2. The basic points of China's educational purpose are: (1) training "laborers" or "talents for socialist construction"; (2) Require all-round development; (3) Have an independent personality.

⑵ Briefly describe the relationship between educational goals and training goals.

The relationship among education goal, nursing training goal and nursing teaching goal;

The school sets the training goal according to the educational purpose;

Teachers set teaching objectives according to training objectives.

⑶ Briefly describe the factors that affect the curriculum reform, the meaning and characteristics of quality education, and the choice and establishment of educational purpose.

The author believes that in order to understand the review method of pedagogy, we must first clarify the nature of this subject: education is a social activity to cultivate people and widely exists in human social life. In order to carry out education effectively, people need to study education, sum up educational experience and understand educational laws. Pedagogy is a science that reveals the laws of education through the study of educational phenomena and problems. Generally speaking, the principle of pedagogy can be divided into three parts, namely, the basic theory of education, educational practice, and the relationship between education and society and people.

First, the basic theory of education

The basic theory of education is the most basic part of pedagogy and an important chapter, which mainly includes the following contents:

(1) Introduction to Pedagogy: It is necessary to recognize the research object and task of pedagogy, understand and master the characteristics of pedagogy at various stages of development, as well as its main ideas and representative works, and pay attention to some issues such as the theory and practice of pedagogy, localization and internationalization, science and value.

Predictive Question Type: Select

(2) The emergence and development of education: we should understand the representative definition of education, grasp the basic elements of education and their relationships, understand the essence of education and its related disputes, understand the biological origin, psychological origin and labor origin theory of education, and grasp the characteristics of educational development in different historical periods.

Predictive Question Type: Select

(3) Educational purpose: Understanding educational purpose is of great significance to educational function and establishing educational concept. It is necessary to clearly express the connotation of educational purpose, understand the function and types of educational purpose and the basis for establishing educational purpose. Combined with the changes of China's educational purpose in different periods since the founding of New China, the spiritual essence and basic requirements of today's educational purpose are correctly expressed. At the same time, we should understand the ideological origin, scientific connotation, social conditions and components of Marxist all-round development education.

Predictive questions: choice, short answer

(4) Education system: remember the concepts of education system and school education system, the types of modern education system, understand the historical development process of education system and school education system, and grasp the reform and development trend of education system and school education system. This paper analyzes the reform of the current school education system in China by using the relevant knowledge of the school education system. It focuses on the modern school education system and the current education system in China.

Predictive questions: choice, short answer

To sum up, the review of the basic theory of education needs to master the basic concepts and development process of the main pedagogy, the latitude and longitude of educational development and the development direction, so as to obtain the overall concept of the educational situation. It is suggested that candidates adopt the "network" review method when reviewing, that is, combing the teaching materials and weaving the memory network at five levels: compilation, chapter, section, topic and main points. Finally, leave the textbook and just look at the big series, so as to make chapters, chapters, sections, topics and points. Doing so will not only help you remember carefully, but also help you organize the answers to your composition questions across chapters.

Second, educational practice.

The application of educational theory to educational practice is mainly reflected in school teaching, mainly including the following aspects:

(1) Curriculum: Understand several different definitions of curriculum, and analyze and evaluate different viewpoints of curriculum theory schools such as empiricism, discipline centralism, social reformism, existentialism and postmodernism. A comprehensive understanding of curriculum organization and implementation, including curriculum objectives, curriculum content, curriculum implementation and curriculum evaluation. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of different course types such as subject courses and activity courses, comprehensive courses and sub-courses, explicit courses and hidden courses, compulsory courses and elective courses, national courses, local courses and school-based courses. Analyze the factors that affect the curriculum reform, and understand the background, ideas, objectives and contents of the new round of curriculum reform in China.

Predictive questions: selection, discrimination, short answer, analysis and discussion

(2) Teaching: Understand the definition of teaching, understand the viewpoints of major schools of teaching theory, including behaviorism, cognitive teaching and emotional teaching, and evaluate it in combination with actual teaching. Understand the concept, essence, basic elements and basic contradictions of teaching process. Make clear the difference and definition of teaching mode, teaching principle, teaching organization form and teaching method, and understand the basic links of teaching work.

