Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argument (clear argument, conclusive argument and rigorous argument)

First, the characteristics of the argument: ① Correct ② Clear methods of summarizing the argument:

1, heading 2, beginning 3, ending 4, middle:

(1) Infer the argument by summarizing the similarities of the argument (2) Summative words reflect the sentences of the central argument (for example, this shows I think; In short ...) (3) First find out the theme of the article, then find out the repeated similar judgment words in the article according to the theme, merge similar items, and finally draw a conclusion.

Note: The sentence of inductive argument must be a complete and clear sentence of affirmative judgment.

Second, arguments factual arguments (such as real events, historical facts, statistical data, specific figures, etc.). Theoretical argumentation: (including people's recognized principles, formulas, definitions, laws, laws, famous sayings and aphorisms, etc. ) Summarize the main points of the argument: ×× people+how to do it (closely related to the argument)+Results Note: There may be some specific facts in the quotation, which belong to the factual argument.

Third, demonstration methods and their functions: example demonstration (case demonstration), quotation demonstration (reason demonstration), metaphor demonstration and contrast demonstration (positive and negative contrast demonstration)

1, example method (putting facts): a specific and typical argument that has been fully proved.

2. Quote (reasoning): What is quoted to demonstrate an argument and make it convincing.

3. Metaphor (reasoning): Illustrate an argument in an image to make reasoning easier to understand.

4. Contrast method (reasoning): through comparison, highlight an argument and make reasoning more vivid.

Fourth, analyze the argumentative expression 1. The narrative in argumentative essays is often very general, and its function is to prove a point or proposition with facts.

2. Sometimes there are vivid descriptions in argumentative essays. Function: Prove a point more vividly.

3. Lyricism in the discussion will make the discussion more infectious and deeply rooted in people's hearts.

Verb (verb's abbreviation) The linguistic features of argumentative writing: preciseness and accuracy; Argumentation methods of intransitive verbs: argumentation and refutation; Seven. Argumentation structure: raising questions (introduction)-analyzing questions (papers)-solving problems (conclusions).

The second part of the narrative

First, common narrative clues

1. Character clue: the feelings or deeds of a character. 2. Item clue: something with special significance.

3. Emotional clues: the ideological and emotional changes of the author or the main characters in the works.

4, event clues: central events 5, time clues 6, location change clues to find clues: ① article title ② recurring events in each paragraph ③ lyrical statements in the article ④ the author's thoughts and feelings (changes) ⑤ the experience and feelings of a certain character: the orderly combination of the content of the article, the ideological character of the character, the ins and outs of things.

Second, the narrative order is 1. Sequential narration: that is, according to the sequence of occurrence, development and ending (time sequence)

Function: Make the article clear, with a beginning and an end, and give people a vivid impression.

2. Flashback: Write what happened later in front, and then describe it in order.

Function: avoid straightforward narration, enhance the vividness and fascination of the article.

3. Interpolation: In the narrative process, due to the need of content, interrupt the narrative of the original plot, insert relevant plots or events, and then continue the original narrative. Function (such as recalling the past): supplement and set off the central content (people or events) of the article, enrich the plot and deepen the theme.

Third, the description method of the character 1 Portrait (appearance) description [including expression description] (description of the appearance, clothing, expression, posture, etc. of a character. ): explain the identity, status, situation, experience, psychological state and ideological character of the character.

2. Language (dialogue) description 3. Action (action) description: the image vividly shows the xx psychology (emotion) of the character, and embodies the xx personality characteristics or xx spiritual quality of the character. Sometimes it also promotes the development of the plot.

4. Psychological description: The image vividly reflects the xx thoughts of the characters and reveals the xx character or quality of the characters.

4. Environment description: description of natural environment and social environment (description of weather, seasons, mountains, rivers, lakes, oceans and other natural landscapes): rendering the atmosphere of ×××, setting off the feelings of the characters, predicting the fate of the characters and promoting the development of the story.

Social environment (describing social conditions or scenes of people's activities, as well as the layout and furnishings around (indoors)): Explain the background of the XX era in which the story took place and render the atmosphere of the XX environment.

Discrimination of the meaning of words or sentences in verb 1 narrative. Analyze the meaning of words in combination with specific contexts (that is, specific sentences, paragraphs, articles and contexts).

2. Pay attention to the emotional color of words (commendatory, derogatory and neutral) and understand the original meaning, extended meaning, figurative meaning and polysemy of words. 3. Pay attention to tone or intonation. 4. The key point is the collocation between words. 5. Pay attention to the size and severity of semantic scope. 6. Pay attention to meaning (for example, dig out the noumenon or symbolic meaning of things in figurative sentences and express them in easy-to-understand language)

Sixth, the role of the opening sentence of the narrative 1, the opening point ×× topic; 2. The full text of the general manager; 3, cause the following, paving the way for the following xx.

