From the research topic, the comprehensive characteristics of Zhuang studies are as follows: covering two major themes: Zhuang history and culture and Zhuang modernization.
From the research content, the comprehensive characteristics of Zhuang studies are the gradual expansion from small to large and from point to surface. In the formative period of Zhuang studies (1950s-1960s), the subjects of Zhuang studies were mainly history (including the origin of Zhuang, the history of social development, the history of people, the history of resistance and revolution), language, literature, art (including Zhuang folk songs, singer Liu Sanjie, Zuojiang flower cliff paintings, bronzes and bronze drums), archaeology, Zhuang Tusi system and Zhuang medicine, and began to take shape. In the development period (1978 ~ 1980s), the comprehensive feature of Zhuang studies is to deepen, expand and innovate continuously on the basis of the formation period. During this period, the research on the history, literature, art, language and writing of the Zhuang nationality has been deepened and improved, and the nicknames, place names, culture, folk customs, marriage, pension system, imprisonment system, song club, Song Hui, literature, burial system, soldiers, modern and contemporary historical figures, totems, social economy, agricultural cultivation, residence, witchcraft and so on. During the prosperous period (1990s-present), the comprehensive characteristics of Zhuang studies were further revealed, which were manifested in the deepening of Zhuang culture research and the expansion of new contents. Zhuang people's Dashichan culture, Buluotuo culture, Bomo culture (i.e. primitive belief culture), Na culture (i.e. rice culture), Tonggu culture (i.e. bronze culture), culture (i.e. living culture), totem culture and Nuoji culture (i.e. primitive religious culture), Wapo culture (i.e. ballad culture), culture or Hangduan culture (i.e. culture) and Bolai culture (i.e. They put forward a new viewpoint that "primitive rice farming appeared in Zhuang area as early as 9000 years ago and became one of the origins of rice farming", and learned about the outstanding contribution of Zhuang's "Na culture" to South China and Southeast Asia. The prosperous period of Zhuang school has effectively promoted the development of modern Buluotuo culture, Tonggu culture, Liaoge culture, Wapo culture, Xu Ge culture and Sanjie Liu culture, as well as the formation and perfection of Zhuang medicine system. These are the results of the joint efforts of the members of the Bagui School, such as the Yellow School, the Qin School, the Zhuang Medicine School, the Literary School and the Academy School, especially Qin Naichang, Qin Cailuan and Qin Shengmin of the Qin School (represented by researchers from Guangxi University for Nationalities); Su Guanchang, Ouyang Ruoxiu, Zhou, Huang, He Longqun and Qin Deqing of the "Yellow School"; Ban Xiuwen, Huang and Huang Hanru of Zhuang Medicine School; Lan, Pan, Zheng, Qin, Wei, Fan Sim, Nong, Nong Guan, Qiu Zhensheng and Liao Mingjun of the "literary school"; Jiang, Fan Honggui, Huang Chengshou, Xiao Yongzi and others have made outstanding contributions to the "academic school".
In addition, during the prosperous period of Zhuang learning, new research contents such as physical anthropology, pedagogy and the cultural relationship between Zhuang and Thai came out one after another. This fully shows the comprehensive characteristics of Zhuang studies in research content. The interdisciplinary characteristics of Zhuang studies are mainly manifested in two aspects: one is the intersection of historical materials and research methods (including diversification and integration), and the other is the intersection of disciplines.
In terms of historical materials and research methods, the formation period of Zhuang studies was mainly based on cross historical materials such as investigation materials (including statistical historical materials and oral historical materials), historical documents and archaeological historical materials, and the cross research methods of ethnology, cultural anthropology, history, linguistics, archaeology and folklore were used to carry out research. In the prosperous period, this cross-research method has been further expanded, and the multi-dimensional research on Zhuang nationality has been carried out by using the theories and cross-research methods of philosophy, history, geography, linguistics, psychology, economics, law, politics, sociology, ethnology, folklore, education, demography, culturology, archaeology, religion, cultural anthropology, physical anthropology and natural science.
From the disciplinary point of view, the research on the relationship between Zhuang and Qiang nationalities, the language theory of Zhuang and Dong, and the comparative study of Zhuang and Thai traditional cultures in the development and prosperity of Zhuang studies belong to the cross-cutting research between Zhuang studies and other disciplines. Of course, this cross-research achievement of Zhuang studies and other disciplines can not only be regarded as a unilateral achievement of Zhuang studies, but also a multi-disciplinary achievement.
