First, the content of Shang Yang's political reform:

1, the economic reform of seeking wealth through agriculture: abandoning ore fields to build buildings; Emphasize agriculture and restrain business, and reward agriculture and weaving; Unified measurement

2. Military and political reform: reward meritorious military service and establish a 20-level title system; Strengthen centralization, popularize the county system, establish a strict household registration system, and formulate the Left Alliance Law.

3. Reform of cultural customs: Book Burning and Ming Decree; Reform social customs, separation of father and son, monogamy

Second, evaluation: Qin is powerful and has far-reaching significance.

1, function: abolish the old system and create a new system; Qin became an advanced country at that time, which laid the foundation for Qin to unify the whole country. It played an important role in the historical development of Qin and even China.

Step 2 perform

Economically, the old relations of production have changed, mining areas have been abandoned, and private ownership of land has been basically established. This stimulated the production enthusiasm of workers and brought vitality to Qin's agricultural production.

Politically, it attacked and disintegrated the old patriarchal clan system, improved the function of the feudal state machine, and began to establish centralization.

Militarily, rewarding the meritorious military service achieved Qiang Bing's goal, improved the combat effectiveness of Qin's army, and created favorable conditions for Qin's next strategic development.

Comprehensive national strength: In 343 BC, Qin had become a rich and powerful country. The Emperor of Zhou sent gifts, and the princes sent congratulations.

3. Limitations: despise education and advocate heavy punishment for misdemeanors; The exploitation and oppression of the people have intensified; Don't draw a clear line with the old system, culture and customs.

4. Negative effects:

Harsh laws and high-handed cultural policies led to the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty, which had a negative impact on later generations.

Suppressing the development of industry and commerce violates the law of social development and is not conducive to the development of commodity economy.

Advocating monarchy, choosing the wrong direction of political system, laid the curse for the later monarchy;

The reform was not thorough, so there were a lot of slavery remnants in the early feudal society of our country, especially in the Qin and Han dynasties.

Wang Anshi's reform

I. Reform measures:

(1) Rich Country Law (Financial Management Law)

1, ideas and strategies:

(1) Understanding of social problems: (1) The crux of national poverty is not too much expenditure, but too little production.

(2) The poverty of farmers is due to the annexation of land by bureaucrats and the heavy corvee imposed on farmers by the government.

(2) The guiding ideology of the reform: the people don't give money, and the state saves it (relying on farmers to actively develop natural resources and actively open up sources instead of passively reducing expenses).

2. Specific measures: (commercial measures: equal loss method and easy market method. Agricultural measures: young crops law, service exemption law, farmland water conservancy law)

(1) Equal loss method: (1) Content: It is necessary to know the production situation in various places and the demand of the Northern Song Dynasty imperial court, and purchase nearby to save the price and the labor cost of transshipment. (2) Function: A. The material demand of the government and the material supply of the southeast wealth are well coordinated; B. It lightens many unreasonable burdens of taxpayers; C. save freight and purchase price, increase fiscal revenue and avoid hoarding.

(2) Contents of the Law ①: A. The government funded the establishment of "Yi Shi Wu" in Kaifeng, and bought goods that vendors could not sell easily at low prices, and then sold them when the market was in short supply. B. Vendors can buy goods from government warehouses on credit in installments and sell them all over the country, paying interest once every six months.

② Function: Restrict the market control power of big businessmen and increase government revenue.

(3) The content of the Young Crop Law (1): Each county lends money or grain to farmers twice a year, and repays it after harvest, plus interest of 20%. (2) Function: Protect farmers from usury and increase government revenue.

(IV) Conscription (Exemption from Service) Law ① Content: Abolish the previous method of taking turns as civil servants in counties and counties, and change it to pay for conscription in counties and counties, and collect the required conscription fees by households. ② Function: Reduce the burden of peasant officers, ensure production time and expand production. Increase government revenue.

(5) Contents of the Farmland Water Conservancy Law ①: It is stipulated that water conservancy projects should be built in various places, and materials should be distributed by local residents according to household level. (2) Function: Farmland water conservancy in various places has developed greatly, and a large number of thin land has become fertile land, which has promoted the development of agricultural production.

(6) The content of the tax equalization law: the government reclaims land and classifies it according to the fertility of the land as the basis of tax burden. (2) Role: Overcome the drawbacks of hidden property tax evasion and uneven land tax of bureaucratic landlords, and increase national tax revenue.

