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abstract:
This design project is a reinforced concrete frame comprehensive office building, which is divided into architectural design and structural design. Architectural design: According to the requirements of the design task book and the engineering technical conditions, under the condition of conforming to the overall planning, the architectural design scheme is put forward by comprehensively considering the factors such as the construction site environment, use function, structure, structure, materials, equipment, economy and architectural artistic beauty. According to the relevant design specifications, determine the structural form of the building and complete the vertical section design. Structural design: firstly, determine the structural scheme, select building materials, then make structural arrangement, determine the size of structural members, and finally make structural calculation. After the frame layout is determined and the load statistics are completed, the internal forces of the structure under horizontal loads (wind load and earthquake) are calculated. Then calculate the internal force of the structure under the vertical load (dead load and live load), find out the most unfavorable group or groups of internal force combinations, calculate the reinforcement according to the most unfavorable results, and draw relevant structural construction drawings.
Key words:
Frame structure; Earthquake; Internal force calculation; Internal force combination; Structural reinforcement design;
I. Overview of the Project
1. 1 project overview
Name of Engineering Building: Reinforced Concrete Frame Comprehensive Office Building
Total construction area: 8553m2.
Building number and height: six floors, each with a height of 3.6m, building equipment floor of 2.5m, parapet height 1.2m, indoor and outdoor height difference of 0.75m, and total building height of 22.35m.
Architectural structure form: frame structure;
Design service life: 50 years;
The height of the office building is 22.35 meters, which is in line with Article 6. 1. 1 of Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB 50010), that is, the building height is 22.35.
1.2 design data
1) Climate conditions:
The average temperature in Leng Yue is ‐ 13℃ and the average temperature in the hottest month is 23. 1℃.
Dominant wind direction: basic wind pressure: 0.40kN/㎡. Dominant wind direction: southeast wind in summer and northwest wind in winter.
The basic snow pressure values are all 0.35kN/m2.
2) Earthquake intensity: 8 degrees, and the design basic acceleration is 0.20g.
3) The groundwater level is deep, so it can not be considered in the design.
4) Geological data of the site: Class II site with flat terrain.
Second, the architectural design
2. 1 Architectural graphic design
The graphic design of architecture includes the graphic design of a single room and the graphic combination design. The design of a single room is to determine the area, shape, size and location of doors and windows of the room on the basis of the rationality and applicability of the whole building. Plane combination design is actually the combination of architectural space on the plane. Influence plane combination design includes the following aspects:
(1) Use function: First, it is necessary to partition reasonably; The second is to have a clear streamlining organization.
(2) Structure types: At present, there are three commonly used structure types in civil buildings, namely frame structure, frame/shear wall structure and shear wall structure. Considering the many advantages of frame structure for this project, this design adopts frame structure.
(3) Equipment piping: Equipment piping occupies a certain space, and certain equipment positions should be considered in the design, and corresponding rooms should be appropriately arranged.
(4) Architectural modeling: Generally speaking, a simple and complete architectural modeling is extremely beneficial for shortening the internal traffic streamline, simplifying the structure, saving land, reducing the cost and seismic performance.
2.2 Building facade design
Because different types of buildings with different functional requirements have different characteristics of internal space combination, the external image of buildings is to a great extent the performance of their internal space functions. Therefore, we should adopt those external forms that are suitable for its functional requirements, and on this basis, adopt appropriate architectural art treatment methods to emphasize the individual characteristics of architecture, making it more vivid and prominent. Building facade design focuses on the form, proportion and decorative effect of all components of the facade and its external surface, such as doors and windows, awnings, sunshades, exposed beams and columns, etc. Usually, the design is based on the preliminarily determined plane and section relationship of the internal space combination of the building, such as the size and height of the room, the composition relationship and section size of the components, and the location suitable for opening doors and windows. , and first draw the basic outline of the building facade, as the basis for the next adjustment. Then, while further scrutinizing the overall proportion of each facade, we should comprehensively consider the coordination between facades, especially the continuous relationship between adjacent facades, and make necessary adjustments to the details of the reverse side, especially the size, proportion and position of doors and windows, as well as the shapes of various protrusions. Finally, pay attention to special parts, such as people.
