Instructional Design of Access to Education 1 I. Overall Instructional Design of Special Topics
Connotation overview:
If a person wants to move from ignorance to wisdom, from a natural person to a social person and become an educated person, only by reading and studying can he make full use of the knowledge accumulated by his predecessors. My life has no limit, and so does my knowledge. People should have the pursuit of lifelong learning. The civilization and progress of human society depends on people's tapping potential, using wisdom and producing advanced ideas, which requires citizens to respect knowledge and science and have the need and desire to learn.
This topic is divided into three parts: "the power of classics", "the way of learning" and "from questioning to innovation". The first part focuses on why we should read classic works. The second part focuses on the functions of reading and learning and the basic principles of learning from teachers. On the basis of solving these problems, the third part focuses on the importance and methods of independent thinking, and discusses the relationship between questioning and innovation. Through effective discussion, let students gradually rise from the basic consciousness of "reading and seeking knowledge" to the spiritual pursuit of self-improvement and serving mankind.
Second, the teaching objectives
1. Students learn how to learn, how to get education, and establish a correct view of learning.
2. Students explore the role of classic reading and questioning, explore the relationship between independent thinking and innovation, and establish scientific learning methods.
3. Students learn to question and ask valuable questions, and learn the basic methods of analyzing problems.
4. After learning different argumentation methods of argumentative writing, students can correctly use metaphor argumentation, contrast argumentation, fact argumentation and introduction argumentation in their compositions.
Second, the arrangement of teaching activities
The main learning method of this topic is problem discussion. To organize students to discuss problems in classroom teaching, we should first pay attention to the position of the topic in the module, the connotation of the topic and the focus of each section in the topic. Discussion is a way of cooperative learning, but it must be based on a basic understanding of the learning materials. Some specific problems in learning materials should be solved in preview, so teachers should have an overall preview plan before special teaching, so that students can make certain preparations and ensure that classroom discussions can be carried out in an orderly and effective manner. Only by grasping the core problem of the topic and making the discussion follow valuable ideas as much as possible can the purpose of topic design be achieved. Students may find some new problems in in-depth discussion, and teachers should be prepared. Discussions can be held at the same table or in groups. For major or * * * common interests, consider arranging a class-wide discussion and exchange. Attention should be paid to the process of discussing problems, from putting forward problems to analyzing and solving problems, some records can be made, and teachers should evaluate the results of students' discussion.
This topic is divided into three parts, and each part is discussed as a whole according to the teaching requirements. Be good at guiding students to find problems in discussion. It doesn't matter whether you can get the answer, what matters is whether you can ask valuable questions and maintain and develop the interest in the discussion. The core idea of the topic is "the way to get education", and the discussion must be carried out under the general guidance of this topic. The central meaning of Hesse's article is to read classics, and the basic meanings of "encouraging learning" and "teaching" are not difficult to understand. The center of You in a New Word is clear, and the relationship among the three articles can also be summarized as "reading"-"learning"-"thinking" in short.
1. The first part of the study materials focuses on the power of classics, starting with the word "reading". It can be discussed at several levels.
Why does the author emphasize reading classic works? Why do you want to read classic works over and over again?
Reading and studying, "What to read?" This is a basic problem. The author thinks that reading classics is the main way to get education. If you want to get an education, you must first understand the role of learning and the requirements of learning. At the beginning of the article, people are advised to read more books and classic works, emphasizing drawing nutrition from "world literature".
This question can arouse students' interest in discussion: Why do classic works have different functions? Why do senior scholars always remind us to read classic works? There are countless literary works in every era. Why are many things eliminated and unable to circulate? Some literary works are sensational. Why do people stop talking about them after only ten years? Why does every nation have its own literary history? Why do writers respected by every nation often belong to the world? China's Qu Yuan, Sima Qian, Li Bai, Du Fu, Su Shi, Cao Xueqin, Lu Xun, Russian Pushkin, Tolstoy, French Stendhal, British Shakespeare, Italian Dante, Spanish Cervantes, etc. Their works not only spread in their own countries, but also produced world influence and nourished countless people. Why can classic works cultivate people's sentiments?