(2) the law of strengthening the army

(1) The contents of Sun Tzu's Art of War include: a. Simplifying and merging the former imperial army, eliminating the old and weak, and training and reorganizing the army; B set up general officers in all parts of the country who are specially responsible for training the army, teaching and guarding the local army respectively. ② Function: It changed the situation that soldiers were out of touch with generals in the Vietnam Defense Law, and the combat effectiveness was weak, which improved the combat effectiveness of the army.

(2) Garbo's Law ① Contents: A. Every ten farmers have a guarantee, five guarantees have a guarantee, and ten keep a guarantee. B Bao Ding gathers on time to practice during the slack season, and patrols in turn at night to maintain law and order. (2) Role: enable able-bodied men all over the country to receive military training and join the regular army, so as to gradually reduce the country's military expenditure and reduce the country's financial burden.

(3) The content of the law on horse protection: abolish the supervision of horse husbandry that depends on the government and implement the method of raising official horses by private households; At the same time, with preferential policies, people actively raise horses. (2) Function: save court expenses and reduce horse mortality.

⑷ Set up a military equipment supervisor ① Content: Set up a military equipment supervisor in Kaifeng to manage the manufacture of weapons, and reward and punish them according to their fine and rough production. (2) Function: Military equipment manufacturing is gradually improved; The output has increased, and the quantity is enough for ten years.

(3) methods of cultivating talents

1, reform the imperial examination system (Wang Anshi thinks that the change of the imperial examination is the beginning of getting rid of the old cloth)

⑴ Content: Abolish the original imperial examination, and choose one from poems, books, the Book of Changes, Zhou Li and the Book of Rites through the righteous draft.

(2) Role: Select a large number of useful talents who can engage in practical affairs. (also the purpose)

2. Reform the school system

⑴ Understanding: The key to unifying thoughts and cultivating innovative talents lies in the reform and development of the education system. (also the purpose)

(2) Reasons: ① imperial academy, as the highest institution of higher learning in China, has long been a place where children of senior officials decorate their faces, and it has always existed in name only. (2) imperial academy was dominated by conservatives and became a public opinion position against political reform. (even attacked Wang Anshi with the question of "Wang Mang's political reform")

⑶ Content: Rectify imperial academy, and take the Reformists' Poems, Books and Zhouyili (collectively called Three Classics and New Meanings) as required reading materials, and also as the basis for the imperial examination.

⑷ Function: Make the school a place to reform laws, create public opinion and cultivate talents.

3. The influence of personnel training methods: Wang Anshi's innovative ideas were widely circulated until the end of the Northern Song Dynasty.

Second, the results and understanding of the reform (short-term reform)

1, the great achievement of reform: to some extent, the situation of poverty and weakness has been reversed.

(1) change the poverty situation: the government's fiscal revenue has increased substantially, the social economy has developed greatly, and the national treasury savings are enough for 20 years.

⑵ Restrain mergers and reduce people's burden: the tax equalization law of square fields restricts tax evasion in hidden fields.

(3) Changing the weak situation: reversing the situation that the northwest frontier defense has been repeatedly defeated. 1072, Wang Shao extended thousands of miles, which was an unprecedented military victory in the Northern Song Dynasty. (Qiang Bing measures)

2. The reform failed

(1) Signs of failure: Sima Guang became prime minister, and the new laws were abolished one after another.

(2) Reasons for failure: ① The political reform violated the interests of big bureaucrats and big landlords and was strongly opposed (the main reason); The guiding ideology emphasizes financial management, and the implementation of the new law is too radical. (3) Song Shenzong wavered in the later period of the political reform, and Sima Guang became prime minister after his death, thus abolishing the new law.

(4) In the process of political reform, improper employment leads to the phenomenon that the new law harms the people. ⑤ The guiding ideology is wrong, which goes against the law of economic development.

(3) Lessons of failure: Reform is difficult and full of resistance, and reformers should have firm beliefs; Also pay attention to employing people.

3. Evaluation of reform:

(1) insufficient reform: (1) is a reform movement of the landlord class to save the ruling crisis, which did not touch the feudal land ownership and could not be fundamentally.

Get rid of the crisis of feudal rule. (2) The political reform takes the maintenance of the rule of the landlord class as the starting point and has not fundamentally changed the heavy burden on farmers.

Still heavy.

⑵ Progressive significance: ① Increased government revenue, enhanced military strength, and changed the situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty to some extent.

② Wang Anshi's political reform promoted economic development and objectively benefited social progress. ③ Wang Anshi's drastic reform spirit is worthy of recognition. He was an outstanding politician and reformer in ancient China.

