What is the structure of the paper?
A thesis is an academic article to discuss or study a problem. In the information society, papers are disseminated through newspapers, computer networks and other media.
Second, the text structure: the text structure here refers to the following two meanings, one refers to the text format of the paper, and the other refers to the logical structure of the paper.
1. Text format: According to the standard paper format, a paper should be divided into a topic and a topic.
There are three parts: text, notes and references.
(1) Pre-title: includes four elements: title, author, abstract and keywords.
Title: Also called title, it is the eye of the article and shows the core of the paper. The title of the paper should be accurate and concise. There are three kinds of common titles: directly indicating the theme and putting forward your own views; Indicate the content and scope of the paper; Co-author of title and subtitle: Except for some special circumstances, the author should sign his name when publishing the paper. My name can be an individual author, co-author or group author. Co-authors are arranged in order of members' needs. The author is allowed to sign the paper under an alias, but the author must inform the publishing unit of * * *. The new standardized text signature requires betting on the author's unit or contact.
Pen address.
Also called content summary, it is a high summary of the full text, mainly for the convenience of earthquake victims to obtain the information they need in less time, so as to determine whether it is necessary to read it all. In addition, it helps readers to make abstract information cards.
Generally, it is necessary to explain the purpose, experimental methods, technical achievements and final conclusions of the research, with emphasis on the achievements and conclusions. The language should be concise and accurate, with more or less characters, but in any case it should not be less than 100 words and more than 500 words. Generally, 200 ~ 300 words of Chinese are used. They are reportable, not explanatory. Third, formulas, charts and irregular symbols should be avoided as much as possible.
Keywords: keywords are words used to express the theme of the paper, which are generally words with high frequency, can point out the key points of the paper and are indispensable in the full text. Don't have too many keywords, generally no more than five, arranged in logical order of language.
(2) Text: The text is the main body of the paper, and a good paper must first give people a clear outline. Give an example to illustrate the numbering form in this guide. When writing a paper, you can list the outline according to the number of seven chapters.
The number of words in a paper depends on the content, which can be long or short. However, in the modern information society, due to the consideration of time, people usually do not advocate that papers are too long. The number of general research papers is 3000-5000, and the number of experimental reports and investigation reports is less than 3000 words. Therefore, it is very important to write the chapter outline of the paper.
Yes
(3) Notes and references
Annotation, also known as annotation, is a written explanation of the relevant content in the paper. According to data sources, annotations can be divided into text annotations and citation annotations.
The notes in this article (including illustrations and table notes) are the author's notes on the relevant contents in this article. Citation notes are the author's comments on quoting other people's works.
References are related documents and materials cited by the author in the paper. In order to protect intellectual property rights, it is necessary to indicate the source of literature. The literature cited in this paper can be the specific content in the literature, or part or all of the viewpoints in the literature. You can take notes in detail according to the specific situation, or you can list the references. Its format is as follows: journal articles: author, title, year, volume (issue) and starting and ending page numbers. Monograph: author, title, place of publication, publishing house, year of publication (or page number). Notes and references are generally placed at the end of the paper, and the number should be consistent with the number in the text.
2. Logical structure
The logical structure of the text refers to the discussion structure used in the paper to clarify the viewpoints and research results, with the aim of explaining the problems in an orderly way. Generally speaking, the discussion process of a paper is divided into three parts: introduction, demonstration and conclusion, but the logical structure of different papers is different.
(1) research paper structure
Research papers generally refer to articles that clarify opinions, analyze problems and introduce achievements. The structure of this kind of paper is generally: introduction, argument and conclusion.
Introduction: clearly put forward the viewpoint and put forward the background of the research problem. Summarize the motivation, purpose, significance and methods of the research. The text should be concise, clear and specific, so that people can know the value of this article when they see the introduction.
Demonstration: Details ... >>
What is the structure of graduation thesis?
1. Title: accurate, concise, eye-catching and novel.
2. Table of Contents: A table of contents is a brief list of main paragraphs in a paper. (Essays don't need to be listed in the table of contents)
3. Abstract: It is an excerpt from the main content of the article, which requires short and pithy content. The number of words can be as few as dozens, and it is advisable not to exceed 300 words.
4. Keywords or subject words: keywords are selected from the title, abstract and text of the paper, and are words with substantive significance to express the central content of the paper. Keywords are words used by computer systems to index the content characteristics of papers, which are convenient for information systems to collect and provide readers with retrieval. Generally, 3-8 words are selected as keywords for each paper, and a new line is set at the bottom left of the "abstract".
Subject words are standard words. When determining the subject words, the paper should have a theme, and according to the indexing and collocation rules, it should be converted into standardized words in the subject glossary.