4. Set suspense to arouse the reader's interest or thinking. 5. Pave the way for the following ×××7. The function of the middle sentence in narrative is 1, which is a transitional function connecting the preceding with the following; 2, the end of the paragraph plays a summary role; (Summarize the above; Lead to the following) 3. Lay a good foundation for the following aspects, summarize the full text, and deepen the XX center; 3. Echo from beginning to end; 4. Point out the center of XX and sublimate the theme; 5. Thought-provoking, inspiring and unforgettable. 6. topic 7. Before and after nursing 8. Echo 9 from beginning to end. The function of sentences in expression and expression 1. Render the atmosphere 2. Set off the characters (emotions) 3. Point out the center (reveal the theme) 4. Highlight the theme (deepening center) 10. Summarize the central meaning of the narrative. A lyrical argumentative essay at the beginning and end of a paragraph. 2. Coherent the theme of the main paragraphs of the article, summarize them comprehensively, and then point out the thoughts, feelings and attitudes expressed by the author. (especially in lyric prose) 3. It can also be analyzed from the background of the times. 4. From the author's attitude towards people or things.

Xi。 Summary of paragraph meaning (1) Abstract syntax: find the central sentence as the meaning of the paragraph in the text (sometimes the central sentence should be deleted appropriately)

(2) Summary method: Example 1: (Narrative paragraph) Describe+××××× people (organization or unit)+××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××

For example, 3: (Argument) used the method (or argument) of ××+to demonstrate the viewpoint of ××+. For example, what kind of feelings are expressed in 4: (lyric paragraphs). (3) Combination method: Some paragraphs have more than two main contents, and phrases expressing these contents need to be combined into sentences.

The third part of the novel 1. Three elements of the novel 1, character 2, plot 3, environment (natural environment/social environment. ) a, the beginning: explain the background and pave the way for the following. B, development: depicting characters and embodying personality. C, climax: show the conflict and reveal the theme. D, ending: deepen the theme and leave thinking.

The overall function of the plot: make the novel rich, vivid and tortuous, strengthen the character, deepen the theme and enhance the artistic appeal.

2. Expression: narration, description, explanation, lyricism and discussion.

A narrative: a narrative and statement of characters experience and the development and changes of things.

Function: It can integrate all aspects of description, promote the development of story plot and deepen readers' understanding of characters and events. In argumentative writing, it is used as a factual argument to prove the argument.

Example 1: He's gone. Exodus 2: We climbed the mountain.

B description: describe and depict people, events and environment in vivid language.

Function: It can realize the concreteness, vividness and sensibility of literary images.

Exodus 1: He is a tall and thin old man with gray hair, a gray beard and a pair of big glasses.

I looked in the direction he pointed, and I saw the light band of the searchlight shining directly into the sky through the flying snowflakes.

C lyricism: the author expresses his subjective feelings in his works, thoughts and feelings triggered by some media, so as to strengthen the color of some scenes or highlight the character.

Function: Express the author's strong subjective feelings. It plays a role in rendering the atmosphere of the environment, emphasizing the character quality of the characters and highlighting the center of the article. Arouse the buzz of readers and make the article more infectious.

1, direct lyric (often express your feelings directly, with strong feelings)

Example 1: Last lesson: Ah, those bad guys, they posted them on the bulletin board of the city hall, so that's it! My last French class!

Exodus 2: Oh, Peking University, Peking University, you entrusted me with too much. Exodus 3: Motherland, Mother! I love you, China!

2, indirect lyricism (lyric by scenery: through the description of scenery. ) example 1: Mo Bosang's My Uncle Yu Le: "We got on the boat, left Qianqiao, and sailed far away on the sea as calm as a green marble desktop." -Express the cheerful and excited mood of the characters: "In front of us, there seems to be a purple shadow coming out of the sea in the distance." -Express the disappointment and frustration of the characters.

D. discussion: the author directly expresses his attitude, emotion and evaluation of people and events in his works.

Function: 1. In narrative style, there are two ways to discuss: first discuss and then discuss. The former is original, thought-provoking and enlightening; The latter can make readers think quickly about what will be described and attract readers' attention to the following. 2. Argumentative essays in prose will make the finishing touch on the characteristics or significance of images. 3. Arguments in argumentative essays are mainly to expound opinions.

E. description: it is the explanation and introduction of things and things. Function: make readers clearly understand the things and characteristics explained. Example 1: This table is square.

Third, character analysis 1, analyze the description of characters, and accurately grasp the thoughts, feelings and even personalities of characters.