2.3 Architectural Section Design
The main purpose of section design is to analyze and determine the vertical section shape, building floor number, height, vertical space and utilization of the building, as well as the structure and tectonic relationship in the building section according to the use characteristics, modeling requirements and economic factors of the building space. The cross-sectional shape of a building is related to the functional requirements. Most of the buildings in civil buildings belong to general functional requirements, and the cross-sectional shapes of buildings such as houses, dormitories, hotels and office buildings are mostly regular rectangles. Generally, rooms with small depth usually use side light windows, and the height of the windows will be increased when the depth is large. The height of ordinary windowsill is generally 900mm, but sometimes the functional requirements can be changed accordingly.
In order to prevent outdoor rainwater from invading the room and prevent the wall from being affected with damp, the first floor indoor floor (ground elevation 0.000) should be at least 150mm higher than the outdoor floor, and the indoor and outdoor height difference is usually between150 ~ 600 mm. The indoor and outdoor height difference in this design is 750 mm. Usually, for some rooms that often use water, such as bathrooms, bathrooms, balconies, etc. The floor is often set 20~50mm lower than this floor. In this design, the elevation of the bathroom is 50 mm higher than this floor. Section design and graphic design reflect the internal spatial relationship of buildings from two different aspects. Graphic design focuses on solving the logical relationship in the horizontal direction of space, while section design mainly aims at the internal space combination in the vertical direction, mainly solving the problems such as the number of floors, the height of floors and the space combination, and directly expressing the different spatial scale relationships of buildings. Generally speaking, it is customary to design the plane first, and then design the section, which in turn will affect the layout of the building plane. Therefore, in architectural design, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the profile and plane design, and constantly adjust and repair them to make the design more perfect and reasonable. Taking all factors into consideration, this design adopts: the height of the first floor is 4.35 m, the height of the second to sixth floors is 3.6 m, the roof is the main floor, the total height is 22.35m, the indoor and outdoor height difference is 0.75m, and the height of the parapet is 1200mm.
2.4 decoration
The color of the exterior wall should be in harmony with the surrounding environment, and the decoration should pay attention to quality and harmony. The exterior wall adopts light yellow exterior wall paint, red and white facade lines, and the window adopts natural aluminum all-gold window frame material. Ceramic floor tiles for indoor use and non-slip floor tiles for bathroom use.
2.5 Seismic design
This design simulates the seismic fortification intensity of 8 degrees (0.20g). According to the code for seismic design of buildings (GB 50011‐ 2010)1.0.2, buildings in areas with seismic fortification intensity of 6 degrees or above must be designed for seismic purposes.
Reinforced concrete buildings should adopt different seismic grades according to the fortification category, intensity, structural type and building height, and should meet the requirements of corresponding calculation and structural measures. The seismic fortification category of this project is Class C. The seismic action and seismic measures shall meet the seismic fortification requirements of this area. This design belongs to frame structure, with 8-degree fortification, height less than 24m, and the seismic grade is Grade II.
2.6 stair design
Stairs, as the main facilities for vertical traffic in buildings, should meet the following requirements in design:
(1) Evacuation requirements: The location, quantity, spacing and width of stairs should meet the evacuation requirements of the fire protection code, so as to ensure smooth flow of people and convenient contact between upper and lower floors.
(2) Usage requirements: As the main vertical traffic facilities, stairs should be located in a prominent position in the building to guide people flow. Due to the high frequency of use, its beautiful appearance and good lighting conditions should be fully considered to give people a comfortable feeling.
(3) Safety requirements: As the main evacuation passage, it should be firm and safe, durable and wear-resistant, with reasonable stress.