5. Text of the document:
(1) Introduction: Introduction, also known as preface, preface and introduction, is used at the beginning of the paper. The introduction should generally write the author's intention, explain the purpose and significance of the topic, and point out the scope of the paper writing. The introduction should be short and concise, and stick to the theme.
(2) Text of the paper: The text is the main body of the paper and should include arguments, arguments, argumentation process and conclusions. The main part includes the following contents:
A. Propose-demonstrate;
B. analyzing the problem-arguments and arguments;
C. solving problems-demonstrations and steps;
D. conclusion.
6. The references of the paper refer to the main documents listed at the end of the paper that can be referenced or quoted in writing. References should be marked on a new page according to GB77 14-87 Rules for Recording References at the End of Documents.
English: Title-Author-Publication Information (Edition, Publisher, Publication Date): Author-Title-Publication Information
The requirements of the listed reference documents are:
The references listed in (1) should be official publications for readers' textual research.
(2) The listed references shall be marked with serial numbers, titles of works or articles, authors and publication information.
What is the basic structure of the paper?
First, the title of the paper: list the core concepts of your research results with XX as the topic, and attach your signature; 2. summary: briefly extract the main contents of your discussion on XX, which should be precise, short and complete, within 300 words; Third, find keywords: find 3-8 keywords with XX characteristics from the title, abstract and main content of the paper, and the keywords must be words that can correctly express the central content of the paper. You need to start a new line and put the keywords at the lower left of the content summary for easy retrieval. 4. Introduction to the writing text (preface): generally explain the purpose, significance and scope of the author's writing this article. The requirements are short and concise, and stick to the theme. V. Main body of the paper: 1) Ask XX questions (arguments); 2) Analyze XX's problems (arguments and argumentation methods); 3) Solve the XX problem (solutions and steps); 4) Draw a conclusion. Sixth, list the references of the paper.
Thesis references are the main documents that can be referenced or cited in research and writing, and are listed at the end of the paper. References should be marked on a new page according to GB77 14-87 Rules for Recording References at the End of Documents.
English: Title-Author-Publication Information (Edition, Publisher, Publication Date)
English: Author-Title-Publication Information
The requirements of the listed reference documents are:
1) should be official publications for readers' textual research.
2) The listed references shall be marked with serial numbers, titles of works or articles, authors and publication information. If you want to write a good paper, you should also pay attention to the following points: first, the topic is novel and vivid; Second, the experimental data or survey data are accurate; Third, the argument is clear and closely related to the theme; Fourth, the arguments are sufficient, the analysis is thorough and the demonstration method is scientific; Fifth, the method of solving problems is correct and scientific, and the steps are clear and uncomplicated; Six, research and data preparation is sufficient; Seven, the format of the paper meets the specification requirements of the paper.
Briefly describe the basic structure of the paper.
(A) the basic structure of the paper
A thesis is an argumentative one, and its basic structure generally includes three parts: title, argument and conclusion.
1. Proposition: a proposition whose authenticity needs to be proved.
2. Argumentation: that is, discussion and proof. Mainly refers to the discussion process of citing arguments to prove the authenticity of the topic, which is a form of reasoning used when the topic is deduced from arguments.
3. Conclusion: The conclusion is the final judgment of the article. Its main functions are: (1) summarizing the full text and pointing out the theme. (2) Looking to the future and enhancing confidence. (3) express feelings and enhance appeal.
(B) the composition of the paper
A complete paper should include the following contents:
1. Title Name (Title)
The title of the paper should use the most appropriate and concise words to reflect the logical combination of the most important specific contents in the paper, and try to avoid using uncommon abbreviations to omit words, characters, codes, symbols and formulas. The title of a paper generally does not exceed 30 words.
2. Author's name and unit
The signature of the paper includes: those who participated in the selection of research topics and the formulation of research plans, those who directly participated in all or most of the research work and contributed, and those who participated in the writing of the paper. If the papers are written by two or more people, they should be sorted according to their contributions or according to the agreement.
3. Abstract of the paper
It is a brief statement of the contents of the paper, prompting the main viewpoints, viewpoints and arguments of the paper or briefly introducing the main contents of the paper. The abstract should be concise and accurate. Chinese abstracts of general papers are 200-400 words, and important academic papers are no more than 1500 words.
4. Keywords (or subject words)
Keywords refer to words or terms used to express the theme information of the full text of the paper for information query. Generally, choose 3 ~ 5 words for each paper.
5. Overview
An outline refers to the main points of a paper.