Predictive questions: selection, discrimination, short answer, analysis and discussion

(3) Moral education: correctly understand the concepts and elements of moral education process, illustrate the commonly used principles, methods and approaches of moral education in China, and analyze and understand the background, main problems and main trends of moral education reform in schools in China.

Prediction questions: analysis, short answer and analysis.

(4) Teachers and students: Understand the responsibilities, roles, status and functions of teachers and analyze their characteristics. Describe the connotation of teachers' professional development and professional quality, and understand the implementation of teacher qualification system. Explain the basic attributes of students and describe their social status. This paper analyzes the significance of the relationship between teachers and students, analyzes the relationship between teachers and students of different natures with examples, and expresses the ideal relationship between teachers and students in combination with their own educational knowledge.

Prediction questions: analysis, short answer and analysis.

The review of educational practice focuses on integrating theory with practice. First of all, we should understand the concept, content, background and significance of teaching practice knowledge; Secondly, we should pay attention to the problems existing in our current teaching practice and the important reforms at present; Finally, we should combine them organically and use theoretical knowledge to analyze practical problems.

I suggest you pay more attention to some hot educational issues while reading textbooks and taking notes. Good materials include China Education News, copies of NPC materials and papers published by some academic leaders. Think carefully on the basis of reading and form your own opinions. You can also design your own questions from multiple angles, then answer them, and finally make your own judgment and summary.

Third, the relationship between education and society and people.

The development of education can not be separated from society and individuals, and any educational problems are contained under these two relations.

(1) Education and social development: On the one hand, education is a social phenomenon, and its occurrence and development are restricted by the laws of social development, mainly manifested in the influence and restriction of productive forces, political and economic systems, cultural traditions and population conditions on education. On the other hand, education, as a communication activity of social spirit and culture, also has its own social functions, mainly in the economic, political, cultural and demographic functions of education. With the development of society, education shows the characteristics of modernization more and more, and plays an increasingly important role in modernization. It is necessary to master the connotation and main contents of educational modernization and the strategic position of education in modernization.

Prediction questions: analysis, short answer and analysis.

(2) Education and human development: Education is an activity to cultivate people, and it is necessary to correctly handle the relationship between education and human development. When reviewing, we should remember the meaning of people's physical and mental development and understand various theories of people's physical and mental development, including cognitive development theory, intellectual development theory, moral development theory, hierarchy of needs theory and so on. Understand the general law of people's physical and mental development, and explore the main role of various influencing factors including heredity, environment, school education and individuals in people's physical and mental development.

Predictive questions: selection, discrimination, short answer, analysis and discussion

This part of the review, on the one hand, needs to put education in the social environment and look at it from many angles. Especially when explaining the interactive relationship between education and society, we should not only see the restrictive effect of society on education, but also consider the social function of education. On the other hand, the review of education and human development can be linked with "psychological development and education" in educational psychology. This is the "mastery method" that can be used in the review of professional courses. Because of the inherent relationship between the courses of the major, when reviewing, we can first understand the basic concepts and theories, and then string them together to think and understand them from multiple angles and levels. If we can achieve mastery through a comprehensive study, we will get twice the result with half the effort, whether for understanding or memory.

(4) What is the basis for setting social education goals for preschool children?

1) The overall goal of social education for preschool children

The general goal of preschool children's social education is the expected final result of social education, the sum of tasks and requirements of preschool social education, and the most general statement of preschool children's social education goals. The general goal of social education for preschool children is:

(1) Be able to actively participate in various activities and have confidence;

(2) Be willing to associate with others, learn to help each other, cooperate and share, and be compassionate;

(3) Understand and abide by the basic social behavior rules in daily life;

(4) Being able to do what you can, not afraid of difficulties, and having a preliminary sense of responsibility;

(5) Love parents, elders, teachers and companions, love the collective, love hometown and love the motherland.

(B) the age target of preschool children's social education

1. Small class

(1) Guide children to know their main body parts.

