1 0,000,000,000 nm = 1 m (m) 1 0,000,000 nm = 1 mm1000 nm = 1. M) I sometimes see Amy. It's 10- 10m. 1 nm = 10 Amy (remember? )

Edit this paragraph overview

Nano-scanning tunneling microscope images of silicon single crystal atoms.

A single bacterium is invisible to the naked eye, and the diameter measured by microscope is about five microns. For example, suppose that the diameter of a hair is 0.05 mm, and it is cut into 50,000 pieces on average in the radial direction, and the thickness of each piece is about one nanometer. That is to say, one nanometer is about 0.00000 1 mm. Nanoscience and technology, sometimes called nanotechnology, is to study the properties and applications of materials with structural dimensions between 1 and 100 nm. The development of nanotechnology has led to many new disciplines related to nanotechnology. There are nano medicine, nano chemistry, nano electronics, nano materials, nano biology and so on. Scientists all over the world know the importance of nanotechnology to the development of science and technology, so all countries in the world spend a lot of money to develop nanotechnology in an attempt to seize the strategic highland in the field of nanotechnology. China held a seminar on nanotechnology development strategy in 199 1 year, and formulated the development strategy countermeasures. In recent ten years, China has made remarkable achievements in the research of nanomaterials and nanostructures. At present, China's achievements in the field of nano-materials science are higher than any other country in the world, which fully proves that China occupies a decisive position in the field of nano-technology. Nano-effect means that nano-materials have strange or abnormal physical and chemical properties that traditional materials do not have. For example, copper, which was originally conductive, will only conduct electricity at a certain nano-scale limit, while silicon dioxide and crystals, which were originally insulated, will only begin to conduct electricity at a certain nano-scale limit. This is because nano-materials have the characteristics of small particle size, large specific surface area, high surface energy and large proportion of surface atoms, and their unique three effects: surface effect, small size effect and macro quantum tunneling effect. For solid powder or fiber, when its one-dimensional size is less than 100nm, it can be called nano-material. For ideal spherical particles, when the specific surface area is greater than 60m2/g, the diameter will be less than 100nm, reaching the nanometer size.

Edit the meaning of nanotechnology in this paragraph.

The so-called nanotechnology refers to a brand-new technology to study the motion laws and characteristics of electrons, atoms and molecules in the scale of 0. 1~ 100 nanometers. In the process of studying the composition of matter, scientists found that several or dozens of countable atoms or molecules isolated on the nanometer scale show many new characteristics, and the technology of manufacturing equipment with specific functions by using these characteristics is called nanotechnology. Nano.

The main differences between nanotechnology and microelectronics are as follows: nanotechnology studies the realization of equipment-specific functions by controlling a single atom and molecule, and it works by using the fluctuation of electrons; Microelectronics technology mainly realizes its function by controlling the population of electrons and works by using the particle nature of electrons. The purpose of people's research and development of nanotechnology is to achieve effective control of the entire micro-world. Nanotechnology is a comprehensive subject with strong cross-cutting, and its research content involves the vast field of modern science and technology. From 65438 to 0993, the International Steering Committee of Nanotechnology divided nanotechnology into six sub-disciplines: nanoelectronics, nanophysics, nanochemistry, nanobiology, nanofabrication and nanometrology. Among them, nano-physics and nano-chemistry are the theoretical basis of nano-technology, and nano-electronics is the most important content of nano-technology. Nanotechnology is a new technology developed rapidly in the early 1990s. Its ultimate goal is that human beings can directly manipulate individual atoms and molecules according to their own consciousness to produce products with specific functions. Nanotechnology reveals the visible world of atoms and molecules with unprecedented resolution. This shows that people's understanding of the micro-world is getting deeper and deeper, and people's understanding and transformation level of the micro-world has improved to an unprecedented height. According to some data, in 20 10, nanotechnology will become the second largest industry after chip manufacturing.

Edit three concepts of nanotechnology in this paragraph.

First kind

Judging from the research so far, there are three concepts about nanotechnology. The first is 1986, the molecular nanotechnology put forward by American scientist Dr. drexler in his book The Machine of Creation. According to this concept, we can make the machine of combining molecules practical, so that we can combine various molecules at will and make any molecular structure. The nanotechnology of this concept has not made significant progress.