6. Introduction (or introduction, preface, introduction, introduction, introduction and introduction)
The introduction is the beginning of the paper. A complicated and lengthy paper, called "introduction" and "preface", requires a clear explanation of the motivation, content, significance and purpose of writing this article. It is mainly used to briefly explain the content, purpose, method and significance of the research question, clarify the main points (article arguments) of the full text, and learn from the research situation, knowledge layout and theoretical basis of predecessors in the accounting field. This paper puts forward the author's own research ideas and methods on the inheritance and development, expected effect and practical significance of accounting theory and practice. If it is an investigation report, you can also explain the background and investigation methods. This part of the content has the function of "outlining", which is intended to summarize and lead the full text, but the words should be "few but precise". You don't have to write the word "sequence" in the text, but generally write 65438.
7. Text
The text is the core and main part of the paper, and its function is to expand the topic, analyze and demonstrate. The content of the text is to deeply analyze the problems raised in the introduction of the article, and to analyze and demonstrate through the combination of theoretical research and practical operation, so as to reveal the intricate internal relations and laws of objective things in various professional fields. The content of the text reflects the logical thinking and language expression ability of the article. It determines the intelligibility of the paper and the persuasiveness of the argument. Writing must be realistic, objective and true, well-prepared, clear in thinking logic, clear in organization and easy to understand. There are three forms of hierarchical structure in text writing:
1). Linear reasoning mode. Starting from the central argument of the article, it is discussed in depth at different levels, and the logical deduction from one point to another shows the logical depth of a straight line.
2). Parallel analysis. Several subordinate arguments subordinate to the basic topic are juxtaposed and discussed separately.
3) The combination of linear reasoning and juxtaposition theory, that is, linear theory contains juxtaposition theory, and linear reasoning exists under juxtaposition theory, forming a complex three-dimensional structure.
The text of a paper usually adopts the structural hierarchy of the third way (that is, the combination of straight-line reasoning and parallel reasoning).
8. Concluding remarks
The end should take care of the beginning and reflect the integrity of the full text. The full text is seamless and echoes from beginning to end, which can not only give people a sense of structural integrity, but also receive a summary of the full text. & gt
The basic structure of graduation thesis
Abstract and keywords, table of contents, introduction, compilation instructions, contents, conclusions, references, appendices, acknowledgements,
What does the structure of the article mean?
The structure of the article is the unity of internal relations and external forms between the parts of the article and between the parts and the whole.
The article consists of three elements: central meaning, material and structure. The central meaning is the "soul" of the article, which should be clear and correct; The material is "flesh and blood", which should be rich and reflect the center; Structure is the "skeleton" of the article, a means of planning the layout of the article, and a method of using materials to reflect the central idea.
There are four common ways to organize articles.
1, juxtaposition: There is no difference in the content of each part of the article. For example, Bacon's "Reading in Rotation" focuses on the purpose, method and benefit of reading in three parts, that is, it adopts a parallel structure.
2. Total score formula; Summarize first, then divide. This relationship can also evolve into a "subtotal" or "total-subtotal" structure. For example, the article "The Spirit of Knowing from Things" adopts the structure of "always-divided-always": First, always saying "measuring things" and "knowing from things" refers to the foundation of modern scholarship, that is, field exploration, which is now called experiment. Then, firstly, Confucianism misinterpreted the meaning of "learning from others" and buried the spirit of "learning from others". Then explain why scientific development needs the spirit of "seeking knowledge". Finally, the importance of the spirit of "respecting things" and "knowing and doing" is summarized from both positive and negative aspects.
3. Contrast: Two parts of the text are either compared or used to compare the other part. For example, Mr. Lu Xun's article "Have China people lost confidence? The first part refutes the argument that the enemy theory cannot prove the argument, that is, China people have lost their faith and developed self-deception, rather than self-confidence, which directly refutes the enemy theory; The second part lists facts from the front and puts forward correct arguments. We in China did not lose heart and indirectly refuted the enemy's theory.
4. Progressive: Several parts of the article are in-depth step by step. For example, in the article "Not Seeking Very Solution", the origin of the word "Not Seeking Very Solution" is first discussed, and Tao Yuanming's reading method is analyzed. First, he wants to "study hard". Second, he advocates reading with understanding. From both positive and negative aspects, it is explained that reading should focus on the spiritual essence of reading books, rather than looking for chapters and sentences. Finally, it further demonstrates the importance of "Dont Ask For Help's solution" in reading from both positive and negative aspects.
The basic structure of graduation thesis
Basic structure and requirements of graduation thesis 2008165438+1Wednesday, October 5th 17:44 (1) Basic structure and requirements of the thesis.
The structure of graduation thesis is the layout, planning and arrangement of the author in writing. Although there are differences in expression techniques in papers with different properties and contents, the basic structure is basically the same. A complete graduation thesis usually includes title, author, unit (zip code), abstract, keywords, preface, body, conclusion, thanks, references, appendix and other components. Let's talk about the requirements and writing of its main parts first.