The main characteristics and functions of the post, as well as the preliminary understanding of self-protection;

(2) Guide children to know that they are kindergarten children, and initially sprout their independence and the most basic self-control ability;

(3) Guide children to gradually get familiar with the collective living environment, know the companions and people in the collective, and initially understand their relationship with themselves, so that children can initially adapt to the collective life;

(4) Make children happy, don't cry, are not afraid of life, are willing to associate with others, and encourage children to actively participate in group activities;

(5) Guide children to master common polite expressions in daily life, so that children can communicate and greet people politely when they meet teachers and elders;

(6) Make children understand and master the basic hygiene requirements, and form preliminary hygiene habits;

(7) Let children know the main common sense of traffic safety;

(8) Cultivate children's initial study habits and guide them to abide by the most basic rules of learning activities;

(9) Stimulate children's interest in simple self-help labor and guide children to understand the work of parents and teachers;

(10) Educate children to know initially not to make unreasonable demands and not to lose their temper for no reason;

(1 1) Guide children to play with their peers, and don't compete or monopolize toys.

middle shift

(1) Let children know the similarities and differences between themselves and others;

(2) To enable children to initially understand their feelings with others and their sympathy and concern for others;

(3) Germinate children's basic self-control ability, and guide children to know that they will not hurt their peers;

(4) Guide children to know the main social institutions and facilities around them, understand their relationship with people's lives, and sprout their initial feelings of loving their hometown;

(5) Guide children to understand major festivals and make them feel happy;

(6) Initially stimulate children's desire to communicate with others, and guide children to use appearance language initially and accurately in communication with peers and adults;

(7) Guide children to initially know how to cooperate with others, and initially know how to share and be modest;

(8) Guide children to understand the labor of adults around them, encourage children to learn to do what they can, and initially form the habit of loving labor and cherishing the fruits of labor;

(9) Encourage children to express their opinions boldly, let children overcome difficulties initially, complete tasks, and encourage children to do one thing well from beginning to end;

(10) Guide children to learn to evaluate themselves and their peers, and guide children to admit their mistakes and correct their shortcomings;

(1 1) Guide children to initially develop good moral behaviors such as honesty and discipline;

(12) Guide children to experience folk art and China traditional culture.

taipan

(1) Let children know their own growth and the labor that adults have paid for it, and inspire children to love their parents, teachers and other elders;

(2) Guide children to learn how to control their emotions and behaviors and how to deal with emergencies;

(3) Guide children to know their own collectives, initially know how to deal with collectives and do useful things, and cultivate children's initial sense of collective honor and responsibility;

(4) Guide children to use polite expressions actively and accurately, and communicate with others in an appropriate way to get along well with their peers;

(5) Guide children to take the initiative to take care of children in small classes and middle classes;

(6) Guide children to understand the social life around them, so that children can initially understand social institutions, social members, their labor and their relationship with people's lives, and sprout children's feelings of respecting and loving workers;

(7) Guide children to have a preliminary understanding of our nation and products, and sprout feelings of loving the motherland;

(8) Guide children to understand the friendly exchanges between countries and sprout peace-loving feelings;

(9) Guide children to learn to distinguish right from wrong, learn to learn from good examples, and sprout feelings of love and hate;

(10) enable children to abide by various rules and regulations, initially guide children to enjoy doing what they can with rules and regulations, and initially know how to cherish the fruits of labor and public property;

(1 1) Guide children to initially perceive the natural and cultural landscape of their hometown, get a preliminary understanding of the main natural and cultural landscapes in China, and initially generate awareness of loving national culture and protecting the natural and social environment;

(12) Guide children to initially perceive the world-famous cultural landscapes and excellent works of art, and sprout their interest in world culture.

5] Briefly describe the composition of educational objectives.

The educational goal system consists of a series of educational goals. At the educational level, the educational objectives of schools at all levels, namely preschool education, primary education, secondary education and higher education, reflect different educational levels and form a vertical series. According to the nature and types of schools, there are educational objectives of ordinary schools and various professional (vocational) schools, which reflect the special requirements of various schools and form horizontal links.

As far as the components of education are concerned, the educational goals of schools at all levels, including ordinary middle schools, can be divided into intellectual education goals, moral education goals, physical education goals and so on. According to the moral, intellectual and physical goals of schools at all levels, it can be further decomposed into various curriculum goals, and further concretized into the action goals of education and teaching activities according to the curriculum goals. Therefore, every level and type of school can form an educational goal system. Every educational goal system should have multiple levels.

