five hermit songs appeared.
Folding process. After resigning from Jiangzhou to offer wine (at the age of 29), he wrote Biography of Mr.
He also "denied the prominence of status; Denying the nobility of family with "nameless name", but his poem "Born Children" and its
Didn't the article "Biography of Meng Yi, the general of Shanxi's expedition to the west" boast the family background of Dow? On the one hand, he despised the noble gate valve,
Because it made him depressed for a long time and sank into the next room; On the other hand, I feel psychologically satisfied with Tao Kan's great-grandson, and
Regret the estrangement from Tao Kan. Although Tao was indignant and helpless, he stayed at home for five years, but he was tolerant again.
Lonely, he became Heng Xuan's staff. This is just a small official, and it is difficult to show his talent and the purpose of making a living and supporting his family. exist
In his poem "Gengzi is still sheltering from the wind in the forest in mid-May", there is a sentence "Go home and look forward to your hometown. Igu
Seek a warm word and meet friends again "shows the pain of serving and the yearning for his wife and children who are far away from home." As a result, "poetry and calligraphy are well painted, and gardens are unparalleled."
Love. How to give up this, far away in Xijing ... to maintain a real balance, justified "poured into Mu Shishu's self-adaptation and rejection of officials.
Running around the fields, yearning for seclusion and quiet life intention, finally ended the second official life.
Then two official orders.
Tao has a wait-and-see attitude towards this, which can be seen from his poems such as "The Town Troops Enter Beijing" and "March for the Firm but Gentle Envoy".
Du Qian Jing Xi was reflected in his business card. But also can't adapt to this kind of cheating officialdom. Later, after serving as pengze county's order for three months,
I left my job and returned to the field, ending my off-and-on official life for 13 years. Tried and tried, but
It's a pity that he didn't adjust himself to the unchanging evil officialdom, so he could only "slim down" and improve his personality.
And independent personality. But his persistent pursuit is admirable. After returning to the game, he seemed very satisfied.
See Nanshan leisurely "that kind of comfortable and quiet life." Although the exterior decoration looks down on the free and easy of this world, the heart is
It is very painful to cling to life more strongly "(Li Zehou). In "Fu for the Inexperienced", he listed Jia Yi and Dong Zhong.
Shu, Li Guang and a group of talented and spineless people were crushed, and Tao said, "Alas! If you don't meet a scholar, you're not in Emperor Yan.
The world of Emperor Kui "sighed! This is inevitable. What does it feel like for a person to fail in one thing five times? pottery
The beautiful rural life is doubtful, maybe it is just beautifying rural life to comfort yourself, or maybe it is just an instant aesthetic experience.
Country life. "Think of the countryside as a self-sufficient, stable and happy world. This is just a gorgeous halo, a beautiful light ring.
Fairy tales. (Sun Mingjun's Tao Yuanming: Disillusioned Rural Dream, Journal of Shaanxi Normal University, 99.3)
thus it can be seen that
Tao Yuanming's pursuit of official career is very difficult. It can be said that he has suffered many defeats and wars, and he wandered about his official career five times before and after.
Contradicted with "concealment". But because his "sincerity" will never change, it is difficult to gain a foothold in officialdom. Because of this,
Tao Yuanming did not become a politician, but became a literary master with high literary attainments.
two
After Tao Yuanming returned to the field
For decades, I have not indulged in that kind of self-deception life. Because his value orientation has changed. "Good reading.
Tao Yuanming, who doesn't want to know much, is bound to be unaffected by historical figures. Confucius said, "A state-owned Taoist is an official, but if there is no Taoist, it can be rolled up."
In other words, intellectuals are either officials or retired, and only those who can be officials but not do it are qualified to be hermits.
. Tao is not an official, so he can only retire. Twenty-four years of Zuo Zhuan's "xianggong": "There is virtue in the world, followed by meritorious service.
There is a saying that although it will not be abolished for a long time, it is called immortality. "Lide, meritorious service is through official career, official career impassability, can only turn to" Lide,
Li Yan's literary creation. Tao Guitian was forced to do it, and his heart was full of pain. In the Book of Songs, "I am worried about my heart."
The ballad "A Gentleman's Song, Wei Ai Zhi" gives vent to the emotional trauma in his heart through poetry, and there is also Sima Qian.
The similar purpose of "when you want to study heaven and man, you can understand the changes of ancient and modern times and become a family statement". Tao's seclusion is from politics to obedience.
Words. Politically, you can't make progress or seek second best, similar to the problems that Confucius encountered in those years. & ltb
R> Cao Pi's exposition of literary value and literati status in Dian Lun Wen opened a "literary conscious era".
The transformation of Tao can be said to be an active pursuit with the spirit of the times and the realization of life value. Tao, no matter "young people",
Entrust your heart in a piano book, or plant a stick to cultivate, or wander in the clean stream, write poems (back words), and his works one year before his death.
The exclamation of "Don't talk about it today, you won't smell it later" in "Working with a Group". Poems handed down from ancient times can be said to be a lifelong pursuit.
Just after returning to the stadium, I paid more attention.
Tao Yuanming's works involve many styles, and his achievements are relatively high. four
Poems such as Yan Shi and Yan Wu Shi are lyrical, fresh and simple. Memorization, transmission, praise, sparseness and praise have their own characteristics. Tao Jinshi
Poetry 126, the most successful is pastoral poetry. There are twelve of his works, which are quite distinctive in thought and art. If
Biography of Mr. Wu Liu:
Sir, I don't know who he is or what his last name is. There are five willows near the house because they think they are numbered.