Classics are not only the crystallization of national and human culture, but also the model of language art, representing the peak of humanities and Chinese in an era. For the purpose of education, we must read famous books. The books a person read in his youth will inevitably affect his life, play an inestimable role in his humanistic quality, and even determine his aesthetic pursuit throughout his life. Therefore, people should pay attention to laying a good spiritual foundation at the initial stage of study and establish the direction of lifelong study. The author talks about the efficiency of reading here. He pointed out that some people have only read a dozen books in their lives, but they have become real scholars. This is because they have the pursuit, they will choose, they are "studying hard"; But some people can't learn to read in the true sense "only by newspapers and occasional popular literature". A deep understanding of the masterpieces of thinkers and writers can stimulate learners to produce fresh and valuable ideas. The study materials in the second part of this question can also confirm Hesse's assertion.
The works of thinkers and writers, "in a few years, will present readers with a brand-new and changed face, and will gain a new understanding and arouse a new voice in his heart." What is the reason? Learn to read, know how to use your own experience to read deeply, and achieve mastery through a comprehensive study, you can find the unique charm of classic works. With the growth of people's experience and the deepening of reading, we can constantly find something from famous books, which is called "reading often and being new".
To discuss this problem, please ask students to talk about it in combination with their own reading experience. Many students have read China's ancient masterpieces from high school to junior high school, but after high school, he will have a new understanding and evaluation of these masterpieces. The reading of China's classic works can be used as an example in teaching. For example, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a historical novel. Teenagers reading this book may only be moved by the plot characters. With certain literacy and experience, they may reread this book from the aspects of historical changes, political strategies and diplomatic wisdom. Others, such as Water Margin, Journey to the West, Dream of Red Mansions, have been rereading in high school, and their experiences are very different from those in youth. However, they can draw nutrition from it in every period of their lives, which is the power of classics.
Hesse thinks that "we must show our value to the famous works before we can find the value of the famous works" and expounds the reading attitude. Reading famous books, especially those with lasting influence and world reputation, should have a sense of reverence and solemnity. Without respect, it is difficult to appreciate the greatness of masterpieces.
Hesse clarified an understanding that the problem lies not only in reading more, but also in "loving reading", "respecting knowledge" and "cultivating the mind"-because the purpose of reading is to obtain education, and only "attentively" can improve reading efficiency. In terms of specific reading methods, the author advocates "reading from works that we can understand and love" and "reading needs to be taken seriously and made great efforts".
(2) The core of the second part is the theory of learning, and the starting point of the discussion can be summarized by the word "learning".
Both articles are China's traditional classics, which are enduring and can illustrate the content of "the power of classics". "Persuasive learning" is about the basic principles of learning. From the perspective of cultivation and virtue, it is more about personal learning; And "Teacher's Theory" is about learning from teachers, which involves the connection between individuals and the outside world. For teenagers, these are the two main ways to receive education. The introduction can be read paragraph by paragraph, and the basic meaning can be clear. There is no need to ask students to study the text in detail. It is important to clarify the relationship between several problems and discuss the learning content as a whole around the center of "the way to get education"
The more feasible method is to let students discover the internal relationship between the two articles, guide them to pay attention to the sentences in the article, and find out the ancient people's understanding of the learning law.
"Encouraging learning" is about the basic principles of learning. Xunzi thought that "learning is not enough", but "accumulating goodness into virtue", which was an important thought of China about obtaining education in ancient times.
Xunzi thinks that learning should pay attention to "accumulation", and the Book of Classics also emphasizes accumulation. Li Pan, admired by Han Yu, sought advice from his teachers on the basis of "all six arts are handed down to ambition".
Han Yu believes that people are not born knowing and must learn. Is there a similar idea in Xunzi's exposition?
Xunzi noticed that learners were "good at faking", while Han Yu emphasized learning from teachers and everyone who could learn.
……
Both articles talk about the importance of learning, so what is the correct purpose of learning?
"Encouraging learning" thinks that the essence of learning is actually "changing yourself"; "Never stop learning", that is, as the saying goes, "It's never too old to learn". In Shi Shuo, it is believed that learning is to dispel doubts by hearing the Tao. -These understandings are correct. As a modern man, Hesse discussed this comprehensively. He believes that reading and learning is the way to get education and the enhancement and expansion of self-awareness. Not to improve a certain ability or skill (because such learning is too utilitarian), but to find the meaning of life, that is, learners need to have their own spiritual pursuit. Learning without pursuit is inefficient learning and can only meet the general needs of survival.
These two works are ancient works, why can they still have vitality?