The purpose of first-level education This is the general goal of guiding school education at all levels, or the ultimate educational goal. The formulation of educational goals at this level is directly related to social system, historical background, national tradition and educational trend of thought. It is stipulated by the state in the form of laws or policies. The ultimate educational goal is highly general, directional and instructive, and it is the basis for formulating educational goals of all levels and types of schools.

The second-level education goal is the training goal of a certain level and a certain type of school, which is formulated according to the educational purpose, nature and professional characteristics of schools at all levels. Can be decomposed into various educational goals.

The third-level curriculum goal is the curriculum standard of various teaching and educational activities formulated according to the educational goal, which is embodied in the curriculum plan, syllabus and various educational teaching syllabuses such as morality, intelligence and physique. The course goal can be one academic year or one semester.

The goal of the fourth unit is the educational goal of a teaching unit or an educational activity. It is formulated by teachers according to the educational goal and curriculum goal of the school and combined with the actual situation of students, and can be further decomposed into the class goal or the goal of an educational activity (such as class meeting or spring outing).

The above-mentioned educational goals at the first and second levels can only be achieved after the completion of the whole study period according to the provisions of the academic system, which is called long-term goals or ideal goals by British students. Its significance lies in pointing out the direction and vision, inspiring us, and is an important basis for formulating specific goals. The goal of the third level is more specific and can be achieved in a short time. We call it a medium-term goal or a medium-term goal. The fourth-level goal can be achieved through one or several educational activities, which we call short-term goals. The educational objectives are gradually concretized from the first level to the fourth level. We call the observable, measurable and directly operable goal the action goal of education.

[6] 62. Briefly describe that the goal of preschool children's mathematics education is based on children's development.

Math puzzle games can stimulate children's interest in mathematics, connect mathematics with daily life, let children discover mathematics in life more practically, guide children to understand abstract mathematics, teach children to understand the practical significance of mathematics and learn to use mathematics.

Mathematical puzzle games can also build children's mathematical cognition, make mathematical knowledge vivid, playful and childlike, and most importantly, be interesting, cultivate children's mathematical thinking and make them fall in love with mathematics.

(7) Briefly describe the concepts, meanings, differences and connections between teaching objectives and teaching objectives.

I. Concept

Teaching purpose is the requirement of realizing educational purpose in the teaching field, which reflects the needs of the teaching subject, that is, teachers.

Teaching goal refers to the concrete and clear expression of the visibility that learners should show after teaching. Teaching goals have also become action goals. Teaching goal is the starting point and final destination of teaching design activities.

Second, the similarities between teaching objectives and teaching objectives are as follows:

1 was put forward or formulated on the same basis.

Whether the "teaching purpose" is put forward or the "teaching goal" is formulated, it must be based on the scope defined by the curriculum standards and the depth of textbooks in various subjects, and must obey and serve the national educational purpose.

Both have the same effect on teaching.

Teaching purpose and teaching goal are the starting point and destination of the teaching process, which play an important guiding role in implementing curriculum standards, making teaching plans, organizing teaching content, defining teaching direction, determining teaching focus, selecting teaching methods and arranging teaching process.

Third, the differences are as follows:

1 teaching purpose

Teaching purpose is a general and general requirement to realize educational purpose in the teaching field.

The purpose of education is of universal guiding significance to all teaching activities in schools of all levels and types.

The purpose of education is stable.

The purpose of education embodies the will and objective requirements of society, and it is more compulsory in the form of compulsion.

The purpose of education is immeasurable.

The purpose of teaching is the norm of school teaching in a certain historical period, and it is not allowed to be changed at will.

2 teaching objectives

Teaching objectives only play a guiding role in specific teaching activities.

Teaching objectives reflect the requirements of the main body of teaching activities and have a considerable degree of autonomy and freedom.

Teaching objectives can be adjusted and changed by teachers according to their needs, which has great flexibility.

The basis of setting teaching objectives is the educational objectives and training objectives of the school.

Teaching objectives can be measured.

Teaching goal is the standard of learning results expected by teachers and students in teaching.

(8) Briefly describe the content structure of educational purpose.

1. Specific social, political, economic and cultural background

2. The needs of people's physical and mental development characteristics

3. People's educational ideals

4. Marx's theory of all-round development of human beings is the theoretical basis for establishing the purpose of education in China.