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democracy

Politics and political system series

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The history of democracy

Democratic peace theory

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Direct democracy

Oh, democracy in Athens

deliberative democracy

Representative democracy

Liberal democracy

democratic centralism

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liberalism

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Liberal democracy is the main form of democracy in 2 1 century. It adopts representative democracy, and the public representatives elected by the people exercise decision-making power, and their power is supervised and restricted by the rule of law. Usually, it also adopts a constitution to protect the rights and freedoms of individuals and minorities, while restricting the power of the majority and its elected leaders.

The rights and freedoms guaranteed by liberal democracy are various, but they usually include the following elements: the right to request due process, the right to privacy, the right to private property, the right to equality before the law, the freedom of speech, the freedom of assembly and the freedom of religion. In liberal democratic countries, these rights (also known as "freedom rights") may be given directly by the Constitution or through general regulations and case law.

Liberal democracy usually has the characteristics of tolerance and pluralism; Under the condition of observing democratic norms, multiple social and political views-even extreme or extreme views-will be allowed to exist. During the period of freedom and democracy, when elections are held, groups with different political views have the opportunity to compete for political power.

The word "freedom" in "liberal democracy" follows the ideology of political liberalism [1]. Liberal democracy was originally a framework of modern liberal democracy founded by philosophers who supported freedom in the Enlightenment, emphasizing the protection of individuals from government power through the constitution [2]. The possible forms of liberal democracy include * * * and constitutional system or constitutional monarchy.

catalogue

[hide]

1 architecture

O 1. 1 liberalism

O 1.2 rights and freedoms

O 1.3 prerequisites

Freedom and democracy all over the world.

3 the form of freedom and democracy

O 3. 1 actual freedom and democracy

O 3.2 Proportion and majority representation

O 3.3 Presidential system and parliamentary system

4 the phenomenon of freedom and democracy

O 4. 1 direct democracy

O 4.2 Ethnic and religious conflicts

O 4.3 Bureaucracy

O 4.4 Short-sighted phenomenon

O 4.5 Public * * * Selection Theory

O 4.6 chaebol politics

O 4.7 Majority

O 4.8 Political stability

O 4.9 Effective mobilization in wartime

O 4. 10 more correct decision intelligence

4. 1 1 corruption

O 4. 12 Terrorism

O 4. 13 Economic growth and economic crisis

O 4. 14 famine and refugees

O 4. 15 human development

O 4. 16 theory of democracy and peace

O 4. 17 massacre

O 4. 18 Freedom and rights

O 4. 19 happiness

5 references

Six comments

7 See also

[edit] schema

Today, liberal democracy usually has a universal suffrage system, which gives all adult citizens the right to vote, regardless of race, sex or property size. However, especially in history, some countries regarded as liberal and democratic countries usually have certain restrictions on this, and voting rights may be granted after certain registration procedures. Strictly speaking, decisions made through elections are made by those who vote, not all citizens.

In a free and democratic country, elections should be free and fair. The political process is also competitive. Freedom and democracy also have political pluralism, and political parties and groups of various positions coexist.

A liberal and democratic constitution is used to defend the democratic nature of the country, and restricting government power is usually regarded as the purpose of the constitution. American politics traditionally emphasizes the separation of powers, judicial independence and checks and balances and supervision between government departments. Many European democratic countries tend to emphasize the concept of "Rechtsstaat", that is, countries must abide by the principle of rule of law. Government power is justified only when it is exercised in accordance with written and open laws, regulations and established procedures. Many democratic countries also use federalism (also called vertical decentralization) to divide government power into different levels, such as county, city, province, state and country, in order to avoid the danger of centralization and abuse.

Eduskunta, Parliament Building of Finland. This is one of the earliest regions and countries to implement universal suffrage.