The interdisciplinary characteristics of Zhuang studies are determined by the comprehensive characteristics and regional characteristics of Zhuang studies. Zhuang people mainly live in today's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, where there are Zhuang, Han, Yao, Miao, Dong, Mulao, Maonan, Hui, Jing, Yi, Shui, Gelao and other major ethnic groups 12, and the southwest of the autonomous region has been handed over to Vietnam. Therefore, in history, Zhuang people have close contacts with other ethnic groups, and the cultural exchanges between ethnic groups have a long history, especially the first-class Zhuang-Thai culture with the same origin. This determines that Zhuang studies are inevitably related to traditional sinology, Thai studies and emerging Yao studies, Miao studies and Dong studies, thus determining the interdisciplinary characteristics of Zhuang studies. From these aspects, Zhuang studies is a typical interdisciplinary or marginal subject. 1949 after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the central people's government implemented the policy of equality, unity and prosperity for all ethnic groups, and the Zhuang nationality was recognized as an equal member of the multi-ethnic motherland and enjoyed the right of regional ethnic autonomy. Especially in 195 1, after the ethnologists Fei Xiaotong, Huang Xianfan and others led the Guangxi branch of the central ethnic delegation to visit various counties in Guangxi, after in-depth investigation, expert argumentation and consultation by representatives from all walks of life of Zhuang nationality, the widely distributed "Buzhuang" and more than 20 branches of Zhuang nationality were collectively called "Bo nationality". Soon, the national title of "Bo people" began in the Song Dynasty, that is, it was officially recognized by the Central People's Government as a nation in the big family of the motherland, and Bo people (Premier Zhou Enlai suggested changing "Bo people" to "Zhuang people" in 1965, which means robust and strong) were recognized by the Central Government for the first time. Therefore, Zhuang studies with Zhuang as the research theme began to sprout and establish, and developed and prospered in the new period of reform and opening up. The germination of Zhuang studies began in the first half of 1950s, marked by the participation of Huang Xianfan, a Zhuang historian, and a series of social and historical investigation activities and reports of Zhuang. The national equality policy implemented by the state and the strong self-awareness of national rejuvenation of Zhuang scholars can be said to be the basis for the germination of Zhuang studies. The germination, establishment, development and prosperity of the Zhuang School can be said to be synchronized with the rise, establishment, development and growth of the Yellow School and the Bagui School.
According to the necessary conditions for the establishment of the discipline-the objective existence of clear and single research objects, theories (including guiding theories) and research methods, it is generally believed that the starting point for the formation of Zhuang studies is Professor Huang Xianfan in 1957 (printed by Guangxi Minority Social History Investigation Team, 1957 1 month), Gelao, daxin county, Guangxi. Printed by the social and historical investigation team of Guangxi ethnic minorities, 1957 February), talking about Zhuang songs (Guangxi Daily 1957 February 19). In these works, Huang Xianfan took Zhuang as a clear and single research object for the first time, and introduced and studied the history of Zhuang comprehensively and systematically for the first time. As the authoritative Encyclopedia Dictionary of Zhuang Nationality points out, A Brief History of Gelao Nationality in Guangxi is "the earliest monograph to introduce and study Zhuang nationality comprehensively and systematically." Xu Junhui, a professor at Guangxi University, and others clearly pointed out: "Zhuang is a nation with the largest population, developed economy and culture and a long history, but before Huang Lao, there was no independent historical work of its own. Zhuang people have their own independent historical works, starting from Huang Lao. Therefore, Huang Lao is not only a good son of the Zhuang nationality, but also a good son of the Chinese nation. " Huang Xianfan's "this groundbreaking research achievement not only fills the gap in the study of Zhuang history, but also has positive significance for publicizing Zhuang, letting the world know about Zhuang, establishing Zhuang's historical status, striving for national autonomy and establishing Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region." Huang's book "provided historical materials for the establishment of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region" and "he was the first scholar to conduct a comprehensive and systematic field survey of Zhuang nationality", thus, Huang Xianfan won the reputation of "founder of Zhuang history" and "master of Zhuang studies". The academic value of Huang Xianfan's A Brief History of Gelao Nationality in Guangxi is not limited to this. It introduced a new narrative way, which directly or indirectly influenced some Zhuangzi schools that came out one after another. As Professor Tsuda Seiji, a Japanese scholar, clearly pointed out: "Although the brief history of the Gelao people in Guangxi is a brief history, it covers a wide range. The