The second type

The second concept defines nanotechnology as the limit of micromachining technology. That is, the technology of artificially forming nano-scale structures through nano-precision "processing". This nano-scale processing technology also makes the miniaturization of semiconductors reach the limit. Even if the existing technology continues to develop, it will eventually reach its limit in theory. This is because if the line width of the circuit is reduced, the insulation film forming the circuit will be extremely thin, which will destroy the insulation effect. In addition, there are problems such as fever and trembling. In order to solve these problems, researchers are studying new nanotechnology.

The third kind

The third concept is put forward from a biological point of view. It turns out that organisms have nano-scale structures in cells and biomembranes. The so-called nanotechnology refers to a brand-new technology to study the motion laws and characteristics of electrons, atoms and molecules in the scale of 0. 1~ 100 nanometers. In the process of studying the composition of matter, scientists found that several or dozens of countable atoms or molecules isolated on the nanometer scale show many new characteristics, and the technology of manufacturing equipment with specific functions by using these characteristics is called nanotechnology.

comprehensive

Nanotechnology is a comprehensive subject with strong cross-cutting, and its research content involves the vast field of modern science and technology. Nanotechnology now includes nano-biology, nano-electronics, nano-materials, nano-mechanics, nano-chemistry and other disciplines. From micro-technology including microelectronics to nano-technology, people's understanding of the micro-world is getting deeper and deeper, and people's understanding and transformation level of the micro-world has reached an unprecedented height. Qian Xuesen, a famous scientist in China, also pointed out that the structure around nanometer and below nanometer is a key point in the next stage of scientific and technological development, which will be a technological revolution, thus causing another industrial revolution in 2 1 century. Although there is still a long way to go before the application stage, developed countries such as the United States, Japan and Britain attach great importance to nanotechnology because of its extremely broad application prospects, and have made research plans and carried out related research.

Edit the characteristics of nano-electronic devices in this paragraph.

electronic device

The performance of electronic devices manufactured by nanotechnology is much better than that of traditional electronic devices: the working speed of nano-electronic devices is 1000 times that of silicon devices, so the product performance can be greatly improved. Low power consumption, the power consumption of nano-electronic devices is only11000 of that of silicon devices. There is a lot of information storage. On a 5-inch CD less than the size of the palm of your hand, you can store all the books of at least 30 Beijing libraries. Small size and light weight can greatly reduce the size and weight of various electronic products. Nano-material "grumpy" nano-metal particles are flammable and explosive.

When nano-copper particles or aluminum particles come into contact with air, they will burn and explode violently. Therefore, the powder of nano-metal particles can be used to make high explosives, and the solid fuel made of rockets can produce greater thrust. Using nano-metal particle powder as catalyst can accelerate the chemical reaction rate and greatly improve the yield of chemical synthesis.

Metal block

Compressive and tensile properties of nano-metal blocks. The strength of bulk metal material made of metal nano-particle powder is ten times higher than that of ordinary metal, and it can be stretched dozens of times. Used to make airplanes, cars and ships, the weight can be reduced to one tenth.

Nanometer ceramics

Nanoceramics are both rigid and flexible. Nano-ceramics are plastics made of nano-ceramic particle powder, which has brought a revolution to the ceramic industry. When nano-ceramics are applied to engines, cars will run faster and planes will fly higher.

Nanometer oxide

The colored nano-oxide particles of nano-oxide materials can quickly change color under the irradiation of light or the action of electric field. As a soldier, it is very good to protect the glasses of the laser gun. Billboards made of nano-oxide materials will become more colorful under the action of electricity and light. A new method for preparing magnetic nanocrystalline materials.

Nano-semiconductor materials are amazing. Nano-semiconductor materials can emit various colors of light, can be made into small laser light sources, and can also convert the absorbed light energy in the sun into electric energy. Solar cars and houses made of them have great environmental protection value. Various sensors made of nano-semiconductors can sensitively detect the changes of temperature, humidity and atmospheric composition, and will be widely used in automobile exhaust monitoring and atmospheric environmental protection.

