During the period of 1949, China established a socialist political system. At that time, the liberation of production relations led to the liberation of productive forces, and it was necessary to rely on science and technology to improve productive forces as soon as possible. Therefore, restoring and developing science and technology, restoring the economy and improving people's living standards are very important for consolidating the socialist system, but what was our productivity at that time? "A car, a tank and a tractor can't be built." Therefore, it is urgent to realize socialist industrialization, agricultural mechanization and the development of science and technology in building the country. This idea was undoubtedly correct at that time. Therefore, the Eighth Congress of China * * * Production Party solemnly established that the main domestic contradiction is not class contradiction, but the contradiction that people's economic and cultural needs and current economic and cultural needs cannot meet people's needs, and the central task is to develop productive forces. In order to adapt to the shift of work focus, Mao Zedong emphasized the importance of developing science and technology at the eighth preparatory meeting. He pointed out that "we have no experience in these new technologies" and "we have not learned the new industrial and agricultural technologies in the world". Although we have six years of experience and learned a lot, fundamentally speaking, we still have to make great efforts, mainly relying on the second five-year plan and the third five-year plan to learn more. " [8] Therefore, starting from 1956, China put forward the slogan of "marching into science", and formulated and implemented a long-term scientific plan for 12 years, and 156 key projects were also put into construction. This shows that Mao Zedong had realized at that time that to develop social productive forces, it was necessary to improve the technical level as soon as possible and vigorously develop scientific undertakings. However, in the practical work in the future, this correct policy was not effectively implemented, and class struggle was still regarded as the central work at that time. On the one hand, it was influenced by the objective environment at home and abroad at that time, but on the other hand, it was also because Mao Zedong continued the revolutionary thought of new democracy, always regarded the consolidation of political power as the primary task of the country, regarded class struggle as the main contradiction of class society, and thought that "the revolution has not been successful, and comrades still need to work hard". Therefore, Mao Zedong tends to attach importance to the political struggle on the ideological front, and regards the development of productive forces and science and technology as more tools to consolidate state power, which cannot but say that the influence of traditional political culture on him is profound. "A gentleman can't have enough to eat and can't live in peace ... so there is a suitable method." [9] When Marx's "Political Economy" repeatedly discussed that the economy is the foundation of society and the economic foundation determines the superstructure, Mao Zedong emphasized the guiding role of the superstructure on the economic foundation, but did not put science and technology in the primary position of developing productive forces.

Another important aspect of Mao Zedong's scientific and technological thought is to follow the mass technical line. People-oriented thought in traditional political culture has a long history, from the formation of "respecting heaven and protecting people" thought of Yin, Shang and Zhou [10] and "respecting people and listening to people" thought of [1], to the thought of "respecting heaven and protecting people" of Confucius and Mencius, to the modern China revolution. In the career of democratic revolution, he saw the great role of the people. In the long-term revolutionary practice, Mao Zedong saw the great role of the people. In the long-term revolutionary practice, Mao Zedong critically inherited China's ancient "people-oriented" thought with Marxist ideas, scientifically expounded the concept of "people", comprehensively demonstrated the great role of people in creating history, and put forward the scientific conclusion that "people and only people are the real driving force for creating world history" [14]. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Mao Zedong put this idea into practice in the scientific and technological circles, and formed the mass technical line. During the period of national economic recovery, relying on the technical innovation, work experience, skilled skills and political enthusiasm of the people, the national economy recovered rapidly within three years, and laid a good foundation for large-scale socialist industrialization. This victory strengthened Mao Zedong's mass technical line.

However, if it is correct to take the mass line in social practice, it is somewhat inappropriate to take the mass technology line in scientific and technological circles. Because working people only have practical experience and labor skills, they are not necessarily good at those major theoretical discoveries, theoretical arguments and scientific experiments, because modern scientific theories are related to and different from general production activities. Therefore, we must emphasize the organic combination of the masses and experts, which is the correct direction for the development of science and technology.

To sum up, Mao Zedong's thoughts on science and technology have played an important guiding role in the development of science and technology in China, and made some remarkable achievements in science and technology in China. However, as a political leader, Mao Zedong pays more attention to the development of science and technology from a political perspective, and his scientific and technological thoughts are closely linked with political thoughts. He always put science and technology in a subordinate position in politics, just as "China's political culture never realized that any spontaneous political system could be properly independent of orthodox political thoughts" [15], Mao Zedong did not get rid of the influence of this traditional political culture in China.