content involves the distribution and origin of Zhuang nationality, social organization, revolutionary struggle history, production, diet, clothing, housing, wedding and funeral customs, culture and art, language and writing, education, etc ... Compared with A Brief History of Zhuang Nationality (first draft of 1963, officially published in 1980), this new model is "After the founding of New China, These comments accurately positioned Huang Xianfan's ethnology between the old ethnology and the new ethnology, reversed the pattern that only great nationalist historians could distort the traditional history and culture of Zhuang nationality at will for thousands of years, and revealed the important role of the publication of Huang's works in China ethnology and Zhuang studies in the 20th century. This shows that after the founding of New China, Professor Huang Xianfan first launched a series of field investigations and systematic academic research results, which met the basic requirements of the formation of Zhuang studies and marked the formation of Zhuang studies. Moreover, by comparing the studies of Zhuang nationality that began in 1950s with those in South China or Guangxi during the Republic of China, we can clearly see that there is no connection or continuity between them in terms of research objects and methods, or in terms of viewpoints, national thinking and guiding theories. This can also be seen from the objective fact that Huang Xianfan and others' works did not draw lessons from the early studies on Zhuang nationality, but were mostly critical. During the formation of Zhuang studies, the Zhuang people began to have their own knowledge disciplines-history and national culture, and derived their own thematic thinking-the origin of Zhuang people, the nature of ancient society, the evaluation of historical figures and the language, culture and artistic characteristics of the nation, and thus put forward and demonstrated a series of questions, refined some concepts and theories, thus forming an independent Zhuang study discipline.
Especially after 1957 1 1 officially launched the Latin-based phonetic Zhuang language, Wei Qingwen, a student of Huang Xianfan, began to specialize in the study of Zhuang language and its characters for a long time and achieved fruitful results. Professor Zhou, a disciple of the "Yellow School" (composed of Huang Xianfan and many of his disciples), started the course "Literature of Zhuang Nationality and Other Ethnic Minorities" at Guangxi Normal University (now Guangxi Normal University, the same below) in the autumn of 1958, and it continued until the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution, becoming the first scholar to list the topic of Zhuang nationality research as a university education course. At the same time, the Chinese Department of the Central University for Nationalities (now the Central University for Nationalities) has set up an undergraduate major in language and literature. This shows that Zhuangxue is not only established as a relatively independent knowledge system, but also marks the birth of Zhuangxue as a "teaching discipline". From 65438 to 0956, Huang Xianfan participated in the establishment of the "Guangxi Ethnic Social History Investigation Team" and served as the vice captain, leading the largest social history investigation of ethnic minorities in Guangxi. As the Zhuang experts pointed out, "1August, 956, Mr. Wang (referring to Huang Xianfan, the same below) was entrusted by the National People's Congress to participate in the formation of the' Guangxi Minority Social History Investigation Team', served as the deputy head, and was actually responsible for the work of the whole team, leading the first large-scale, comprehensive and in-depth investigation of the history and traditional culture of ethnic minorities in Guangxi. Mr. Wang, who is nearly 60 years old, led the members of the investigation team to cross mountains and mountains and wade across mountains and rivers under the very difficult traffic and living conditions, and went deep into Zhuang villages in Chongzuo, Longzhou, Pingxiang, Tiandeng, Debao and Daxin in Guangxi, collecting a lot of precious materials, which laid the foundation for a comprehensive and in-depth study of Zhuang society, history and culture. With the development and change of Zhuang society, these materials are precious, and they are still indispensable and important materials for Zhuang studies until today. Some members who followed Mr. Wang in the investigation work at that time later became the basic force of Guangxi University for Nationalities. Therefore, these organized large-scale investigations not only collected a large number of first-hand precious materials, but also trained talents, creating conditions for the establishment of Guangxi Institute for Nationalities and the development of Zhuang studies. After the inspection, Mr. Wang sorted out part of the inspection report with 654.38+ 10,000 words, emphasized the necessity of changing Guangxi Province into Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and theoretically provided a basis for the regional ethnic autonomy planning in Guangxi. From 65438 to 0956, after attending the Third Session of the First National People's Congress, Mr. Wang sought the opinions of the Prime Minister on the issue of Zhuang nationality. Inspired and encouraged by Premier Zhou, he began to compile A Brief History of Gelao Nationality in Guangxi, which was published the following year. This groundbreaking research achievement not only fills the gap in the study of Zhuang history, but also has positive significance for publicizing Zhuang, letting the world know about Zhuang, establishing the historical status of Zhuang, striving for national autonomy and establishing Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. " In particular, in 1956, Guangxi University for Nationalities was established on the basis of the "Guangxi Minority Social History Investigation Team" led by Professor Huang Xianfan, and its research work played a great role in promoting the development of Zhuang studies. 