English is often omitted and Chinese is often repeated, which is one of the obvious differences between the two (see Chapter II, Section III: Main Differences between English and Chinese). Therefore, in English-Chinese translation, in order to make the translation "faithful and fluent", it is necessary to supplement or flexibly deal with the omitted parts on the basis of understanding the omitted components of the original text and according to Chinese expression habits. It is said that English ellipsis can be summarized into more than twenty kinds. But in general, English ellipsis generally follows the following two important principles: (1) has provided clear information in the context, and unnecessary components can be omitted; (2) The components that have already appeared in front can be omitted if they do not cause misunderstanding or ambiguity. I have five young children, and now my wife has a little daughter. I don't know where to get money to feed and clothe them. /We are poor,/I'm afraid I don't work hard enough. I have five children and now my wife has a daughter. I really don't know where to get money for them to eat and wear. We are so poor that no matter how hard we work, we can't let them eat and wear warm clothes. The key to analyzing the structure of this paragraph is to understand ellipsis and negative transfer. The first sentence consists of three complex sentences; The second sentence consists of two compound sentences, omitting "let them eat and wear warm clothes" and containing negative transfer, that is, I am worried that I am not working hard enough to make them eat and wear warm clothes. The word "not" in "not" should be an adverbial of purpose after negation. If you don't understand the omission and negative transfer of this sentence, it will be misinterpreted as "we are poor, I am afraid I can't work hard", which is obviously meaningless and logically wrong. Secondly, the division of words or sentence elements is also one of the common language habits in English. Segmentation refers to a grammatical phenomenon that words or sentence components that belong to one and should be closely connected are separated by other words or components. Among the divided parts, one part stays in the original position, while the other part is far away from where it belongs. There are two kinds of common word segmentation: sentence component segmentation and word segmentation. The division of sentence components mainly includes the following situations: the division of subject and predicate, the division of predicate and object, the division of appositive or appositive clause and its antecedent, and the division of attributive or attributive clause and its antecedent. Word segmentation mainly refers to the segmentation of verbs or nouns and their prepositions, prepositions and their objects. Segmentation in English is not arbitrary, and generally follows the principle of light head and heavy tail. The principle that the head is light and the tail is heavy means that in order to balance the sentence structure, the subject part is too long and the predicate part is too short, and long and complicated components are often put at the end of the sentence. We should pay full attention to the phenomenon of segmentation and judge it from the combination of structure and semantics to avoid misunderstanding. When translating, the divided parts should be integrated and translated into a whole (the divided parts are underlined in the example). However, the power developed in this way has the seeds of its own bottom line. However, the power developed in this way has internal factors of decline. Thirdly, clauses are abundant in English, and they are the main units of English complex sentence structure. According to its composition in sentences, clauses in English can be divided into subject clauses, predicative clauses, object clauses, appositive clauses, attributive clauses and adverbial clauses, among which the first four are collectively called nominal clauses. Generally speaking, most clauses can be directly translated according to their components; However, the logical relationship of some clauses in a sentence is not necessarily consistent with its formal function, such as the attributive clause, which is not only the attribute of the modified word, but sometimes has a logical relationship with the modified word such as reason, purpose, result or condition. For such clauses, Chinese translation needs to be handled according to their logical relationship in the sentence, not according to the superficial formal function. At the same time, we can omit some conjunctions of clauses according to the needs of Chinese to avoid verbosity. In addition, if necessary, the order of the main clause and the subordinate clause in the original sentence should be properly adjusted according to the Chinese way of thinking and expression habits. (1) The attributive clause is a unique clause widely used in English, and there is no structure similar to that in English in Chinese. Generally speaking, the attribute is often located in front of the modified word and plays a role of modification or restriction, but the role of the attribute clause in English is far more than that. Many attributive clauses in English not only have the surface attributive function of the modified word, but also have adverbial function, which contains logical relations such as time, reason, purpose, result, condition and concession. In addition, English attributive clauses have an obvious feature: if necessary, attributive clauses can be written very long and nested in attributive clauses, and several attributive clauses can modify a antecedent together, which is very rare in Chinese. According to the close relationship with antecedents, English attributive clauses can be divided into restrictive attributive clauses and non-restrictive attributive clauses. Restrictive attributive clauses are closely related to antecedents and are generally not separated by punctuation marks; Non-restrictive attributive clauses are not closely related to antecedents, and are often separated from antecedents by punctuation marks. No matter what kind of attributive clause it is, it cannot be simply treated as prepositional attributive in translation. Generally speaking, there are several ways to translate attributive clauses: (1) into prepositional attributive; (2) Translation into coordinate clauses; (3) melt into the main sentence and become a component of the main sentence; (4) translated into adverbial. 