3.2 Deep group consciousness in the development of science and technology

China's traditional world outlook is characterized by emphasizing the whole and pursuing harmony. Traditional political culture not only affirms the harmony between man and nature, but also emphasizes the overall consciousness of man, that is, the ownership and obedience of individuals to groups, thus forming the traditional political culture of social holism in the relationship between man and society.

The essence of modern China's political culture is still social holism. Especially at the beginning of this century, the widespread spread of Marxism in China is closely related to its political and cultural nature. On the relationship between man and society, Marxism also attaches importance to the whole society and emphasizes social harmony, which is essentially a political culture of social holism. This coincides with China's political ideal of "great harmony" in society, thus making Marxism and its social theory easy to be understood and accepted by the people of China, and becoming a guide for people to act in China's social practice. Therefore, China's political culture is still social holism.

During the First Five-Year Plan period, this spirit of holism was mainly manifested in the ideological transformation of intellectuals, not only to completely eliminate the feudal exploiting class thought, but also to completely eliminate the bourgeois individualism thought. To this end, the government calls on scientific and technological personnel to abandon individualism, combine personal ideals with the needs of the motherland, serve the collective interests of the people and the country, oppose the pursuit of personal fame and fortune, regard it as the bourgeoisie, and demand a thorough criticism. In practical work, it emphasizes collective cooperation, opposes going it alone, and demands that this kind of collective cooperation be extended to the masses and mass technical movements be carried out, so that workers, farmers and scientific and technological personnel can form a "trinity" and solve difficult problems in scientific and technological development with collective wisdom and strength. This is because: "At present, the growing point of scientific development is often the intersection of several sciences and the result of hybridization of several sciences. Therefore, it is difficult to overcome the difficulties in research work by relying solely on people in a certain scientific department. In scientific and technological work, mass movements can concentrate the wisdom of talents from all walks of life and quickly capture the fortress. " This spirit of collectivism played a certain role in the development of science and technology during the first five-year plan period. However, this overall consciousness, which only pays attention to collective cooperation and does not talk about individual competition, has hindered the development of science and technology to some extent. The development of science and technology is inseparable from the competition mechanism. Without competition, there will be no development. Therefore, only emphasizing collective cooperation against individual competition will inevitably weaken the enthusiasm and creativity of individuals and undermine the dynamic foundation of scientific and technological personnel. The egalitarianism, the thought of "big pot" and the traditional behavior of "shooting the first bird with a gun" (whoever has outstanding achievements will doubt who is the result of the growth of personal fame and fortune) have caused people's inertia, overstaffed people and scattered will, which seems to be collective cooperation, but in fact it is fragmented, making the original good wishes become a bubble. Therefore, only collective cooperation, no individual competition, can not increase the strength of the collective; Do not talk about collective cooperation, only care about personal interests, and harm the overall interests of the country. Therefore, how to unify the collective centripetal force and individual competitiveness is the key to improve the spirit of collectivism. However, it should be affirmed that the collectivism consciousness in China's traditional political culture is not our shortcoming, but the advantages and strengths of our nation. The Chinese nation has gone through many vicissitudes, and more than 50 nationalities can finally be unified in one territory, because of this holistic spirit. However, we can't help but see that our original prosperity and advancement are due to the lack of individual consciousness, competitive consciousness and values.

Therefore, we should not only enhance individual consciousness, but also enhance group consciousness, promote the development of science and technology in China through cooperation and competition, and accelerate the process of catching up with the advanced scientific and technological level in the world.

3.3 the combination of theory and practice in the development of science and technology