1962 and 1963, the academic circles held seminars on the history of Zhuang nationality in Nanning and Beijing respectively, focusing on three major issues in the history of Zhuang nationality, namely, the origin of Zhuang nationality, whether Zhuang nationality experienced slave society and the nature of agricultural war against Song Dynasty, which promoted the development of Zhuang studies. During the development of Zhuang studies, Huang Xianfan and his disciples ignored the flood of "left-leaning thoughts" at that time, excluded the interference of "class struggle theory" and continued to engage in Zhuang studies at political risks. Academic achievements emerge in an endless stream, such as Huang Xianfan's "It's a just war for peasants to rise up against the Song Dynasty" (Guangxi Daily1April 2, 962), "Tusi System in Western Guangxi"1July 962, and "Wa Women Generals Leading the Army to Fight against Japan" (Proceedings of the Founding Meeting of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Historical Society)/. Su Guanchang wrote On the Origin of Bo People (in Ethnic Studies No.9 1958), On the Origin of Bo People (in Ethnic Studies No.9 1959), On the Ethnic Composition of Local Officials in Guangxi (in Ethnic Unity) A preliminary study on bronze drums unearthed in Guangxi, and according to archaeological data, Sima Hua and Li Ganfen jointly wrote different opinions on several issues in the history of Yi and Yao nationalities (Guangxi Daily1August 8, 962); Zhou Zongxian and Li Ganfen co-authored Some Historical Issues of Tong and Yao (Historical Research No.5, 1962) and so on. In this paper, some problems existing in the research of traditional Zhuang studies are deeply discussed and discriminated. In particular, Huang Xianfan, the master of the "Yellow School", and Huang Zengqing, Su Guanchang, Xiao Zechang, Ouyang Ruoxiu, Zhou, Huang, Li Ganfen and Zhou Zongxian (the latter two are senior researchers of Guangxi University for Nationalities, and Li Ganfen is a member of the social and historical investigation team of Guangxi ethnic minorities. During this period, professors or researchers have made great contributions to Yi archaeology, Yi folk songs, Mrs. Walsh, Zhuang children in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Revolution, Huashan murals, bronze drums, Liu Sanjie, the toast system and the toast system. In addition, Wei Qilin, Lan, Huang Yongsha, Sha Hong and others, the leading figures of the "literary school" of Bagui School, also produced some research results of Zhuang studies during the development period.
1979 After the reform and opening up, Huang Xianfan and his "Eighteen Saints of the Yellow Gate" have achieved fruitful results in Zhuang studies. See the research papers of Professor Qin Naichang and Professor Chen Jisheng for specific results. During this period, Wei Qingwen and Qin co-authored A Brief Record of Zhuang Language (1980); Biography of Historical Figures of Zhuang Nationality (1982); Introduction to Zhuang Literature edited by Hu (1982); Huang Xianfan's posthumous work "Agricultural Wisdom" (1983); Guangxi Minority Languages and Characters Working Committee compiled Han Zhuang Ci and Zhuang Zi Ci (1984); Wei Yiqiang edited Essays on Zhuang Language (1984), Wei Qingwen edited Grammar of Zhuang Language (1985), and Ouyang Ruoxiu, Zhou, Huang and Zeng Qingquan co-authored Literature History of Zhuang Language (3 volumes, 1986). Huang Xianfan, Huang Zengqing and Zhang Yimin co-authored A General History of Zhuang Nationality (1988); Selected place names of Zhuang language in Guangxi (1988); Li Guozhong wrote Wei Baqun (1989); Biography of Wei Baqun co-authored by Li and Yan Yongtong (1989); The Office of the Leading Group for the Arrangement of Ancient Ethnic Books in Guangxi has compiled a dictionary of ancient Zhuang languages (1989) and other famous Zhuang theories. In particular, Huang Xianfan's posthumous work "A General History of Zhuang Nationality", experts commented: "This book is based on rich and accurate historical materials, which discusses the origin of Zhuang nationality in detail and comprehensively introduces the political, economic and cultural development of Zhuang nationality in various historical periods. This is the first general history of Zhuang nationality in China. This book enriches the research results of Chinese minority history, and also provides relatively new and comprehensive materials for the study of Zhuang history. It is a rare reference book. " "The General History of Zhuang Nationality is highly regarded by China historians as a classic with the most groundbreaking, scientific and academic theoretical value." "In addition, the magnum opus General History of Zhuang Nationality published by Ethnic Publishing House 1988 provides a reference for