Werner Karl Heisenberg (190165438+February 5-65438+February 1 0976), a German physicist, the main founder of quantum mechanics, the representative of Copenhagen School, and the winner of 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics. Quantum mechanics is one of the most important achievements in the whole history of science, and his Physical Basis of Quantum Theory is a classic work in the field of quantum mechanics. In view of his important influence, Heisenberg ranked 43rd in the list of 65,438,000 celebrities who influenced the course of human history written by American scholar Mark Hart.
1June, 925, he solved another important problem in physics-how to explain the stable energy state of an anharmonic atom, thus laying the foundation for the development of quantum mechanics. A few months later, he published a paper entitled "A New Interpretation of Quantum Theory on the Relationship between Kinematics and Mechanics" in the Journal of Physics, and introduced a new mathematical quantity into the field of physics, thus establishing a quantum theory. Heisenberg's theory is based on observable things or measurable quantities. He believes that we can't always accurately determine the position of an electron in space at a certain moment, nor can we track it in its orbit, so we can't be sure whether Bohr's hypothetical planetary orbit really exists. Therefore, mechanical quantities such as position and velocity need to be expressed by the abstract mathematical system of "matrix" in linear algebra, rather than by ordinary numbers. As a mathematical system, matrix refers to the theory that complex numbers are arranged in a rectangle. The position of each number in the rectangle is represented by two indicators, one is equivalent to a row in the mathematical position, and the other is equivalent to a column in the mathematical position. After the "matrix" was put forward, Born soon noticed the importance of this problem. He cooperated with Iordan to further study the principle of matrix mechanics. 1In September, 925, they published the article Quantum Mechanics together, which developed Heisenberg's thought into a systematic theory of quantum mechanics. In June, 65438 +065438+10, Heisenberg published a paper "Re-interpretation of quantum theory on the relationship between kinematics and mechanics" in cooperation with Born and Iordan, and established a formal system of quantum mechanics-matrix mechanics. Since then, people have discovered the natural laws of atomic microstructure. Einstein commented: "Heisenberg laid a huge quantum egg."
The method used in Heisenberg matrix mechanics is an algebraic method, which starts with observing the discreteness of spectral lines and suppresses discontinuity. A few months later, at the beginning of 1926, the Austrian physicist Schrodinger adopted the method of solving differential equations, and started with the popularization of classical theories, emphasizing continuity, thus establishing the second theory of quantum mechanics-wave mechanics. Because the founders of the two theories only believe in their own theories and seldom know each other's thoughts, an argument is inevitable, and both of them criticize each other's theories. Later, after carefully studying Heisenberg's matrix mechanics, Schrodinger and Neumann proved the mathematical equivalence between wave mechanics and matrix mechanics. The successful combination of these two theories greatly enriches and expands the quantum theory system. In this way, 1926 formally established a method to solve the task of atomic physics.
Later, when Heisenberg explained the alternation of strong and weak spectral lines in the spectrum of hydrogen molecules, he used matrix mechanics to divide hydrogen molecules into two forms: normal hydrogen and extended hydrogen, that is, allotropic hydrogen was discovered. This is an amazing discovery. 1933, in recognition of his creation of quantum mechanics, especially the discovery of allotrope hydrogen by using the theory of quantum mechanics, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics by the Science Award of the Royal Swedish Academy. Fortune befalls the young Heisenberg.
Matrix mechanics is about the following:
(1) Any physical quantity is represented by an Hermite matrix. The Hamiltonian of a physical system is also expressed by an Hermite matrix, which is a function of coordinates and momentum matrix.
(2) The coordinate matrix x and the momentum matrix Px satisfy the following reciprocity relation. (Px, x) = pxx-xpx =-ihe (e is identity matrix).
(3) The canonical equations of motion of the system are X=[X, H] and Px=[Px, H].
(4) The spectral line frequency of a physical system (such as an atom) is determined by hvmn=Emm-Enn. Emm is the eigenvalue of H.