The scientific research design of ultrasound medicine is basically the same as other clinical disciplines. Usually it can be divided into two categories, one is forward-looking and the other is retrospective. The former is a subject that has been preliminarily done or not done before, and it is expected to be studied, such as the clinical diagnosis and treatment value of a new technology and new treatment method.
The results can have practical application value, or the opposite conclusion can be drawn. The latter is a retrospective summary and evaluation of the past work. At present, it is of new practical significance to adopt prospective research.
When doing forward-looking research, we must first set a topic, and the topic must be novel. It is best to check the novelty to determine whether the research to be done has been done by others. If many people have done it and have a clear conclusion, it will only repeat other people's projects and have no new meaning. Of course, different results have been found in practical work. At this time, for further research, the topic can still be established, and the result may be a major breakthrough or invention. After the topic is established, it is necessary to design the topic reasonably, and it must be absolutely rigorous.
After determining the specific scientific research topic, we should do it according to the following points and fix it.
Research object: constant. Including patients, healthy people (volunteers), some animals or others. In this column, it is best not to use the word "experiment" for human body, but to use "experimental research" for animals or other classes. The age, sex and conditions of the subjects should be consistent and fixed, especially between the patient group and the control group.
Research methods: be novel. Detection and treatment methods should not repeat all the contents used by others, and should be completed by special personnel and special plane. For example, the technical conditions of skilled workers and new workers are different, and there will be artificial differences in test results. For another example, when the instrument performance is too different, the conclusions will be different, otherwise the conclusions will be consistent, and its credibility is worth considering.
Detection index: be accurate. Choose objective indicators that are easy to observe and have clear meaning. If you observe the time of umbilical cord around the neck, it is best to observe it before delivery. If the time from delivery is long, the reliability of the results is not as good as before delivery.
If it is to be scientific, there should be circumstantial evidence for the detection indicators, such as the comparison of coronary angiography results for the detection and diagnosis of coronary artery stenosis. The diagnosis of malignant tumor of abdominal organs should be confirmed by operation, pathology or fine needle aspiration cytology. These should be arranged in scientific research and design.
Research results: Be scientific. It is necessary to carry out research and observation according to the purpose of scientific research and design. The conclusion is based on statistical objective data and is the best result of this study.
Statistical method: set up control group: similar conditions. In order to make the results more convincing, a control group should be set up. By comparing the results of the experimental group and the control group, we can distinguish the gap between the therapeutic factors and non-therapeutic factors on the research results. Processing factors include patient detection, treatment methods and dosage, while non-processing factors include society and environment. When the two groups of non-processing factors are relatively consistent, such as the age and gender of the two groups are the same, and the detection period is the same, such as in a certain season. The result is highly scientific.
Randomization: be objective. Randomization is to study two different detection methods, treatment methods and medication methods to observe the detection or treatment results. Randomization is a method to keep the relative balance between the experimental group and the control group, that is, by drawing lots and lots. This is not selected according to subjective will, but randomly selected subjects from the crowd, that is, each subject has the same chance of being selected.
Sample size: large. The larger the sample size, the greater the objective truth. The case group had better have more than 30 samples, and the control group had better have more samples. For example, in general, it is best to observe the efficacy of drugs.