1. The method of translating into prepositional attributive is mainly suitable for some restrictive attributive clauses or shorter attributive clauses. There is no royal road to science, and only those who do not dream of difficulties and obstacles can hope to reach the pinnacle of glory. There is no royal road to science, and only those who are not afraid of poverty and climb along steep mountain roads can hope to reach the peak of glory. 2. Translate into coordinate clauses For some restrictive attributive clauses with complex structure or independent meaning, or most non-restrictive attributive clauses, you can translate into post-coordinate clauses. In order to make it closely connected with the main clause and maintain the coherence of the translation, it is sometimes necessary to repeat the words replaced by relative pronouns (that is, antecedents) and sometimes add some demonstrative pronouns (such as "this" and "this"). Sometimes, some conjunctions (such as "but", "and") should be added before the repeated antecedents. ) according to the relationship with the main sentence. I am trying to get rid of one life and live another, which is no better than the life I know. I've been trying to get rid of one life and change it, but the life I get is not necessarily better than the original life. 3. Incorporate into the main sentence Some attributive clauses need to be translated together with the main sentence to make them a component of the main sentence. This method is often used in English "there be" structure with attributive clauses. When translating, you don't have to pay attention to there be structure, just bring the antecedent into the attributive clause and then translate the attributive clause directly. In addition, this translation method is also commonly used in attributive clauses in shorter main sentences, which are usually translated into the translation of the subject. We used an airplane with some kind of national identity on almost every part. Almost every part of the plane we use has some nationality marks. 4. Translate into adverbial For attributive clauses that have a certain logical relationship with the main sentence, when they are translated into Chinese, they can be translated into adverbial with the corresponding logical relationship words. This attributive clause often has a logical relationship with the main clause, such as time, reason, purpose, result, condition, concession and so on. The 1923 earthquake occurred in Japan, which caused serious property losses and huge loss of life. 1923, a major earthquake occurred in Japan, causing heavy property and life losses. (4) "Negation" in translation is a grammatical phenomenon in both English and Chinese, but there are great differences between them in ways and means of expressing negative meanings. There are many forms of negation in English, and the common ones are: (1) complete negation; (2) partial negation; (3) Double negation; (4) Formally affirmative, actually negative; (5) Formal negation is actually affirmation; (6) negative migration; (7) eliminate negation; (8) Fixed sentence structure; Wait a minute. In English-Chinese translation, the negative structure in English should be comprehensively considered from the aspects of the meaning of the negative word itself, the negative scope of the negative word and the specific context, otherwise it may lead to misunderstandings and mistakes in sentence meaning translation. In addition, for some negative structures, we can also use the method of just reverse translation or antonym positive translation. As far as the present situation is concerned, the practical research of science can not be easily separated from technology, because later, science has relied on technology in terms of materials and instruments. As far as the present situation is concerned, it is difficult to separate actual scientific research from technology, because science has largely relied on technology to obtain materials and instruments. Analysis of this sentence is all negative. Words like Nor, never, never and so on. In translation, the negation is moved back to its original position because the sentence is first inverted, which represents the complete negation of the whole sentence. In this sentence, the main sentence is in the passive voice and translated into the active voice; The attributive clause is very long and has a causal relationship with the original sentence, so it is translated separately; Dependent on has been advanced. Not all the carbon dioxide that enters the leaves is synthesized into carbohydrates. (Partial negation) Not all the carbon dioxide entering the leaves is combined into carbohydrates. This sentence is partially negative. In English, some sentence patterns, such as: all ... no, not all, every ... no, not every, all ... no and so on. All of them mean partial negation, which can be translated as "not all ...". But it should be noted that no, none, none, not, nor leads to all negation. No two people think alike. No two people think alike. ) Its significance and importance cannot be overstated. Its significance and importance cannot be overemphasized. This sentence is a double negative. In English, two negative words are used in the same sentence, but in fact, the whole sentence is affirmative. In addition, there are some fixed sentence patterns, such as cannot/hardy/scarlet ... enough/too/too+verb (in any case ... this is not too much ...), and only ... to (very), not but (no, will) and so on. For example, we are very willing to do it for you. Time is what we need most, but it is what many people cherish least. (Formal or not) We lack time the most, but many people are the worst at using it. He glanced at the note casually and then left. He took a casual look at the note and left. Don't rush things because time is tight. (Negative migration) Don't be perfunctory just because time is tight. Negative transfer analysis refers to the formal negation of a word or a main clause, but in fact it is the negation of other words or clauses. The most common ones are "subject+thinking+clause (negative sentence)", "not ... because/because ..." and so on. For the transfer of negation, the negation should be transferred back to its original position in translation. In this sentence, not denies the because clause, so when translating, not should be restored to the because clause. As they are expected to leave the ship for only a few hours, they should leave the ship for only a few hours, so they only brought a meal of food and clothes. Analyzing this sentence is to exclude negation. The so-called exclusion of negation means that part of the sentence is negative and part is positive. Usually some prepositions or conjunctions are used to exclude the parts they lead or connect. Common leading words are: beyond, other than, except, nothing, etc.