Problems and Countermeasures of Administrative Law Enforcement in China

Governing the country according to law is the basic strategy of governing the country put forward by the CPC Central Committee. To conscientiously implement the general plan of governing the country according to law, we must earnestly and comprehensively promote administration according to law. Therefore, it is of great significance to discuss the related issues of administration according to law for ensuring strict administration according to law, implementing the rule of law and realizing the rule of law in national administration. Firstly, this paper expounds the important argument that administration according to law is the key to governing the country according to law from four aspects: the general principle of state power division, the relationship between administrative organs and citizens as legal persons, the responsibility of administrative organs to implement the rule of law and the need to promote the whole socialization process. Then, in view of the problems existing in China's administrative law enforcement, this paper systematically analyzes the administrative law enforcement system and expounds the necessity of perfecting the legal system, strengthening law enforcement supervision and administration according to law. Finally, the measures and countermeasures of administration according to law are put forward emphatically.

(The abstract part requires about 150-200 words, and the full text is summarized.)

[Keywords:] administrative law enforcement, administration according to law, governing the country according to law

(keywords need three to five nouns, which can generally be found in titles and paragraph titles)

foreword

Governing the country according to law is the basic strategy of the party leading the people to govern the country. Requirements of governing the country according to law: All government agencies must administer according to law, effectively protect people's rights, and implement law enforcement responsibility system and appraisal system. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the issue of administration according to law, strictly administer according to law, and realize the legalization of state administration.

1 Administration according to law is the key to a country ruled by law.

Governing the country according to law and building a socialist country ruled by law is a complex social system project. It includes perfecting the legal system, perfecting democratic supervision, doing things strictly according to law, strengthening the concept of legal system and so on. Among them, administration according to law is the key to governing the country according to law.

1. 1 Generally speaking, administration according to law is the key to governing the country according to law. Among state power, executive power is the most active and active part. (1) Compared with legislative power, executive power is the most active. In our country, the administrative organ is the executive organ of the power organ, and most of the laws enacted by the NPC and its Standing Committee must be implemented by the administrative organ. Administrative organs account for the largest proportion, the largest number of departments, the largest number of people and the widest coverage in the sequence of state organs in China. Therefore, the transformation of the law on paper into the law in real life mainly lies in the administration by administrative organs according to law; (2) Compared with judicial power, administrative power is the most active. The application of judicial power adheres to the principle of "no complaint and no attention", and judicial organs are not allowed to try on their own, so judicial power is passive; The operation of administrative power is active, and we must proceed from the overall interests, fundamental interests and long-term interests of the people and actively meet the requirements of the people in all aspects. It can be said that without the active operation of administrative power, the rule of law will lose its main production pillar.

1.2 From the relationship among administrative organs, citizens and legal persons, administration according to law is the key to governing the country according to law. The administrative legal relationship is different from the civil legal relationship. In civil legal relations, citizens and citizens, citizens and legal persons, and legal persons and legal persons have equal legal status. In the administrative legal relationship, the legal status of administrative organs, citizens and legal persons is actually unequal. This inequality is mainly manifested in: (1) In administrative activities, the relationship among administrative organs, citizens and legal persons is command and obedience, not equal consultation; (2) In administrative activities, administrative decisions are unilateral, that is, in most cases, the decisions of administrative organs do not require the consent of citizens and legal persons; (3) In administrative activities, the decision of the administrative organ is advanced, that is, citizens disagree with the decision of the administrative organ. Although administrative reconsideration and administrative litigation can be filed, it does not affect the implementation of the decision. It can be seen that in administrative activities, the two are in a de facto unequal position. Administrative organs are in the position of "the strong", while citizens and legal persons are in the position of "the weak", so it is easy for the "strong" to infringe on the "weak". Therefore, in order to safeguard the rights and interests of citizens, legal persons and ensure the correct exercise of administrative power, administrative activities must be brought into the legal track to realize administration according to law.