2. Grasp the contradictions and conflicts between characters (live in harmony) and analyze the complicated relationship between characters.

The fourth part is an explanatory text.

1. How to grasp the characteristics of the explanation object A, the topic B, the first paragraph C, and the key words (such as statements and central sentences that use interpretation methods) 2. Explain the classification of methods and the classification and function of symbols:

First, for example: specifically and truly explain the xx characteristics of things.

Second, classification: clearly describe the xx characteristics of things.

Third, analogy: the image vividly illustrates the xx characteristics of this thing and enhances the interest of the article.

Fourth, list the numbers: specifically and accurately explain the xx characteristics of this thing.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) comparison: characteristics (status, influence, etc. ) is highlighted.

Definition of intransitive verbs: reveal the essence and connotation of the object of explanation concisely and carefully, so as to make the explanation more rigorous.

Seven, list the chart: intuitively and vividly explain the xx characteristics of things.

8. Citation: Use quotation to illustrate the characteristics of things and enhance persuasiveness, such as quoting ancient poems, proverbs and proverbs.

3. What are the signs of these explanations?

(1) Definition: ... is ..., that is ... (2) Classification: There are several kinds, one is ... and the other is ... (3) Example: for example, another example, for example, for example, for example, for example, for example, for example.

Compare: To compare with and.

4. Explain the order (1) spatial order: Explain the shape and structure of things, mostly in the structure of buildings, such as up and down, far and near, left and right, inside and outside, east and west, north and south, etc.

⑵ Time series: explain the development and change of things.

⑶ Logical order: Explain things and explain the internal relations between things.

A, always say it first and then say it separately: total score; Points-total; Total-points-total B, first big, then small.

C, the reason before the result. D, from phenomenon to essence. E. From performance to function.

F, from general to special. G, from the whole to the part.

5. The characteristics of the explanatory text 1, the characteristics of the explanatory text: accurate, plain and concise (scientific essay: vivid)

6. Descriptive text classification 1 is divided into physical explanatory text and practical explanatory text (explaining the principle of things or how to use them, etc. ) 2. According to the language characteristics, it can be divided into plain exposition, literary exposition (scientific sketch or knowledge sketch) (vivid language exposition, often described) and the fifth part prose (narrative prose, lyric prose and discussion prose) 1. Grasp the article "

Second, we should grasp the "literary eye" of prose.

"Yan Wen" refers to the sentence or keyword that can best reveal the theme, sublimate the artistic conception and cover the content. It is the eruption of the author's thoughts and feelings, the focus of the article's thoughts and feelings, and also plays a leading role in the structure of the article.

Third, we should use imagination to understand the connotation of the work.

Reading prose needs imagination, association and supplement. Combine your own imagination with the author's imagination, enrich the artistic conception and image of the work, and fill the structural space in the text.

Fourth, we should understand the artistic conception of prose.

Artistic conception is that the author expresses profound thoughts and touching feelings through vivid pictures, so as to achieve the fusion of feelings and things, the interweaving of meaning and scenery, thus causing readers' association and producing touching artistic effects.

1, emotion and scene blend.

2. Application of imagination, association and symbol.

3, put pen to paper in detail, see big from small.

4. Side tips.

Fifth, we should carefully taste the language of prose. (Analysis from rhetorical methods or expressions)

1. Taste the simple and natural beauty of prose language.

2. Taste the implicit beauty of prose language.

3. Prose language is full of musical beauty and poetry.

Sixth, the characteristics of prose: "shape" (object) is scattered but "spirit" (heart) is not scattered.

6. From the angle described by the author (hearing, sight, smell, taste and touch)

Part VI Chinese knowledge

1, commonly used rhetorical methods

(1) metaphor: vividly write the xx characteristics of things; When it is used in argumentative writing, it can concretize abstract truth and make abstruse truth easy to understand. Example 1: A narrow board is a sharp arrow. A small spinnaker is a big colorful wing. EXAMPLE 2: Countless arrows were shot from the ground, and thousands of waterfalls fell from the roof.

(2) personification (making things have human demeanor, movements, language, psychology, etc.). ): Its function is to make the written "things" colorful, vivid and meaningful.

Example 1: Peach, apricot and pear trees are all in full bloom.

(3) Exaggeration: reveal the essence of things, set off the atmosphere of things, strengthen the rendering power, and arouse readers' strong * * *. Example 1: White hair is three thousands of feet, and sorrow is as long as long. Exodus 2: She was drunk before the wine was served.

(4) Parallelism: It can enhance the momentum of language. Accustomed to reasoning, can explain the truth more closely and thoroughly; Used to express feelings, can express feelings to the fullest. Exodus 1: It's a long way, there are always relatives who live together day and night, how many exhortations, how many cares, how many filial piety and how many selflessness.