the study of Zhuang medicine, especially the history of Zhuang medicine." As Mark Bender, a professor at Ohio State University in the United States, commented: "Judging from the social and historical surveys of many important ethnic minorities organized, participated in and led by Professor Huang Lao personally and their academic and political status, he undoubtedly made important contributions to the national identity after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the establishment of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and even the establishment of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. At the same time, he organically combined the first-hand historical materials obtained from a large number of field trips with historical documents, used his extensive historical knowledge, profound textual research skills and knowledge of ancient Chinese characters to discard the false and keep the true, and objectively wrote the first history of his own nation, thus ending the history of the Zhuang nationality with a long history of thousands of years without complete historical records, which can be described as an epoch-making milestone. Later, Professor Huang Lao wrote and published books such as "Agricultural Wisdom" and "General History of Zhuang Nationality", which are rich in historical materials and of high academic value. They are all pioneering works of international ethnology, thus opening the atmosphere of a generation of Zhuang studies. " Therefore, the international academic circles honored Huang Xianfan as "the father of Zhuang studies". This is by no means a compliment. Guy has his reasons. Facts show that during the formation and development of Zhuang School, Huang Xianfan, the leader of Bagui School, and his "eighteen saints of the Yellow Gate" (students, private disciples and assistants of Huang Xianfan) include Huang Zengqing, Su Guanchang, Zhou Zongxian, Li Ganfen, Li, Qin Guanguan, Xiao Zechang, Ouyang Ruoxiu, Zhou, Huang, Zhou Zuoming and He Yingde. This accelerated the development of Zhuangxue and made Zhuangxue enter a prosperous period. The formation or appearance of any subject has to go through a period of knowledge accumulation. Only when its knowledge accumulates to a certain extent, people begin to realize its existence, and review, summarize and induce this knowledge system, will there be a title for this knowledge system and an appropriate title be given. It is through the accumulation of knowledge of a large number of research results in the formation and development period that Zhuangxue has established a knowledge system that has begun to take shape. Only in the prosperous period did we review, summarize and generalize the previous knowledge system of Zhuangzi, and put forward the concept of "Zhuangzi", which is the objective law of the development of things. The thinking formation of the concept of Zhuangzi can't come from the imagination without objective facts and the accumulation foundation of Zhuangzi knowledge, which obviously doesn't conform to the objective law of the formation and development of new things. Without a great deal of knowledge accumulation during the formation and development of Zhuangzi, the conceptual basis of cognitive thinking put forward by Zhuangzi's view of learning is obviously passive water or rootless wood. Therefore, the formation or appearance of the concept of Zhuang studies is similar to that of Mongolian studies and Tibetan studies, that is, the concepts of these disciplines have experienced the accumulation of knowledge during the formation or development of disciplines, that is, they will be produced on the basis of a certain knowledge system.
The prosperous period of Zhuang school was marked by the establishment of 199 1 1 Guangxi Zhuang society, and the concept of Zhuang school was put forward at this time. 1April, 999 15 The first international symposium on Zhuang studies was held in Wuming County, Guangxi, which is a symbol of the prosperity of Zhuang studies and its going global. From the formation period to the prosperity period, there are many academic research achievements of Zhuang studies. According to statistics, from 1950s to the end of 20th century, there were more than 100 kinds of Zhuang Xue's works published in China, and more than 800 papers were published, especially in the prosperous period. For specific results, please refer to the research papers of Professor Qin Naichang and Professor Chen Jisheng, which are not listed here. During this period, members of the five major schools of Bagui School, including the Yellow School, the Qin School, the Zhuang Medicine School, the Literature School and the Academy School, all played an important role in promoting the prosperity of Zhuang studies. In addition, researcher Mo, a scholar from inside and outside the region (Zhuang); Wei Qingwen (Huang Xianfan), a researcher at the Institute of Ethnic Studies, China Academy of Social Sciences; Wang Zhaowu, a researcher at the Institute of Folklore of China Academy of Social Sciences (once assistant to Huang Xianfan); Lei of Guizhou University for Nationalities; Researcher, Research Office, State Publishing Bureau (Zhuang); Professor Huang of South-Central University for Nationalities (Zhuang nationality); Zhu, a researcher at Guizhou Academy of Social Sciences; Liang and others, professors of Minzu University of China, have made positive contributions to the prosperity of learning.