1.3 judging from the important responsibilities of administrative organs in implementing the general plan of governing the country according to law, administration according to law is the key to governing the country according to law. Administration according to law requires administrative organs to implement laws in administrative activities in accordance with legal authority and procedures, thus providing an important guarantee for the development of socialist spiritual civilization and material civilization and the all-round progress of society. In the process of implementing the general plan of governing the country according to law, the core contents of governing the country according to law are the administration by administrative organs, legislation by legislative organs and fair justice by judicial organs. Among them, legislation according to law is the foundation, fair justice is the guarantee, and administration according to law is the key to governing the country according to law. Legislation according to law is to establish a scientific, strict and complete legal system according to the objective requirements of social development and the wishes of the people, so that there are laws to follow, which is the basis of governing the country according to law. Since the reform and opening up, China has strengthened its legislative work and accelerated its legislative pace. It can be said that the socialist legal system with the Constitution as the core has basically taken shape. In the social, political and cultural fields of the country, there are basically laws to follow. Then, while strengthening legislative work, it is a more urgent and arduous task than legislation to strengthen strict law enforcement and strive to ensure that there are laws to follow, law enforcement must be strict and violators must be prosecuted. Implementing the law is the task of all state organs, and the judicial organs shoulder heavy responsibilities, but more importantly, the administrative organs. A large number of laws, including many related to the economy and people's vital interests, must be implemented and enforced by administrative organs. In view of the efficiency requirements of the administrative organs themselves and the tendency of the chief executive's responsibility system to approach subjective decisions, in this case, the key to establishing legal authority and effectively laying and implementing laws in all aspects of national and social life lies in administration according to law.

1.4 From the perspective of the need to promote the process of rule of law in the whole society, administration according to law is the key to governing the country according to law. Governing the country according to law means governing the country according to the country's constitution and laws, that is, all aspects of the country's political, economic and social life and people's life must be carried out according to law. This requires a great promotion of the civilization of the whole society, a general improvement of the legal awareness of all citizens, and a social atmosphere of knowing, understanding, abiding by the law in the whole society. And to do all this, the key lies in the administration of administrative organs according to law. The administrative organ is the administrative organ of social public affairs. Through the standardized and civilized management of the whole social life by administrative organs and their civil servants, not only can laws and regulations be fully implemented, but they can also play a good exemplary role in the respect, implementation and observance of laws in the whole society, which is conducive to the general improvement of citizens' legal awareness and the establishment of the supreme authority of law, thus promoting the legalization process of the whole society.

2. The current problems in China's administrative law enforcement

The key to upholding the rule of law and building a socialist country ruled by law lies in bringing the country's administrative activities into the track of legalization, that is, restricting the arbitrariness, centralization and subjectivity of administrative actions with the standardization, democracy and science of law, and establishing a law enforcement system of administration according to law. At present, the basic framework of the administrative law enforcement system stipulated in China's Constitution is perfect, and the basic concept embodies the principles of democracy and the rule of law. However, due to the parallel legislative system of people's congresses at all levels, the power of local governments to formulate administrative regulations and the basis for law enforcement are often biased, which makes the legislative authority of people's congresses not really established, and the principle of rule of law stipulated in the Constitution has not been fully implemented in practice due to the lack of supporting laws and the influence of the remaining traditional system. On specific issues, it is mainly manifested in the following phenomena: disobeying the law, lax enforcement, illegal correction, ultra vires punishment, unauthorized punishment, substituting punishment for punishment, etc. , fines, cards and levies have become acute social problems. The internal reasons are mainly manifested in the existence of some institutional problems:

2. 1 The terms of reference of the state administrative organs and the National People's Congress are not clear. Mainly manifested in two aspects: First, the administrative organs have exercised too much legislative power that should belong to the National People's Congress. For example, the National People's Congress (NPC) often grants the State Council certain legislative power through authorization decisions, but in fact, the State Council often exercises the legislative power belonging to NPC. Second, the decision-making power of the NPC on major issues and the economic management authority of the administrative organs are unclear. According to the constitution, major national and local issues should be decided by the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee, but in fact, many major issues are often decided by administrative organs.

2.2 The functions, management institutions and appointment system of administrative organs have not been completely transformed into a system adapted to the socialist market economy. At present, China is in the transition stage from planned economy to market economy. In this process, the traditional management model can't meet the needs of the development of market economy, and the new management model that adapts to social development is still being explored. Governments at all levels have established huge economic management departments and formed a system of separating government from enterprises. Secondly, the government departments are huge, the staff are numerous, the efficiency is low, and the powers and responsibilities of each department are often difficult to define, which leads to too many procedures, wrangling between departments and overlapping functions and powers of law enforcement agencies.