(4) Structural requirements: select the form, slope, material and construction method of the building reasonably, and carefully handle its detailed structure. Stairs have different forms, different objects, different occasions, different environmental departments, different angles and different properties, and their names are different. This design adopts parallel double running stairs. Stairs are important evacuation passages and fire exits in buildings, so the existing national codes have clear structural requirements for the size of stairs. The General Principles for Design of Civil Buildings stipulates that the number of steps of each flight should not exceed 18 and should not be less than 3. The Modular Coordination Standard for Building Stairs stipulates that the stair step should not be higher than 2 10mm and not less than 140mm, and the step height at all levels is the same. Generally, the gradient of stairs is between 23 and 45, and the appropriate gradient is 30. The Modular Coordination Standard for Building Stairs stipulates that the maximum gradient of stairs should not exceed 38. As the main traffic use, the clear width of stairs and steps should be determined according to the number of people using the stairs. Generally, the width of each person is 0.55+(0‐0. 15)m, which should not be less than two people. (0‐0. 15m is the swing of human body during exercise, and the upper limit should be taken when there are many people in public buildings). Stair stairwell refers to the space surrounded by steps and platforms. In actual design, the width of stairwell is generally 60 ~ 200 mm, and stair railings should be constructed to be unsuitable for climbing. When vertical poles are used as railings, the clear distance between bars should not be greater than 0.11m. The depth of the intermediate platform should not be less than the width of the stairwell and1.20m. When large objects need to be transported, it should be widened appropriately. The vertical height from the lower edge of the stair platform structure to the pedestrian walkway in the residential building should not be less than 2m. The horizontal distance between the front edge line of the lowest and highest stairs and the inner edge line projected from the top should not be less than 300m.
In this project, * * * has two stairs, both of which adopt double running stairs. The staircase is 3.6m in width, 7.2m in depth and 3.6m in height. It is designed as an equal-running staircase, with 12 steps and1step pedal, and the step size is 300mm× 150mm.
2.7 Fire protection design
In order to reduce fire and fire losses, the interior of the building adopts firewall and fire-resistant floor. The fire resistance of this project is Grade II. Civil buildings must meet the requirements of fire resistance rating and fire resistance limit. In order to prevent the radiant heat of burning buildings from igniting adjacent buildings in a certain period of time, the interval convenient for fire extinguishing is called fire prevention interval. Fire-proof buildings must meet the specification requirements.
Third, structural design.
Comparison of structural schemes, structural layout and component selection, selection of a main frame for design and calculation, design of stair awning, first layout of standard floor structure, then layout of beam-column structure, including rough estimation and checking calculation of beam-column size, then design and calculation of cast-in-place floor slab, design and calculation of stairs, and then calculation of transverse frame under vertical load. In order to facilitate the design and calculation, the calculation model and stress analysis have been simplified to varying degrees. The basic assumptions made in manual calculation of transverse frames include: the elastic static assumption of structural analysis, which generally does not consider the redistribution of internal forces caused by the structure entering the elastic-plastic state; The plane structure assumes that the horizontal force in all directions can only be borne by the lateral force resisting structure in this direction, and the lateral force resisting structure perpendicular to this direction is not stressed when the column network is arranged orthogonally. The rigid assumption of the floor in its own plane is that the horizontal displacement of all lateral force resisting structures is equal at the same height.
The calculation of transverse frame under dead load is carried out separately on the first floor, and the load on the second floor to the fifth floor is the same. Because of the role of roof, it is calculated and solved separately.
Through detailed stress analysis and load conversion, the calculation diagram of the calculation framework under live load is consistent with that under dead load.
For the calculation diagram of transverse frame under the representative gravity load, the load effect combination under the earthquake should adopt the representative gravity load value. For the floor, the representative gravity load value adopts all loads and 50% floor live load, and for the roof, the representative gravity load value adopts all constant loads and 50% snow load.
Internal force calculation and internal force combination, the bending moment, axial force and shear force caused by dead load are calculated manually, and other internal forces are calculated by structural mechanics solver, which speeds up the progress and saves time. Internal force combination, choose the most unfavorable internal force for reinforcement calculation.
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