Nanomedicine

Nanodrugs save lives by combining drugs with magnetic nanoparticles. After taking, these nanoparticles can move freely in blood vessels and human tissues. Then a magnetic field is applied outside the human body to guide, so that the drug is concentrated in the diseased tissue, and the effect of drug treatment will be greatly improved. Nano-drug particles can also be used to block capillaries and "starve" dead cancer cells. Nanoparticles can also be used for cell separation in human body, and can also be used to carry DNA to treat gene defects. At present, magnetic nanoparticles have successfully separated cancer cells from normal cells in animals, and have been successful in clinical experiments to treat human bone marrow diseases, with broad prospects.

Nanosatellite

Nano-satellites will fly into the sky and cut and build materials freely according to people's wishes in a nano-sized world. This technology is called nano-machining technology. Nanomachining technology can integrate different materials. It not only has the function of a chip, but also can detect electromagnetic wave (including visible light, infrared light and ultraviolet light) signals, and at the same time can complete computer instructions. This is a nano-integrated device. Applying this integrated device to the satellite can greatly reduce the weight and volume of the satellite, make it easier to launch and reduce the cost. Nanotechnology has entered people's lives.

Edit this passage about China's achievements in the field of nanotechnology.

On September 27th, experts from Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences announced that they had successfully developed a new type of nanomaterial-superhydrophobic interface material. This material is super-hydrophobic and super-oleophobic, and can be made into textiles, without washing and without oil stains. Used for building surfaces, anti-fogging, anti-freezing, and avoiding manual cleaning. Experts said: Textile, building materials, chemicals, petroleum, automobiles, military equipment, communication equipment and other fields will inevitably lead to a "material revolution" caused by nanotechnology. Thanks to the repeated efforts of scientists, the word "nano", which was unfamiliar to us a few years ago, now appears frequently in our sight. Nanometer is a unit of length. 1 nm is equal to one billionth of a meter, and 20 nm is equal to one third of 1 hair. Since the 1990s, scientists all over the world have been engaged in a "nano-war": studying the laws and characteristics of the movement of electrons, atoms and molecules in the space from 0. 10 to 100 nanometers. Of course, China is not far behind. 1993, the Beijing Vacuum Physics Laboratory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences manipulated atoms and successfully wrote the word "China", which indicated that China began to occupy a place in the international nanotechnology field and was at the forefront of international science and technology. 1998, Tsinghua University Fan Shoushan Group made gallium nitride into one-dimensional nanocrystals for the first time in the world. In the same year, scientists in China successfully prepared diamond nano-powder, which was praised by international publications as "transforming rice straw from carbon tetrachloride into gold-making diamond". From 65438 to 0999, the research team led by Professor Xue Zengquan of Peking University assembled single-walled carbon nanotubes on the metal surface for the first time in the world, and assembled the thinnest probe with good performance in the world. The research led by Dr. Cheng Huiming of Chinese Academy of Sciences combines high-quality carbon nano-materials, which is recognized as the most convincing achievement in the field of "hydrogen storage carbon nanotubes research" so far. The research team led by Xie, a researcher at the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, has developed the world's finest carbon nanotubes with a diameter of 0.5 nm, which is very close to the theoretical limit of 0.4 nm. The research team also successfully synthesized the longest carbon nanotube in the world, creating the "world's largest 3mm". In the battle for the theme of "nano", Chinese people frequently show their faces, especially in the fields of carbon nanotube synthesis and high-density information storage, and China's strength cannot be underestimated. Radiation-proof maternity dress.

With the efforts of the scientific community, "nano" is no longer a cold scientific vocabulary. It goes out of the laboratory and penetrates into people's daily necessities, and the living environment is increasingly environmentally friendly. The washability of traditional coatings is poor. Over time, the wall will become multi-toned. Now there is a new coating with nanotechnology, which not only improves the washability by more than ten times, but also has extremely low organic volatiles, no toxicity, no harm and no peculiar smell, effectively solving the problem that harmful gases caused by strengthening the seal of buildings cannot be discharged as soon as possible. Long-term exposure of human body to electromagnetic waves and ultraviolet rays will lead to an increase in various morbidity or affect normal fertility. Now, high-efficiency radiation protection clothes with nanotechnology-high-tech computer work clothes and maternity clothes have come out. Scientists and technicians mix nano-sized anti-radiation substances into fibers to make a kind of "nano-clothing", which can block more than 95% of ultraviolet or electromagnetic radiation, and is non-volatile and insoluble in water, thus maintaining the anti-radiation ability for a long time. Anhydrous nano umbrella.

