Needham puzzle, also known as Needham puzzle, is a famous problem in the history of science in China. It was put forward by JosephNeedham, a British scholar, in the 1960s, focusing on why China made many important scientific and technological achievements such as the four great inventions (compass, gunpowder, papermaking and printing) in ancient times, but failed to produce an industrial revolution similar to that in Europe in modern times.

This problem has caused many scholars to study and discuss, and put forward various explanations. One view is that the development of ancient science and technology in China was influenced by Confucian culture. Confucian culture emphasizes moral cultivation and social order rather than exploring and conquering nature. This may have led to the lack of experimental spirit and innovative spirit of ancient scientists in China.

Another view is that the development of science and technology in ancient China was limited by the political system. In the feudal society of China, the emperor had absolute power, so it was difficult for scientists to get the opportunity of independent research. In addition, the imperial examination system also made intellectuals pay more attention to literature and politics than natural science.

There is also a view that the development of science and technology in ancient China was influenced by the economic structure. China has long practiced agricultural civilization, while Europe has gradually developed commercial civilization and industrial civilization. This made European countries pay more attention to technological innovation and economic development, thus promoting the industrial revolution.