"Persuade to Learn" was written more than two thousand years ago, and it is still meaningful to read it now. Although the times have changed and the learning conditions and environment have changed greatly, we can see that the basic laws discussed by Xunzi still have guiding significance for today's learning. And because it has been verified by practice for more than two thousand years, it is more authoritative. Shi Shuo was a "Shi Wen" more than 1000 years ago. The author discusses the bad atmosphere of refusing to learn from teachers in society, but the article has also been circulated for thousands of years. Because the author reveals the common faults (or human weaknesses) of scholars, we can still feel strong pertinence from it. Han Yu's article was written for Li Pan. When he wrote this article, he didn't expect that it would be handed down to future generations. When reading, we have to think about the current social atmosphere, from which we can find the irrefutable basic truth, which also shows the power of classics. Finally, Shi Shuo praised Li Pan. First, he praised Li Pan for his "good reading", but in fact he praised him for "all six arts are spread in Xi Zhi", from which we can also see that Han Yu also advocated reading classics; The second is to praise Li Pan's "independence from time". "Time" refers to the bad atmosphere of refusing to learn from teachers. Li Pan learned from his teacher, so he made progress and achieved something in his study. Judging from the motivation of people's opinions and comments today, it is possible that the authors of both articles are talking about the social atmosphere at that time.
In this part, the following questions can also be raised in the discussion:
How to understand the stages of learning? Are "the teacher of the boy" and "the teacher who reads the Bible" really two completely different things?
Establishing the goal of teaching design-the second way to receive education
1. Understand the meaning of "reading classics" for "receiving education"; Re-establish the coordinates of reading and even the value of life.
2. Stimulate students' interest in "reading classics", understand the ways to get education, and establish a correct view of reading.
teaching process
First, the introduction of teaching
In the topic of "Let's drink to youth", we realize the vitality and responsibility of youth, feel the spiritual outlook of the youth of the times, and then think about our future and plan our life. You will naturally ask how to realize and develop yourself. There is no doubt that the topic of "educational opportunities" is trying to answer. Today, we will discuss another section of the topic-"The Power of Classics" and see if Nobel Prize in Literature winner Hesse has any good suggestions in 1946.
Second, reading the text for the first time, the overall perception of thinking for the first time: what is the explanation of "education" in "Ways to Get Education"? What's the difference between it and real practice? What are the characteristics of "true repair"? What does the author think "the way to get education" mainly refers to?
Clear: Education refers to "spiritual and spiritual perfection"; Education is static, while training is dynamic; Self-cultivation has no utility and no ultimate; The author thinks that learning world literature is one of the most important ways.
Third, intensive reading, you can skip the text.
Find out the sentences that have doubts about the author's expression, or question some of the author's opinions. * * * Discuss questions or questions found by students.
Default value:
1, highly questioning the author's admiration for classics.
2. Question the author's denial of fashion books.
3. Questioning the author's disdain for knowledge.
Read the text silently and comment on what you are interested in in in concise language.
1, real education does not pursue any specific purpose, just like all efforts made for self-improvement, it is meaningful in itself.
Comment tip: the "specific purpose" here refers to what is usually said to improve a certain ability, skill or gain a certain benefit.
For example, many students come to school to improve their examination ability and have a good future. Real education has nothing to do with these concrete things. If we come to school to study, the ultimate goal is to obtain "self-discovery" and "self-proof". If you borrow the author directly, you will realize "self-improvement" Compared with the previous specific purpose, it is not utilitarian. This expression is very abstract, and this abstraction is precisely the characteristic of education. We may have never heard this expression, or we may have been pursuing a specific purpose, but this does not mean that we will become uneducated. Education is often hidden in a specific purpose. It's just that we rarely have the opportunity to consciously realize it. Seeing such a statement today may increase our conscious understanding of education from now on. (Recommended bibliography: Yi Zhongtian's Confirmation of Man, Yi Zhongtian's Mystery of Crime-
Real education, like real sports, is both completion and encouragement. It can reach the end, but it will never stop. It is always in the middle of the road, vibrating with the universe and living in eternity.
Comments prompt: "Faster, higher and stronger", the motto of modern Olympic movement, may tell the true connotation of sports. Every action is a kind of completion and realization, but at the same time it gives people a pure "faster, higher and stronger" incentive. Say it is purely because there is no interest pursuit here. It's like someone asking a mountaineer: Why climb a mountain? The athlete replied: Because the mountain is there. Although they can stop at any time and place, the spiritual pursuit of "faster, higher and stronger" makes them never stop, which is in the same strain as the "Heaven and Man are one" in the essence of China culture. In this way, people gain a kind of eternity. "Always on the way" has become a great philosophical proposition.
Its purpose is not to improve our abilities and skills, but to help us find the meaning of life, correctly understand the past and meet the future with fearless spirit.