Similarly, clothes made of chemical fiber cloth are prone to static electricity due to friction. Adding a small amount of metal nanoparticles in production can get rid of annoying static electricity. White pollution has also encountered a strong challenge of "nano". Scientists use specially developed equipment to crush degradable starch and non-degradable plastics to "nanometer level" and then physically combine them. This new raw material can be used to produce 100% degradable agricultural plastic film, disposable tableware, various packaging bags and other similar products. The field experiment of agricultural plastic film for 4 ~ 5 years showed that starch was completely degraded into water and carbon dioxide within 70 ~ 90 days, while plastic became fine particles harmless to soil and air, and also completely degraded into water and carbon dioxide within 17 months. According to experts, this is a substantial breakthrough in completely solving white pollution. From TV broadcasts, books and periodicals, and the Internet, we have learned a little about "nano", and "nano" is also quietly changing us. Nanometer Precision News 1959 richard feynman, a theoretical physicist, gave a speech at California Institute of Technology, proposing that it is possible to assemble atoms or molecules. 198 1 year, scientists invented the scanning tunneling microscope, which is an important tool for studying nano, from which we can see the atomic and molecular worlds. From 65438 to 0990, the first international nanotechnology conference was held in Baltimore, USA, and the form of nanotechnology was born. 199 1 year, carbon nanotubes were discovered by humans. Its mass is one-sixth of that of steel with the same volume, but its strength is 10 times that of iron, which has become the focus of nanotechnology research. After 1989 Stanford University wrote the English name of Stanford University by moving atomic groups, and 1999 IBM used 36 xenon atoms to expel "IBM" from the nickel surface, the Beijing Vacuum Physics Laboratory of China Academy of Sciences successfully wrote the word "China" by manipulating atoms. 1997, American scientists successfully moved a single electron for the first time. This technology can be used to develop quantum computers with thousands of times higher speed and storage capacity than now. In the same year, new york University discovered that DNA can be used to manufacture nano-scale mechanical devices. 1999, Brazilian and American scientists invented the world's smallest "scale" when conducting carbon nanotube experiments, and its weight can reach one billionth of a gram, which is equivalent to the weight of a virus; Shortly thereafter, German scientists developed a "scale" that can weigh a single atom, breaking the record jointly created by American and Brazilian scientists. In the same year, American scientists realized an organic switch on a single molecule, which proved that electronic and computing devices can be developed at the molecular level. Listen to the news that bacteria swim in nano-lace. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, USA is currently developing a micro-speaker called a nano-microphone. According to Businessweek, this kind of microsensor allows scientists to hear the sound of single bacteria swimming and the sound of cell fluid flowing. This kind of artificial nano microphone is made of fine carbon tube. It is precisely because of its small size and high sensitivity that this microphone can respond under very little pressure and let the researchers who monitor it get relevant sound information. With this new product, scientists will be able to detect whether there is life on other planets and the growth and development of individual cells in organisms. The instrument development project has been approved by NASA, and NASA has also provided necessary technical support for the above laboratories.

Edit this paragraph "Nano Water" to prevent rape.

According to People's Daily, a company in Guangzhou recently claimed that they had produced a kind of "nano-beads" made of medical stone and nano-special materials. As long as you put it in water, you can drink dirty water. Drinking "nano-water" for a long time can resist fatigue and lack of oxygen, and even "enhance women's ability to prevent gangsters from raping". It is understood that each box of nano beads needs 300 yuan, and it costs 3,800 yuan to buy a complete set of equipment (a water dispenser, a bucket of water and ten boxes of nano beads). The 76-year-old man surnamed He, persuaded by the salesman, not only believed in the magical effect of nano-water, but also took a fancy to the sales method of nano-water. The old man took out 220 thousand on his back, bought 75 sets of nano water units, and then waited for a monthly dividend of 20 thousand. The economic inspection squadron of Dongshan Branch of Guangzhou Administration for Industry and Commerce investigated and dealt with the company on April 3. The nano-water, which is going to create a myth of science and technology, has no scientific appraisal description at all, and the company's nano-water packaging products have neither production license nor product certificate.