2.3 Farewell to many administrative acts is the lack of necessary legal norms and strict legal supervision mechanism in administrative procedures. First of all, it is manifested in administrative legislation. After 1979, China has formulated some administrative laws to regulate some aspects of administrative behavior, but there is still a lack of laws on basic rules and procedures of administrative behavior in many aspects. Secondly, it is manifested in the legal system of administrative supervision. Although the Constitution stipulates that the NPC and the people have the right to supervise the administrative organs, due to the lack of supporting laws, this right of supervision cannot be truly implemented. Finally, it is manifested in the corrupt behavior of administrative staff who abuse power for personal gain. Since the reform and opening up, China's administrative personnel abuse power for personal gain, corruption and bribery and other illegal acts have spread. Although it has been treated many times, the effect is not significant. They have been eroding the administrative organs, damaging the image of the government to a great extent and destroying the relationship between cadres and the masses. Only by constantly improving the legal system, strengthening legal supervision and realizing administration according to law can this problem be fundamentally solved.

3. Measures and countermeasures for strict administration according to law

Administration according to law means that administrative organs at all levels should exercise administrative power and manage state affairs according to law. Law is the standard for administrative organs to carry out activities and people's evaluation activities. Administration according to law is the basic principle that the government of a modern country ruled by law generally pursues when exercising its power. It is the basic feature of modern state administration and the basic requirement to realize the transformation from rule of man to rule of law and build a socialist country ruled by law. Administrative organs at all levels and their staff must establish a correct concept and consciousness of administration according to law, strengthen and improve administrative law enforcement, establish an administrative decision-making legitimacy demonstration system, and earnestly promote administrative organs' administration according to law.

3. 1 Establish the concept and consciousness of administration according to law. Because "old China left us many traditions of feudal autocracy and few traditions of democracy and legal system. Since liberation, we have not consciously established various systems to protect people's democratic rights, and the legal system is very incomplete and neglected. " After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the highly centralized planned economy system and the corresponding highly centralized way of doing things mainly relying on policies, administrative orders and the will of the Chief Executive were deeply rooted. Therefore, administration according to law must carry out profound concept renewal. Strict administration according to law requires our administrative organs at all levels and their staff to firmly establish the following concepts and consciousness:

3. 1. 1 power concept. Power is a right stipulated by law and protected by citizens themselves. A socialist country ruled by law must take the protection of citizens' rights as the starting point and destination of all work. The report of the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China requires that "all administrative organs must administer according to law and effectively protect citizens' rights", which shows that protecting citizens' rights is the fundamental purpose of administering according to law, and rights and obligations are interrelated and inseparable. Without the obligation to enumerate rights, there is no right without obligation. In the unity of rights and obligations, rights are always basic and dominant. Therefore, in administrative management, if citizens want to fulfill their obligations, they must first satisfy their rights. This is not a gift from the administrative organs, but an unshirkable responsibility of the administrative organs.

3. 1.2 program concept. A procedure is a behavioral process formed according to a certain time limit and order. The methods and measures taken by administrative organs in administrative activities should be time-limited and carried out in a certain time sequence. Those who violate the order beyond the statutory time limit constitute illegal procedures. Administration according to law requires that all actions of administrative organs should be brought into the track of legal procedures, that is, administration should be bound by administrative legal procedures, which is a recognized principle in most countries.

3. 1.3 regulatory concept. Power without supervision and restriction will inevitably lead to arbitrariness and abuse, and will inevitably lead to corruption. Absolute power leads to absolute corruption, which has long been proved in human history. As early as in the report of the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, it was pointed out that "the ruling of the * * * production party is to lead and support the people in mastering state power, and to implement democratic elections, democratic decision-making, democratic management and democratic supervision". It is no accident that "democratic supervision" is mentioned five times in the whole report. Democratic supervision is the natural enemy to overcome power corruption, which has long been proved by human history. Therefore, strict administration according to law requires administrative organs at all levels and their staff to establish the concept of supervision and consciously accept the supervision of the people.