[Editor] Liberalism

The relationship between liberalism and democracy can be defined by Winston? Churchill famously said, "... democracy is the worst form of government, except when other forms have been tried ..." In short, democracy itself is nothing more than the tyranny of the masses besides guaranteeing individual freedom. Neo-liberal democracy advocates a more realistic and harmonious relationship between the two [3]. After the autocratic government was overthrown, liberals began to struggle with the new government with the consent of the majority. The concept of "majority consent" has made a democratic system. Meanwhile, the Liberal Democrats are worried about the emergence of mob politics. Therefore, a system of supervision and checks and balances has been established in a liberal and democratic constitution, which limits the rights of the government by dividing power into several different departments. For liberals, democracy is not their own goal, but only a means to protect freedom, individuals and diversity.

[edit] rights and freedoms

The most commonly used standard to measure liberal democratic countries is specific rights and freedoms. At first, they were considered as necessary components of liberal democracy, but now many people mistakenly think that they are necessary components of "democracy" because their definitions have been widely adopted. These definitions are often controversial, because no country is willing to admit that it is "not free" and its propaganda machine usually describes the enemy country as a "dictatorship".

Right to subsistence and inviolability

Freedom from slavery

at liberty

Under the rule of law, everyone has the right to equality and due process.

freedom of speech

Freedom of the press and access to informal sources of information

Freedom of organization and assembly

Freedom of education

freedom of religion

An independent judicial system

The right to own property and the right to buy and sell property.

In fact, democracy does limit some freedoms. There are usually various restrictions on copyright, and there are also legal restrictions on libel and slander. There may be laws prohibiting anti-democratic speech, speech that attempts to erode human rights, and speech that attempts to advocate or defend terrorism. The United States also imposed similar restrictions on producers and organizations during the Cold War. Now these restrictions are also used to prohibit acts that are considered to promote terrorism or incite group hatred. Examples include various anti-terrorism bills in recent years, the closure of Hezbollah's satellite broadcasting, and laws prohibiting hate speech. Critics believe that these restrictions may be gradually possessed because of the lack of fair judicial procedures.

Defenders of these restrictions believe that this is a necessary measure to ensure the permanence of democracy or freedom itself. For example, allowing people who advocate genocide to have freedom of speech will erode people's rights to survival and security. Differences of opinion usually come from how far democracy can be implemented and whether anti-democratic people should be included. If a very small number of people are restricted in their freedom for these reasons, a country can still be regarded as a free and democratic country. Some people think that this is no different from the persecution of opponents by authoritarian politics, but only the difference in quantity, because only a very small number of people are affected and the restrictions are not so serious. Some people argue that democratic systems are different, at least in theory, anti-democratic people also have the right to carry out anti-democratic activities under legal procedures. In principle, the democratic system allows anti-democratic people, but it also allows them to change state leaders and political and economic systems through legal procedures; But it is forbidden to use violent means to undermine democracy.

[Edit] Prerequisite

Although these components are not part of the government system, the existence of a certain middle class and a widely prosperous civil society is often regarded as a prerequisite for freedom and democracy.

For countries where the tradition of democratic majority rule is not popular, the system of free election alone usually cannot fully realize the transformation of democratization; The extensive transformation of political culture and the transition to a democratic government system are necessary. There are many such examples. For example, the democratic systems in Latin American countries are usually quite short-lived and unstable until they are culturally changed to accept majority rule.

A key component of democratic culture is the concept of "eternal opposition party". This is particularly difficult to achieve in countries that have traditionally gained political power through violence. This word essentially represents a basic concept, that is, every position in a democratic system has a * * *, that is, there may be different positions in political competition, but different positions must be tolerated and their legitimacy and importance must be recognized. The basic rule of society is that tolerance and politeness in public debate must be encouraged. In such a society, after the election, the losers must accept the election results and allow the peaceful transfer of power. Losers will not lose their lives and freedom, but will continue to participate in public life. People are not loyal to the specific policies in the government, but they must respect the basic legitimacy of the country and the democratic process itself.