Editing this light can also "blow" the object.

In the nano world, light can also "blow" objects. When light shines on an object, it will also exert a force on it, just as the wind blows the sails. From jules verne to Arthur C clark, science fiction writers have fantasized about using the power of sunlight to push the "solar sail" and drive the spacecraft to sail in interstellar space more than once. However, on the earth, the power of sunlight is so small that no one can move an object with sunlight. However, in the journal Nature on June 27th, 165438+ China scholars who are engaged in research at Yale University in the United States published an article, which confirmed for the first time that in the nano-world, light can indeed drive "machines"-nano-machinery made of semiconductors. This study combines related books.

Two frontier fields of nano science, namely nano photonics and nano mechanics. "On the macro scale, the power of light is so weak that no one can feel it. But on the nanometer scale, we find that light has a considerable force, which is enough to drive semiconductor mechanical devices as big as triodes on integrated circuits. " Tang Hongxing, a professor of electronic engineering at Yale University who led the research, introduced this. In fact, physicists and biologists have used the power of light to manipulate atoms and tiny particles in a technology called optical tweezers. "Our research is to integrate light on a small chip and increase its intensity by millions of times, thus manipulating nano-semiconductor devices." Li Mo, the first author and postdoctoral researcher, further explained. In the laboratory of Yale University, two scientists, together with Xiong Chi, a graduate student from Peking University, and their collaborators, used the most advanced semiconductor manufacturing technology to lay a light on a silicon wafer, which is called "light guide". When the light emitted by the laser is connected to such a chip, the light can "flow" along the paved optical conductor line like the current in the conductor. Theoretically, it is predicted that in such a structure, light will exert a force on the wires that guide it. To confirm this prediction, they hung a small piece of light guide only 10 micron long so that it could vibrate like a guitar string. If light does produce force and act on it, then when the intensity of light is modulated to a frequency consistent with the vibration of the light guide, it will produce * * vibration. Such * * * vibration will produce peaks with the same frequency in the transmitted light. This is a convincing phenomenon that three China scientists finally saw on their measuring instruments after more than half a year of experiments and calculations. After that, they proved through a large number of experiments that the magnitude of this force is very consistent with theoretical expectations. Because the speed of light is much faster than the speed of current, the force generated by this light is expected to drive nano-machinery at a speed of several tens of gigahertz (GHz). This research result is expected to give birth to a new generation of semiconductor chip technology-replacing electricity with light. In the future, with this new technology, scientists and engineers can realize high-speed and efficient calculation and communication based on optical and quantum principles.

Edit this paragraph. Nano-probes were first applied to drug screening.

Researchers at London Nanotechnology Center have developed a new type of nanoprobe, which can be used to detect whether an antibiotic drug can combine with bacteria, thus weakening or destroying the destructive ability of bacteria to human body and achieving the purpose of treating diseases. This is the first time that scientists have applied nano-probes to drug screening. The preliminary results of related experiments have been published in the latest issue of Nature? Journal of nanotechnology. In the process of using antibiotics to treat diseases, pathogenic bacteria are prone to drug resistance, which makes antibiotics lose their efficacy. The principle of action of antibiotics is to destroy the structure of the cell wall after combining with the cell wall of pathogenic bacteria, so that the pathogenic bacteria die. Once drug resistance occurs, the cell wall structure of bacteria changes, the cell wall thickens, and antibiotics cannot combine with the cell wall. The researchers covered a row of nanoprobes with protein, and protein formed the cell wall of bacteria. Once the antibiotic binds to the cell wall, the surface weight of the probe will increase, and this surface pressure will cause the nanoprobe to bend. Through the study of vancomycin drugs, it was found that the cell wall hardness of drug-resistant bacteria was 1000 times that of non-drug-resistant bacteria. Therefore, the structural changes of bacterial cell wall caused by various drugs were detected by nano-probes, and the antibiotics with the greatest destructive power to pathogenic bacteria were screened out. Trajectory of nano-probe.