3. 1.4 service consciousness. Serving the people is the consistent aim of our party and country. Administration according to law requires the government and its staff to enhance their service awareness. The modern country ruled by law has evolved from "administrative rule" to "administrative service". The western early capitalist era advocated the principle of "the best government, the least management" to meet the requirements of the liberal capitalist era at that time. In order to overcome the economic crisis and ease class contradictions, modern capitalism advocates "the best government and the most services" and requires the government to actively intervene in certain social fields and improve people's welfare, which is worth learning. In the past, in our country, administration was regarded as "managing common people" rather than service, and it often focused on the relationship between master and servant. With the transformation of government functions, the government and its staff should change their concepts and enhance their sense of service.

3. 1.5 sense of responsibility. If you have power, you must fulfill your obligations. Similarly, if you have power, you have to take responsibility. Administrative organs, like citizens and legal persons, are also responsible for their own actions. Strict administration according to law requires administrative organs and their staff to establish a sense of responsibility, so that administrative management can achieve the unity of powers and responsibilities. Due to the long history of China's feudal society, the feudal tradition has not been completely eradicated in real life, and the concept of being responsible for one's own actions has not become the universal consciousness of administrative organs and their staff, resulting in a serious phenomenon of power without responsibility in administrative activities. Therefore, administrative organs at all levels and their staff establish a sense of responsibility.

3.2 Strengthen and improve administrative law enforcement. Administrative law enforcement is the key to administration according to law. With the transformation of government functions, administrative law enforcement will become the main task of government agencies. Strict administration according to law requires that organs must strengthen and improve administrative law enforcement and realize the rule of law in national administration.

3.2. 1 Implement law enforcement responsibility system and appraisal system. At present, many legislations in our country are drafted by administrative departments, and some departments pay attention to the struggle for power in drafting, which leads to many departments participating in the management or having the right to punish the same thing in many legislations, so that after some illegal acts occur, many departments wrangle with each other or refuse to manage, resulting in unclear rights and responsibilities. Therefore, it is necessary to implement the law enforcement responsibility system. This makes it easy to find some law enforcement subjects, and some laws have multiple law enforcement subjects, so it is necessary to implement the law enforcement responsibility system. The so-called law enforcement responsibility system is to classify laws and regulations according to the requirements of the Constitution and laws, determine the administrative organs responsible for implementation according to their contents, and clarify the law enforcement responsibilities, so as to solve the problems of unclear law enforcement responsibilities, law enforcement inaction or law enforcement chaos, promote the regularization, standardization and institutionalization of law enforcement, and improve the level of law enforcement. If there are law enforcement activities, there must be appraisal. To do a good job in assessment, we should take the assessment results as an important basis for the appointment and reward of cadres. Therefore, the implementation of law enforcement responsibility system and evaluation system. 1 The functions and powers of administrative law enforcement organs must be clearly defined, and the rights of law enforcement responsibility should be divided into various functional departments or posts and law enforcement personnel; 2. To concretize the tasks, standards and procedures of law enforcement, clarify the assessment criteria and reward and punishment methods, and make administration according to law regular and standardized; 3. Establish and improve a series of institutional responsibilities and assessment systems, such as law enforcement fault investigation system, honest and diligent system, and law enforcement personnel assessment and reward system, with the responsibility of departmental leading cadres as the core, to ensure that law enforcement subjects are in place, target measures are in place, and safeguard measures are in place to ensure the correct implementation of laws and regulations.

3.2.2 Strengthen law enforcement supervision and improve the law enforcement supervision system. Law enforcement supervision is an important guarantee for strict administration according to law. Without effective law enforcement supervision, it is difficult to ensure that state organs and their staff act in full accordance with the wishes and interests of the people, and it is also difficult to ensure the goals of state administration. Therefore, administrative organs at all levels must strengthen the inspection and guidance of law enforcement supervision, establish the responsibility system of law enforcement inspection, improve the supervision mechanism, increase supervision and improve the supervision effect. ① To improve the internal supervision mechanism of administrative organs, it is necessary to further establish and improve administrative licensing, administrative reconsideration, administrative punishment, administrative coercion and other systems. ② Strengthen judicial supervision. On the one hand, judicial supervision needs to further improve the administrative procedure law. On the other hand, in order to meet the needs of China's entry into the WTO, a judicial review system should be established, which means that not only specific administrative acts are reviewed, but also abstract administrative acts are allowed to be reviewed, so that citizens and legal persons also have the right to bring administrative proceedings to the court against abstract administrative acts that violate the Constitution and laws and harm the legitimate rights and interests of citizens and legal persons. (3) further improve the state compensation system, that is, when the illegal acts of state organs and state functionaries damage citizens' property rights and personal rights, citizens have the right to claim compensation. Further strengthen the supervision of news and public opinion, and the law enforcement activities of administrative organs will be more open and transparent.