3. Emperor Xiaowen's reform

Reform content

Overview of reform

Emperor Xiaowen's reform involves politics, economy, culture and other fields, with extremely extensive scope and rich content. Generally speaking, there are the following four points: first, the system of land equalization is implemented. At the same time, the related three systems and rent adjustment were promulgated. The land equalization system enables farmers to share a certain amount of land, firmly binds farmers to the land and becomes state households, ensuring the basic interests of landlords and private ownership of land. On the other hand, rent adjustment has relatively reduced the burden on farmers, improved their production and living conditions, and promoted the development of productive forces on the other hand. Second, rectify bureaucracy. Corruption in official administration not only intensifies social contradictions, but also causes contradictions within the ruling class. In this reform measure, the quality of governance performance is the standard. Eliminate bureaucracy and consolidate feudal rule. Third, move the capital to Luoyang. In order to accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality and strengthen the control of the Yellow River Basin, Emperor Xiaowen decided to move the capital to Luoyang. In 495, it officially moved to Luoyang. Fourth, implement the Han system and change customs. The main contents include changing the official system, banning Khufu, breaking the northern dialect, changing the surname, deciding the surname, and moving the capital to Luoyang. This is the most important measure in Emperor Xiaowen's reform.

Implement equal land system

Implement the land equalization system: that is, according to certain standards, the taxi land controlled by the state will be allocated to farmers for farming, and the land may not be bought or sold. The equal land system has promoted the recovery and development of the northern economy.

Set up the three-long system: this is the grass-roots administrative organization of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Its duties are to check household registration, collect rent and taxes, levy military service and implement the land equalization system. The implementation of the "three-long system" has improved the local grass-roots political power, replaced the supervision and protection system of the patriarch, and ensured the effective control of the state over the people.

Implement the "land equalization system", and distribute the land (open land) controlled by the state to farmers, 40 mu for adult men and 20 mu for women, so that they can grow grain and distribute it to mulberry fields. Farmers must pay rent and serve the government. When farmers die, they should all be returned to the government, except Sangtian. As a result, more fields were cultivated, farmers' production and life were relatively stable, and the income of the Northern Wei regime also increased.

Implement a new rent adjustment: a couple is required to pay a certain amount of rent adjustment to the government every year. Reformed the original situation of tax confusion. Greatly reduce the burden on farmers.

Rectify official management

Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty formulated the official salary system and reorganized the official administration. Wages are uniformly raised by the state, and officials are not allowed to raise wages by themselves. Punish corruption. These measures have improved official management;

Move the capital to Luoyang

Carry out the Han system, change customs and customs

1. Easy clothes: all Xianbei nobles changed into Hanfu.

2. Speaking Chinese: Emperor Xiaowen declared that Chinese was "pronunciation" and Xianbei was "northern language", and asked the courtiers to "break the northern languages and follow the pronunciation". (

3. Change China's surname: determine the family level. Emperor Xiaowen issued a letter to change the original surname of Xianbei people to Han surname. He also referred to the Han people's gate system to determine the rank of Xianbei nobles, and selected talents and appointed officials according to the rank.

4. Marriage: Emperor Xiaowen advocated the intermarriage between Xianbei people and Han people. Through this political marriage, the interests and destiny of the rulers of the two ethnic groups were closely linked to consolidate their rule.

5. Change the place of origin: All Xianbei people who moved to Luoyang will take Luoyang as their place of origin. Objective: To further study and adopt the rules, regulations and lifestyle of the Han nationality, and to promote Xianbei nobles to actively accept Chinese culture. Function: It promoted Xianbei people's recognition of Chinese culture, won the support of Han landlords, and effectively promoted the transformation of political power to the ruling mode of Han Dynasty.

Disadvantages:

In academic circles, Emperor Xiaowen's reform is to change clothes, speak Chinese, change his surname, get married and change his native place. Some people say that this reform just made Tuoba lose its strength-bravery and simplicity, which accelerated the decline of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The explanation of changing social customs in textbooks is only content, except for demotion of people under 30 who can speak Chinese, and there is no strict punishment, that is, it is only an advocacy, not a necessity. Emperor Xiaowen left a great space for Xianbei people to protect themselves. Therefore, the integration of Xianbei people into the Han nationality is not the credit of Emperor Xiaowen, nor is it his credit. After all, ethnic integration is also the necessity of historical development, and Emperor Xiaowen's reform is only the catalyst of history.

Have a certain blindness, fully absorb China culture, forcibly abolish their own culture, that is to say, absorb and transform China culture, regardless of good or bad; For yourself, no matter how good or bad it is, it doesn't matter if you have a name. You also need a China surname.