1, subject
Title is the label of the article, a high summary of the content of the paper, the soul and core of the paper, and an important clue to index and consult the literature. The title of the paper shall meet the following requirements:
An accurate title of a paper should accurately express the core argument or content of the paper, appropriately indicate the scope and depth of research, such as the composition and structure of mathematical ability, and be accurate and clear. The title of a teacher's thesis is "improving the quality in an all-round way and cultivating students' ability", which is not accurate enough because of the inversion of causality. The topic should be in line with the content, not too big, too broad and too empty. If it is described by image and metaphor is appropriate, such as taking quality education as the "center" and classroom teaching as the "radius", it is not appropriate.
It is not enough to express the theme with a title, but you can also use a subtitle. A subtitle is usually an extension, supplement or concretization of a title. For example, an article about Ye Shengtao's view of Chinese education is entitled "Popular Chinese Education View of National Science" and subtitled "Analysis of Ye Shengtao's View of Chinese Education". There is also an article about how to implement quality education in buoyancy knowledge teaching. The headline is "A Preliminary Study on Quality Education in Junior High School Physics Classroom" and the subtitle is "Taking Buoyancy as an Example". The titles of these two articles define the supplementary scope of the theme and subtitle, which complement each other.
The title of a concise academic paper must be concise, the content of the article should be highly summarized, and the number of words should not be numerous and lengthy. Generally, the number of words in a topic should not exceed 20.
The title of a novel academic paper should not only be accurate and concise, but also be novel and unconventional, giving people a sense of freshness and attention. Giving readers visual impact and eye-catching topics can not only attract readers to read articles, but also make them unforgettable. For example, the rediscovery of discovery method and the mathematical analysis of non-mathematical problems. , are relatively novel and unforgettable.
It is easy to classify, and it is easy to identify the subject field and direction of the paper content from the topic, which is convenient for information departments to collect and readers to consult. For example, English Language Control and Classroom Teaching Efficiency is about English teaching, while mathematics education under the concept of quality education is about the content of mathematics education. And the article entitled "Opportunities and Challenges", I don't know what professional field it belongs to, because the same topic will be encountered in any field.
2. Summary
Abstract is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments and comments. It requires a clear explanation of the main issues discussed in the article and the main achievements made, so that readers who can't or have no time to read the whole article can get a comprehensive, clear and definite information and impression after reading it. It is best not to repeat the preface or conclusion, so as not to give people a sense of repetition. The text is generally about 5% of the full text, and domestic newspapers and magazines usually require a summary of 200-300 words. Because the abstract summarizes the content of the full text, it is often written after the full text is written.
Learning to coexist: the pillar of school moral education
-Exploring the road of school moral education reform under the background of value diversification.
About the author: Le Yun is a 97-level education major in East China Normal University.
Since the reform and opening up, the transformation of China's economic system and the development of network technology have brought about the diversification of social values, impacted the traditional values of China, and challenged the school moral education with the traditional "mainstream values" as its pillar. Facing the challenge of diversified values, school moral education should return to life, take social life as the pillar, and base on the universal values in life, so that students can recognize and understand diversified values in an open environment on the basis of equality, so as to learn to live together.
Keywords: moral education in schools with multiple values
People in the painting and real people
......& gt& gt
What are the general formal structures of academic papers?
1. Title
The requirements are concise and general. The number of words must not exceed 20 Chinese characters. If you have special requirements, you can add subtitles.
2. Summary
The abstract of the paper should summarize the content of the research topic in a condensed form. Chinese abstracts should be about 300 Chinese characters, and English abstracts should basically correspond to Chinese abstracts.
3. Keywords: choose 3-5 words or terms that can best express the main content from the title or text as keywords.
4. Content: The content should be concise and to the point. The title level is clear. The title in the table of contents should be consistent with the title in the text.
5. The introduction should explain the significance, purpose, main research contents, scope and problems to be solved. The introduction should be concise and to the point, and the number of words should be controlled within 400 words.
6. Text
The text is a detailed statement of the research work, which generally consists of titles, words, charts, tables and formulas. This part should use all aspects of experimental results and research methods to analyze problems, demonstrate opinions, and try to reflect students' scientific research ability and academic level.
7. concluding remarks
Conclusion We should summarize the situation and value of the work, analyze its advantages and characteristics, point out the innovation, point out the existing problems and the future improvement direction, especially the important problems encountered in the work, and put forward our own opinions. The conclusion should be simple and clear, not too long.
8. Reference
Reference is an indispensable part of graduation thesis (design), and it is also the author's recognition and respect for other people's knowledge achievements. The source of other people's opinions, original words and main data quoted in the article must be indicated at the end of the article.
9. Appendix (optional)
For some content that is not suitable for the text, but is an essential part of the graduation thesis (design) or has reference value, it can be included in the appendix.