3.2.3 Strengthen the construction of law enforcement team and improve the quality of enthusiastic personnel. The quality of administrative law enforcement depends largely on whether there is a high-quality law enforcement team. Strengthening the construction of law enforcement team is an important link to improve the administrative law enforcement situation. It is necessary to establish an administrative law enforcement team loyal to the people, familiar with the law, noble in morality and strong in professionalism. ① Establish and improve the qualification and on-the-job training system for administrative law enforcement personnel, and constantly improve the level of law enforcement. (two) the implementation of regular exchanges between leading cadres of law enforcement organs and the rotation system of important positions. (3) Establish a strict assessment and reward system, reward those who have made outstanding achievements, strictly implement the system of investigating misjudged cases, and resolutely remove those who are not suitable for law enforcement positions.

3.3 Establish a system to demonstrate the legality of administrative organs' decision-making, ensure that administrative organs' decision-making is legal and effective, effectively promote administrative organs' administration according to law, and realize the legalization of state administration. Administrative decision-making is the premise and foundation of administrative management and an important link of administration according to law. The correctness of administrative decision-making is related to the success or failure of national administration. Therefore, according to the basic principles and relevant provisions of the Constitution and laws, administrative organs must establish a hearing system for legal and major administrative decisions, overcome the phenomenon of illegal decision-making, avoid mistakes in decision-making, and ensure that decisions are legal, scientific and democratic. Effectively promote the administration of administrative organs according to law and realize the rule of law in state administration.

conclusion

Governing the country according to law is the basic strategy of the party leading the people to govern the country. Requirements of governing the country according to law: All government agencies must administer according to law, effectively protect people's rights, and implement law enforcement responsibility system and appraisal system. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the issue of administration according to law, strictly administer according to law, and realize the legalization of state administration.

(The text should have a logical level of asking questions, analyzing problems and solving problems, but it does not mean that it must be divided into one, two or three paragraphs. According to the complexity of the problems discussed, the full text is divided into several parts. Professional papers generally do not exceed six parts, and the text is 4000-6000 words. )

Model essay on graduation thesis of administrative management major

Problems and Countermeasures of Administrative Law Enforcement in China

Governing the country according to law is the basic strategy of governing the country put forward by the CPC Central Committee. To conscientiously implement the general plan of governing the country according to law, we must earnestly and comprehensively promote administration according to law. Therefore, it is of great significance to discuss the related issues of administration according to law for ensuring strict administration according to law, implementing the rule of law and realizing the rule of law in national administration. Firstly, this paper expounds the important argument that administration according to law is the key to governing the country according to law from four aspects: the general principle of state power division, the relationship between administrative organs and citizens as legal persons, the responsibility of administrative organs to implement the rule of law and the need to promote the whole socialization process. Then, in view of the problems existing in China's administrative law enforcement, this paper systematically analyzes the administrative law enforcement system and expounds the necessity of perfecting the legal system, strengthening law enforcement supervision and administration according to law. Finally, the measures and countermeasures of administration according to law are put forward emphatically.

(The abstract part requires about 150-200 words, and the full text is summarized.)

[Keywords:] administrative law enforcement, administration according to law, governing the country according to law

(keywords need three to five nouns, which can generally be found in titles and paragraph titles)

foreword

Governing the country according to law is the basic strategy of the party leading the people to govern the country. Requirements of governing the country according to law: All government agencies must administer according to law, effectively protect people's rights, and implement law enforcement responsibility system and appraisal system. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the issue of administration according to law, strictly administer according to law, and realize the legalization of state administration.

1 Administration according to law is the key to a country ruled by law.

Governing the country according to law and building a socialist country ruled by law is a complex social system project. It includes perfecting the legal system, perfecting democratic supervision, doing things strictly according to law, strengthening the concept of legal system and so on. Among them, administration according to law is the key to governing the country according to law.