Comment tip: The meaning of life may vary from person to person (students can speak freely here).
Summary: Hesse believes that "real cultivation does not pursue any specific purpose", and education is the pursuit of spiritual and spiritual perfection. He believes that real cultivation should not pursue utility, but for "self-improvement of spirit and soul" and "specific purpose" refers to what is usually called improving certain abilities and skills. As far as human survival is concerned, skills and abilities are important, but after all, they are only means of survival, and cultivation or education is the realm of survival. The author believes that reading is to "nourish the heart", and he advocates "reading with love" and advocating effective reading. People who are good at reading do not pursue quantity, but only the acquisition of mind. The author thinks that a reader should have the pursuit of love, the pursuit of ideals and respect for knowledge. What he said is that "education must have an educatable object as the premise", in layman's terms, that is, readers must have the desire to be educated, have a complete personality and pursue individuality. If a person has no personality and personality, his reading may be uneducated. Without the support of personality and personality, a person will collapse no matter what he does, and so will reading. The intellectual interest, rational interest and interest in the book should be absorbed and integrated by personality and personality.
Inquiry 2: Why should we pay attention to reading classic works? It is mentioned in the article that "every work of every thinker and every poem of every poet will present a new and changed look to the reader in a few years, gain a new understanding and arouse a new song in his heart". Have you ever had such an experience? What do these experiences show?
Summary: Classics are not only the crystallization of national and human culture, but also a model of language art, representing the peak of humanities and Chinese in an era. Reading classic works can promote people's spiritual growth, improve their self-cultivation and determine their aesthetic pursuit. After reading the classic works repeatedly, we can find something constantly, because the classic works are the highest achievement of a period. These works are rich in ideas and exquisite in language, like an inexhaustible treasure house. Only when readers use their own experience to read deeply and master can they gain something.
Question 3: The article on this topic may arouse your thoughts. Some people think that reading can gain knowledge but not necessarily refine wisdom. Having a diploma does not mean being an intellectual, and having a degree does not necessarily mean being educated. As the saying goes, "opening books is beneficial", but some people think that "opening books is not necessarily beneficial"; People seek knowledge by reading books, but the sages warned people that "it is better to believe in books than to have no books" ... You have studied in school for 9 years and learned a lot. Is there anything worth reflecting on in your study experience? Contact your study and express your views on this kind of problem.
Conclusion: The concepts involved in this question are not connected. Although knowledge and wisdom are closely related, they are two concepts. Reading can gain knowledge, but only constant thinking can produce wisdom. Knowledge can be inherited, but wisdom cannot. Learning experience is important, but intellectuals also need spiritual pursuit, independent personality and cultivation, which are not represented by diplomas. There is also a distance between "culture" and "education", just as reading is not necessarily polite. It is a good thing to "open the book", but it may not be beneficial not to choose; If there is no spirit of questioning, you can only be a "warehouse student" if you read too much.
The design of verb (verb's abbreviation) problem discussion activity
(1) statement of facts.
According to the Yangzi Evening News, Zhang Shaogang, a teacher of the TV School of Beijing Broadcasting Institute and the host of CCTV's Legal Report, said in summing up the art test: "The test questions only examine the cultural knowledge in senior high school and simple news comments. I don't need professional knowledge or any training. I just want to pick out children who can think, express and have psychological sunshine. Even so, I was shocked in the day-to-day meeting. " "More than 90% of students will tell me that they have read world famous books. This answer is what the examiners like, and it must be fixed in their minds. I asked again and found that even if I read it, I was reading the so-called short book of youth. " Zhang Shaogang, for example, said that a classmate insisted that he had read the original book, the name of which was Lu Xun's Wandering. Someone said with deep affection that his favorite poem is Facing the Sea, Flowers Bloom. "If I get a treasure, I hope he can recite a few more words. As a result, he calmly said to me:' I like this sentence, which is enough. The examinee's answer reveals the utilitarian side.
(2) Problems and activities
1, please comment on the purpose of reading famous works by art candidates according to the discussion in "The Way of Education". You can criticize, persuade and encourage. No more than 60 words. You can use the original text or modify it appropriately.
2. According to the discussion in The Method of Education, please give art candidates some suggestions on reading famous works, so that they can know how to read famous works and understand why they should read them like this.
3. Introspection of personal reading situation. (omitted)
Sixth, homework after class
Combined with the understanding of the text, write a poem praising the classic works with the theme of "praising the classic"