Edit this nano-metal

cobalt

High density magnetic recording material. Using the advantages of high recording density, high coercivity (up to 1 19.4KA/m), high signal-to-noise ratio and good oxidation resistance, the performance of magnetic tape and large-capacity hard floppy disk can be greatly improved. Magnetic fluid. Magnetic fluid made of iron, cobalt, nickel and their alloy powder has excellent properties and can be widely used in sealing and damping, medical devices, sound adjustment, lighting display and other fields. Wave absorbing material. Metal nano-powder has a special absorption effect on electromagnetic waves. Iron, cobalt, zinc oxide powder and carbon-coated metal powder can be used as military high-performance millimeter wave stealth materials, visible-infrared stealth materials and structural stealth materials, as well as mobile phone radiation shielding materials.

copper

Surface conductive coating treatment of metals and nonmetals. Nano-aluminum, copper and nickel powders have highly activated surfaces and can be coated at a temperature lower than the melting point of powders under oxygen-free conditions. This technology can be applied to the production of microelectronic devices. Efficient catalyst. Copper and its alloy nano-powders have high efficiency and strong selectivity as catalysts, and can be used as catalysts in the process of methanol synthesis from carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Conductive adhesive Using nano-copper powder instead of precious metal powder to prepare electronic paste with superior performance can greatly reduce the cost. This technology can promote the further optimization of microelectronics technology.

iron

High performance magnetic recording materials. It has the advantages of high coercivity, high saturation magnetization (up to 1477km2/kg), high signal-to-noise ratio and good oxidation resistance, which can greatly improve the performance of magnetic tape and large-capacity hard floppy disk. Magnetic fluid. Magnetic fluid made of iron, cobalt, nickel and their alloy powder has excellent performance and can be widely used in sealing and damping, medical devices, sound adjustment, lighting display and other fields. Wave absorbing material. Metal nano-powder has a special absorption effect on electromagnetic waves. Iron, cobalt, zinc oxide powder and carbon-coated metal powder can be used as military high-performance millimeter wave stealth materials, visible-infrared stealth materials and structural stealth materials, as well as mobile phone radiation shielding materials. Magnetic conductive slurry. Based on the characteristics of high saturation magnetization and high permeability of nano-iron powder, it is made into magnetic flux slurry, which can be used for the bonding structure of fine magnetic heads. Nano-directing agent. Some nanoparticles are magnetic, and can be used as carriers to make targeting agents. Under the action of external magnetic field, drugs can be concentrated in the body, so that high-concentration drugs can be used to treat the diseased parts, especially for diseases with fixed lesions such as tumors and tuberculosis.

nickel

Magnetic fluid. Magnetic fluid made of iron, cobalt, nickel and their alloy powder has excellent properties and is widely used in sealing and damping, medical devices, sound adjustment, lighting display and other fields. Efficient catalyst. Nano-nickel powder has a strong catalytic effect because of its huge specific surface area and high activity, and can be used for hydrogenation of organic compounds, automobile exhaust treatment and so on. Efficient combustion improver. Adding nano-nickel powder into rocket solid fuel propellant can greatly improve the combustion heat and efficiency of fuel and improve the combustion stability. Conductive adhesive Electronic paste is widely used in wiring, packaging and connection in microelectronics industry, which plays an important role in miniaturization of microelectronic devices. The electronic paste made of nickel, copper and aluminum nano-powders has excellent performance, which is conducive to the further miniaturization of circuits. High performance electrode materials. Using nano-nickel powder and proper technology, electrodes with huge surface area can be manufactured, which can greatly improve the discharge efficiency. Activated sintering additive. Nano-powder has high energy state and strong sintering ability at low temperature because of its large surface area and surface atoms. It is an effective sintering additive, which can greatly reduce the sintering temperature of powder metallurgy products and high temperature ceramic products. Surface conductive coating treatment of metals and nonmetals. Nano-aluminum, copper and nickel have highly activated surfaces, so they can be coated at a temperature below the melting point of the powder under oxygen-free conditions. This technology can be applied to the production of microelectronic devices.

zinc (Zn)

Efficient catalyst. Zinc and its alloy nano-powders have high efficiency and strong selectivity as catalysts, and can be used as catalysts in the process of methanol synthesis from carbon dioxide and hydrogen.