Quiet, quiet, don't be greedy. Good reading, not asking for a solution; Whenever I know something, I will happily forget to eat. Sexual alcoholism, poor family, not often.
Well, I know it from the old days. I'd better buy a wine trick. If you drink, you will get drunk. Since I retired drunk, I have not hesitated to stay. Fit piston ring
Bare, not covered by windy days; A short brown knot, an empty ladle, sudden silence! I often amuse myself by writing articles, which shows my ambition. Forget the gains and losses, go
This is the end.
Praise: "Qian Lou's wife said:' Don't care about poverty, don't care about wealth.' His words are the same as others'.
Huh? Write poems to reward his ambition. What about people who don't care about their families? GM Shi Tian's people? "
In this article, the poet uses his own environment.
Taking meeting and true feelings as the prototype, writing "poverty" with meaning and designing an ideologically complete "I" with excuses.
Mr. Wu Liu denied the gate valve system. There is a road in the world and there is no road in the world. This belief is hidden and rooted in Tao thought.
Deep in his heart, the poet pays attention to the analysis of reality and hates the decadent politics and reactionary gate system that hinder his entry into WTO.
The poet's "one question and six unknowns" about Mr.
The prospects are slim. Therefore, the poet put forward the ideas of "writing articles to amuse himself and winning" and "writing poems to please his ambition" to engage in poetry creation.
Intention. This is a lyric prose about Tao's personal ideals and interests, which can be said to be a relatively mature autobiography. Because of this
The achievement of this article, he is called "Mr. May 6th". His "Peach Blossom Garden" was once known as "the first one before the Tang Dynasty".
Novel is a very valuable creation in the history of literature. (Liang Qichao: Tao Yuanming's Literature and Character),
Feeling the world has never met and Leisure Fu are also very distinctive works. "Self-sacrifice" is Tao's summary of his life. Looking back,
The past, expressing emotions, reveals the philosophy of life of "don't like or be afraid in the process of making waves, do what you can, don't worry".
This can be said to be the second autobiography or sincere disclosure. Just like Sima Qian's Letter to Ren An, Tao not only made great achievements, but also contributed a lot.
Dare to express yourself. This should be said to be one of the manifestations of "passing down from generation to generation through poetry".
On the other hand, it created pastoral poetry.
Innovating the theme of poetry creation has created many beautiful images. Although from the Book of Songs, there have been views on rural scenery and agriculture.
It is a singing and reflection of labor, but it is only a fragmentary and incomplete portrayal of agricultural scenes. Be despised by Confucianism for labor.
Influenced by the concept of pastoral poetry, pastoral poetry rarely developed, but Tao created a lot of pastoral poetry. Pastoral, landscape, vegetation, birds, cooking
Smoke, farmhouses, etc. Everything is so fresh and quiet, and these pictures are always so elegant and bright, full of vitality and charming scenes.
. Tao broke through the role of bystander and devoted himself to agricultural labor, writing both rural scenery and rural labor.
Dynamic experience, experience, feeling and association. Tao also created a unique image. Birds, chrysanthemums and wine are often used in his poems.
Image, to achieve the purpose of borrowing things and expressing feelings.
Another aspect is that Tao Yuanming uses his profound knowledge.
Students who teach knowledge. In the preface of Poems for Love Scholars, he said that "the rest days are free to give lectures" and taught his own views and poems.
Do "appreciate the strange pen and analyze the doubts." This is similar to Confucius and Qu Yuan.
Tao Yuanming pursues "poetry"
"From generation to generation" is a success, and its influence on later generations can be said to be enormous, but he doesn't know it himself, and there are still many in the history of literature. "
The writer became famous when he was alive, but Tao Yuanming became famous after his death. Bao Zhao, Jiang Yan and others all imitate Tao poetry, and
Praise it as "the hungry eagle is right if it is alone." In the Tang Dynasty, Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi and others also greatly appreciated his artistic achievements.
Appreciating in Song Dynasty, Su Shi found that Tao's works showed great beauty with extremely plain image and artistic conception, so he regarded them as.
It is the true meaning of life and the perfection of art. So far, Tao has established his position as a "first-class figure" (Lu Xun's words) in the history of China's poetry.
Wei and Jin Dynasties are an era of "human theme" and "literary consciousness", and people re-evaluate their lives, significance and destiny.
Got it. Tao fully realized his own value, and in order to achieve the goal of immortality, he pursued it tirelessly in politics in the early stage.
Beg. Due to social unrest and frequent regime changes, the struggle of the gentry was at a loss.
The dispute of seclusion has become the common pursuit of literati. Unfortunately, "whether you like it or not" ("Zhuzi School") can only be filled with indignation.
Go back to the battlefield. Chen Yinque pointed out in his circumstantial evidence of Peach Blossom Garden: "Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden is both an implied text and a documentary text.
"The purpose of scholar's seclusion" is to live in seclusion for his ambition, or to avoid his way, or to calm his impatience for his purpose, or to take risks for his purpose.
Ann, or vulgar to move its outline, or defective to arouse its feelings. After returning to the field, Tao turned to literary creation, creating "Stand out from the crowd" and "Mo Zhi"
And Beij (Preface to Tao Yuanming's Collection by Xiao Tong). However, he didn't see the success of poetry handed down by himself, some of them.
Just the pain of career pursuit. As a result, in the last article of my life, "self-sacrifice" sent out "Life is really hard, what is death?"
Feeling.