China's ancient science and technology has always been in the state of experience, and experience has never broken through in the knowledge system, and it has been upgraded to theoretical science, which is closely related to the practical rationality in China's traditional political culture. This rationality has the characteristics of attaching great importance to reality and practicality. Do not discuss and argue philosophical topics that are difficult to solve in theory, and do not engage in purely speculative abstraction. For example, in dealing with life and death, ghosts and gods, heaven and earth, it does not work hard to study abstract theories like western philosophy, but clearly expresses its attention to reality. The so-called "unknown life, how to know death", "how to get along with ghosts if you can't get along with people", [17] pays attention to how to properly handle the problems in real life. "A gentleman speaks slowly, but moves quickly" [18], what matters is not speech, not speculation, but action itself. Therefore, this practical rationality is manifested in China people's habit of being thoughtful, calm and cautious, meticulous, paying attention to practical feasibility and realistic logic, not impulsive, not mysterious, emphasizing function and effect, and being good at coordinating groups. This rational attitude constitutes one of the essential features of China's wisdom. Under this rationality, we have created splendid ancient China culture and the "four great inventions" that we are proud of from ancient times to the present, which have ruled out the proliferation of anti-rationality and prevented the development of speculative rationality. Too much emphasis on reality and practicality leads to neglect, contempt and even opposition to scientific abstract speculation. Without the development of abstract speculative theory, it is impossible to fully explore modern science, which is one of the important reasons why China's ancient and modern science has been satisfied for a long time at the empirical level. Therefore, it is a serious problem for science and technology in China that theory is divorced from reality, emphasizing experience and ignoring logic.

Mao Zedong has always advocated combining the universal principles of Marxism with the concrete practice of China. Therefore, he integrated the political thought principle of "integrating theory with practice" into his own scientific and technological thought, and put forward the principle of integrating theory with practice in the development of science and technology by reflecting on China's traditional political culture. He believes that "without revolutionary theory, there is no revolutionary action", [19] theory is based on practice, and practice is the only criterion for testing truth. Therefore, in the methodology of scientific and technological development, the principle of "combining theory with practice" contains rich dialectical thoughts and makes up for the defects of traditional political culture. However, in the practice of China's scientific and technological development, this principle is sometimes understood unilaterally and even dogmatized. The combination of theory and practice is simply understood as "scientific research (theory) must serve production (practice)"; Scientific and technological intellectuals (theoretical masters) must be combined with workers and peasants (ideologically and professionally), and the guiding role of theory in practice is also dogmatically understood as: political cadres (representatives of Marxism-Leninism theory) lead scientific and technological experts (specific business executors) and intellectuals who use Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought to carry out ideological transformation. Although there are reasonable and beneficial aspects, there is also a tendency of one-sidedness and absoluteness. For example, in the aspect of "scientific research serves production", scientific research is required to "obey the urgent needs of the people, the current tasks of the country and the tasks of the national construction plan". [20] Although this was necessary at that time, it cannot exist as a long-term policy, because scientific research itself is not only for immediate interests, but also for long-term interests. As a science and technology policy, it is impossible without the awareness of development. In addition, "serving production" only limits scientific research to solving problems or problems in production practice, and scientific theory is only a summary of experience and feelings, which essentially reduces scientific research to the level of mass skills, so one-sided emphasis on "scientific research serving production" is actually a lack of correct understanding of the development law of modern scientific research itself. In fact, as far as the guiding role of theory in practice is concerned, we insist on using Marxism-Leninism theory to guide the professional activities of experts. Although this has its advantages, because dialectical materialism's world outlook and methodology can really play a guiding role in scientific research activities, it cannot be applied dogmatically in specific work. Some people use Marxist theories of economics, philosophy and sociology to guide the specific work of scientists, and take the label of Marxism to sit in the right place. Any scientific theory that is considered to be inconsistent with Marxism will be criticized and criticized. The most representative example is the "bourgeois, idealistic, reactionary, metaphysical and pseudo" initiated by the China biological circle by "using proletarian, dialectical materialistic, scientific and practical lysenko theory", which denies the natural attribute of science and technology with Marxist sociological theory, denies the existence of "science for science's sake" and blindly emphasizes its social attribute, thinking that there is no science beyond class in the world and any science is proletarian. It is an empirical mistake to replace academic discussion with political struggle and scientific management with administrative management. Therefore, these practices of suppressing academic democracy by political means make scientific and technological personnel dare not.

The principle of combining theory with practice is a milestone in the development of modern science and technology in China. It broke through the ideological system of attaching importance to practicality and neglecting speculation in China's traditional political culture, and made important contributions to the progress of China from ancient and modern scientific and technological forms to modern scientific and technological forms. "Combining theory with practice" is undoubtedly correct, but it is not an easy thing to really combine the two, and it often takes a tortuous process. From the reflection on China's traditional political culture and China's science and technology policy, we can deeply understand this point.