1. The investment in technological innovation of enterprises is seriously insufficient. Generally speaking, R &；; D investment accounts for 1% of sales, so it is difficult for enterprises to survive in the competition; Accounting for 2% of sales, enterprises can barely maintain in the competition; Only when it accounts for 5% of sales, can enterprises be competitive. 1999 large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises in China r&; D The investment is only USD 4.06 billion, accounting for 1. 1% of the product sales revenue. The average R&D level of developed countries in recent years; On August 2, 2002, Science and Technology Review 1 2, the proportion of D investment in GDP was stable at 2%. In 2000, R & ampd invested about $587 billion, including about $528 billion from seven developed countries, including the United States, Japan, Germany, Britain and France, accounting for 90%. In the same period, all R & ampd expenditures were about 89.6 billion yuan (about 65.438+0.083 billion US dollars), accounting for 654.38+0.0% of GDP.
2. Enterprise technological innovation institutions are not perfect. At present, nearly two-thirds of more than 2,400 large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises in China do not have their own R&D; Class d institutions, among 5 12 national key enterprises, about 1/3 enterprises r&; D. the research and development function of the institution is not perfect.
3. The starting point of enterprise technological innovation is low, the product structure is unreasonable and the technical content is low. Take the iron and steel industry in China as an example. From the product structure of steel products, on the one hand, the supply of wire rods, rebar, small and medium-sized profiles, ordinary medium plates and welded pipes is seriously in excess of demand; On the other hand, steel plates, oil pipes, stainless steels, tool steels and other 13 steels need to be imported more than 7 million tons every year. Among the existing steel products in China, the proportion of high-tech and high value-added products is obviously lower than that of large foreign steel enterprises, and primary steel products account for a large part of export products.
Fourthly, the connotation of enterprise innovation mechanism and several problems existing in the technological innovation mechanism of large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises in China at present.
1. The connotation of enterprise innovation mechanism.
It should include the following aspects: decision-making mechanism, organizational structure, incentive mechanism, R&; Mechanism and corporate culture.
(1) Decision-making mechanism is the command system for enterprises to carry out technological innovation, which is responsible for transmitting all kinds of decision-making information of enterprises to all departments of enterprises. For the technological innovation of enterprises, the decision-making mechanism must first solve the strategic problems of technological innovation of enterprises.
(2) the organizational structure of any enterprise's technological innovation ability.
To a great extent, it depends on the organizational structure of enterprise technological innovation. Efficient organizational structure can optimize the allocation of various innovative resources, improve the communication and integration of various functional interfaces, improve the information circulation, communication and self-learning channels among employees, and improve quality and efficiency. The organizational structure of technological innovation is the carrier of implementing, managing and supervising various policy implementation projects.
(3) Incentive mechanism Talent incentive is an important link in human resources development, and it is the key to activating the stock of human capital and attracting incremental growth. Incentive mechanism not only refers to salary distribution, but also includes reputation incentive, competition incentive and control incentive.
(4) research and development; Mechanism d is enterprise x,/development r &；; Management system of project R&D activities, including R&D; D. project approval, process monitoring and research and development; Appraisal results, etc. R & ampd mechanism is the concrete link to implement enterprise's technological innovation strategy.
(5) Corporate culture The corporate culture system is a set of "software" systems that support technological innovation. As an invisible spiritual cohesion, it is embodied in all aspects of enterprise organization and plays an inestimable role. Any successful enterprise must have its own unique corporate culture.