1. 1 Generally speaking, administration according to law is the key to governing the country according to law. Among state power, executive power is the most active and active part. (1) Compared with legislative power, executive power is the most active. In our country, the administrative organ is the executive organ of the power organ, and most of the laws enacted by the NPC and its Standing Committee must be implemented by the administrative organ. Administrative organs account for the largest proportion, the largest number of departments, the largest number of people and the widest coverage in the sequence of state organs in China. Therefore, the transformation of the law on paper into the law in real life mainly lies in the administration by administrative organs according to law; (2) Compared with judicial power, administrative power is the most active. The application of judicial power adheres to the principle of "no complaint and no attention", and judicial organs are not allowed to try on their own, so judicial power is passive; The operation of administrative power is active, and we must proceed from the overall interests, fundamental interests and long-term interests of the people and actively meet the requirements of the people in all aspects. It can be said that without the active operation of administrative power, the rule of law will lose its main production pillar.

, to ensure that measures are in place, to ensure the correct implementation of laws and regulations.

3.2.2 Strengthen law enforcement supervision and improve the law enforcement supervision system. Law enforcement supervision is an important guarantee for strict administration according to law. Without effective law enforcement supervision, it is difficult to ensure that state organs and their staff act in full accordance with the wishes and interests of the people, and it is also difficult to ensure the goals of state administration. Therefore, administrative organs at all levels must strengthen the inspection and guidance of law enforcement supervision, establish the responsibility system of law enforcement inspection, improve the supervision mechanism, increase supervision and improve the supervision effect. ① To improve the internal supervision mechanism of administrative organs, it is necessary to further establish and improve administrative licensing, administrative reconsideration, administrative punishment, administrative coercion and other systems. ② Strengthen judicial supervision. On the one hand, judicial supervision needs to further improve the administrative procedure law. On the other hand, in order to meet the needs of China's entry into the WTO, a judicial review system should be established, which means that not only specific administrative acts are reviewed, but also abstract administrative acts are allowed to be reviewed, so that citizens and legal persons also have the right to bring administrative proceedings to the court against abstract administrative acts that violate the Constitution and laws and harm the legitimate rights and interests of citizens and legal persons. (3) further improve the state compensation system, that is, when the illegal acts of state organs and state functionaries damage citizens' property rights and personal rights, citizens have the right to claim compensation. Further strengthen the supervision of news and public opinion, and the law enforcement activities of administrative organs will be more open and transparent.

3.2.3 Strengthen the construction of law enforcement team and improve the quality of enthusiastic personnel. The quality of administrative law enforcement depends largely on whether there is a high-quality law enforcement team. Strengthening the construction of law enforcement team is an important link to improve the administrative law enforcement situation. It is necessary to establish an administrative law enforcement team loyal to the people, familiar with the law, noble in morality and strong in professionalism. ① Establish and improve the qualification and on-the-job training system for administrative law enforcement personnel, and constantly improve the level of law enforcement. (two) the implementation of regular exchanges between leading cadres of law enforcement organs and the rotation system of important positions. (3) Establish a strict assessment and reward system, reward those who have made outstanding achievements, strictly implement the system of investigating misjudged cases, and resolutely remove those who are not suitable for law enforcement positions.

3.3 Establish a system to demonstrate the legality of administrative organs' decision-making, ensure that administrative organs' decision-making is legal and effective, effectively promote administrative organs' administration according to law, and realize the legalization of state administration. Administrative decision-making is the premise and foundation of administrative management and an important link of administration according to law. The correctness of administrative decision-making is related to the success or failure of national administration. Therefore, according to the basic principles and relevant provisions of the Constitution and laws, administrative organs must establish a hearing system for legal and major administrative decisions, overcome the phenomenon of illegal decision-making, avoid mistakes in decision-making, and ensure that decisions are legal, scientific and democratic. Effectively promote the administration of administrative organs according to law and realize the rule of law in state administration.

conclusion

Governing the country according to law is the basic strategy of the party leading the people to govern the country. Requirements of governing the country according to law: All government agencies must administer according to law, effectively protect people's rights, and implement law enforcement responsibility system and appraisal system. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the issue of administration according to law, strictly administer according to law, and realize the legalization of state administration.

(The text should have a logical level of asking questions, analyzing problems and solving problems, but it does not mean that it must be divided into one, two or three paragraphs. According to the complexity of the problems discussed, the full text is divided into several parts. Professional papers generally do not exceed six parts, and the text is 4000-6000 words. )