(5) Duality: make the language concise and neat. Formally, syllables are neat and symmetrical, with strong sense of rhythm and beautiful melody; The content is concise and concentrated, with strong generality. Example 1: forty years without leaving home, geese accumulate and fish sink; There is no full moon for 500 months, and the dream is lingering. Example 2: the mountains and rivers are ignorant, and the butterflies and geese are ruthless; However, they treat human beings fairly and equally, that is, they will not laugh because of the rich and powerful, nor will they skimp on Shan Ye's fishing and firewood.

(6) Citation: expository and narrative: it not only enhances persuasiveness, but also makes the article poetic and interesting. In argumentative writing, as an argument, it can enhance the persuasiveness of the language and make the argument more sufficient.

Exodus 1: Li Bai, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, once wrote: "Whose Yu Di flies in the dark and the spring breeze fills Los Angeles." (7) Question: Function: Emphasize questions, attract people's attention and inspire people's thinking. Used at the beginning or end of a paragraph, it can not only arouse thinking, but also play a transitional role in connecting the preceding with the following; When used in argumentative writing, the argument can be deepened and the context is clear. Example 1: What pigment does the white flower contain? White flowers have no pigment.

(8) rhetorical question-plays an emphasis role and enhances the positive (negative) tone. Exodus 1: Chairman Mao always does this. What are we proud of? Example 2: "Didn't we working people create the human world?" (9) Metonymy: replacing complexity with simplicity, replacing emptiness with reality, replacing difference with strangeness, and replacing affection with things can highlight the image and make it concrete and vivid.

Exodus 1: The beard growled fiercely. Exodus 2: don't take the needle and thread of the masses.

Exodus Our times need thousands of Qian Qian Lei Feng.

(10) contrast: highlight the characteristics of one of the objects.

Example 1: Some people are alive, but they are dead; Some people died, but he is still alive.

(1 1) repetition: emphasize what is said (a certain emotion or meaning).

Example 1: "Looking forward to, looking forward to, ……" emphasizes the urgency of hope.

Exodus 2: It seems that without the three provinces, the party and the country are more and more like one country. Without the three northeastern provinces, no one would make a sound, but the party and the country are more and more like a country.

(12) Irony: Enhance the effect of expression through irony. Some satirize and expose, while others express intimate and friendly feelings.

Exodus 1: (Qing students) also have broken braids, which are flat. Except for the hat, they are all shiny and visible, just like a little girl's bun, and they have to twist their necks a few times. It's really beautiful.

2. Common writing methods and expression skills

Association, imagination, symbolism (expressing meaning by expressing things), comparison, contrast, contrast, seeing the big from the small, expressing feelings by taking advantage of the scenery (blending scenes), paving the way and foreshadowing, taking care of before and after (echoing), directly (indirectly) describing, promoting and restraining (promoting first, restraining first).

(1) Symbol: Lyrics are expressed by chanting things, and the author's feelings are often expressed tactfully with the help of certain characteristics of certain plants, animals and objects.

Function: First of all, it shows abstract things as concrete and perceptible images. Secondly, you can make the article more subtle and give it profound meaning with what is in front of you.

(2) Set off: Set off the body from the front and back. Function: Highlight the xx characteristics of ontology. (3) Contrast: Compare two opposite things or two opposite aspects of a thing.

Function: clearly highlight the xx characteristics of the main things or the main aspects of things.

(4) Lyricism through scenery: express the author's sincere thoughts and feelings by describing concrete and vivid natural scenery or life scenes.

Function: Blend the scenes to make the article poetic.

(5) First suppress and then promote: first deny or belittle the image of things, then dig deep into the characteristics and inner meaning of things, and then affirm and praise things. Function: Highlight the characteristics of things (people).

(6) Side (indirect) description: The side highlights the XX character, conduct and skills of the characters, making the structure of the article more concentrated and compact, and the expression more concise and concise.

The combination of direct description and indirect description can make the characteristics of the characters or scenery described more distinct and prominent.

(7) bedding: function: the content is both before and after, and the plot is seamless.

(8) Care: Narrative: Make the article seamless, with a strong sense of integrity and highlight the theme.

Argumentative essay: strengthen the argument of ××. Prose: repeatedly express ×× emotion, and increase the depth of emotion.

(9) Lenovo: the psychological process of thinking of another thing from one thing.

Function: enrich the content of the article, make the characters fuller, the personality more distinct and prominent, and the plot more vivid and touching.

(10) Imagination: the psychological process of creating a new image on the basis of the original perceptual image.

Function: Serve for shaping image and expressing theme. Make readers accept the influence of beauty.