2. Several problems existing in the technological innovation mechanism of large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises in China At present, the technological innovation ability of large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises in China is weak, and many people blame it on insufficient capital investment and weak basic research. However, the author believes that the lack of capital investment and weak basic research is the result of the lack of technological innovation ability of enterprises, and the main reason for the weak technological innovation ability of enterprises lies in the lag of internal feedback mechanism and operation mechanism of enterprise technological innovation system. American economists Rosemburg and Bolze, who are famous for their research on technological development, pointed out in their famous book The Road to Prosperity in the West-Economic Evolution of Industrialized Countries that, as far as science and technology are concerned, China and Arab countries were obviously ahead of Western Europe before15th century, but Western countries soon came from behind and greatly surpassed Eastern countries economically, because Western Europe was established in the late Middle Ages. Looking at the development of high technology in the United States, the high-tech industry in the United States first developed in the 128 expressway area around Boston and Silicon Valley. American scholar Li Anna? 6? 1 Saxony, in his book "Silicon Valley and Culture and Competition in 128 Expressway Area", made a profound comparative analysis of the high-tech development in the two places. She believes that in the late 1980s, the high-tech development in the 128 expressway area began to decline, while the Silicon Valley area was in the ascendant, constantly reaching a new climax. The main reason lies in: the main reason that determines the development of high-tech industries in a region is not the number of new technological inventions, but whether its institutional arrangements, social environment and cultural atmosphere are conducive to giving play to the enthusiasm and creativity of professionals. According to the actual investigation, the imperfect technological innovation mechanism of large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises in China is mainly manifested in the following aspects.
(1) The scientific research projects that technicians are engaged in are mostly small-scale projects that are "short, flat and quick". Technicians tend to choose projects with high success rate. The short-term behavior of R&D activities is very serious, and high-level theoretical research is deliberately avoided. As a result, "low-level and high-success" scientific research projects are widely circulated, and low-level, simple and repeated achievements are not uncommon. On the other hand, the market awareness is not strong, which leads to the low market conversion rate of scientific and technological achievements.
(2) The democratic atmosphere within the enterprise is not enough. Technicians often don't express their opinions easily on technical issues. One is worried that it is useless to say it, and the other is afraid to say it. Technicians have less say in the project approval process; The degree of democratization and transparency in the examination and approval process is low.
(3) The proportion of young people who are dissatisfied with their working conditions is quite high.
Many young technicians are uneasy about their jobs, and many people jump ship, especially those with hot majors. The author interviewed some technicians who resigned or left their jobs. When asked about the reasons for job-hopping, almost all of them replied: money is not the main reason, but the most important thing is that they feel that they have few development opportunities and little space.
(4) The phenomenon of "hiding private information" among scientific and technological personnel is very common, and the academic exchange between scientific and technological personnel is very limited. No matter internally or externally, even many scientific and technological personnel are unwilling to share their research results and experiences with others. As one interviewee said, "I will, and so will others, so I will be laid off soon." At the same time, technicians generally lack the motivation to re-learn, and there are not many technicians who often take the initiative to consult the literature in related fields.
There are not many scientific and technical personnel who know the cutting-edge technology of the branch. In addition, some technicians report that many people passively absorb knowledge when attending various training courses, and such training is not very beneficial to improve the theoretical and practical level of technicians. The proportion of scientific and technological personnel who "eat the old money" to engage in research is quite high.
(5) Most leaders and employees have poor ability to take innovation risks and are unwilling to take innovation risks. When dealing with the innovation of some major projects, decision makers often adopt the most conservative method and worry a lot. A considerable number of technicians believe that many opportunities for technological innovation have been delayed by the indecision of decision makers, and they also complain that leaders would rather spend money to introduce equipment and technology than take big innovation risks. Some technicians reported that it took too long and complicated procedures to apply for purchasing experimental materials needed for research projects in the purchasing department, which delayed the research progress. I hope that the higher authorities can delegate the purchasing power, but due to the financial risk brought by the decentralization of the purchasing power, the higher authorities have delayed approving it.
(6) The thought of "official standard" has a serious influence. A considerable proportion of scientific and technological personnel think that the promotion of scientific research posts and management posts is unequal, and management posts are easier to get promoted and get good treatment, which leads many scientific and technological personnel to be uneasy about their scientific research work and hope to turn to administrative posts. Other scientific and technical personnel do well in scientific research posts, and their superiors often promote them to management posts, and I am also willing to engage in management work, resulting in the loss of scientific and technical personnel from scientific research posts to management posts and weakening R&D work.
(7) The cooperative research between enterprises and external research institutions and universities mostly belongs to short-term behavior, and the cooperation between enterprises and external units lacks long-term consideration. The mode of cooperation is limited to the enterprise's investment and the completion of other units, and the cooperation ends after the project is completed. This temporary project-based cooperation mode hinders the further research and development of the project to a certain extent, which is not conducive to the long-term development of enterprise technology.