China's energy and mineral resources are complete, rich and widely distributed. There are 8 kinds of energy minerals with known proven reserves, such as coal, oil, natural gas, oil shale, uranium, thorium and geothermal.
China is rich in coal resources. According to the geological survey results of coal resources, it is predicted that the total amount of coal resources in the crust surface within 2000 meters below the surface will reach 5059.2 billion tons. By the end of 1996, the total reserves of 5345 mining areas with proven reserves were 10025 million tons. Of the total reserves in China, refined reserves are 229.9 billion tons. Compared with the proven recoverable reserves in the world, China ranks third in the world after the Commonwealth of Independent States and the United States.
Oil is the blood of industry, the foundation of modern industrial civilization and one of the important energy sources for human survival and development. The rapid development of petroleum industry in the 20th century is closely linked with national strategy, global politics and economic development, which has brought great changes to the world economy, national relations and people's living standards. China is one of the countries rich in oil resources, which are widely distributed. Proven geological reserves in 32 oil areas1865438+400 million tons. According to American Petroleum &; GAS reported the world's remaining proven recoverable reserves of oil13.9 billion tons in 1997, and China announced the remaining proven recoverable reserves of 224,438+000 billion tons in 1997, ranking1in the world. There are 3 19 watersheds in China. According to 145 basins, the resources amount to 93 billion tons. Among them, there are 24 basins with proven oil fields, with resources of 75.89 billion tons, accounting for 84.48% of the total resources; 42 oil and gas basins have been discovered, with resources of 7.566 billion tons, accounting for 7.39% of the total resources.
Natural gas (including biogas) is one of the important energy mineral resources, and it is also a clean energy with great development prospects at home and abroad. China is rich in natural gas resources, which are produced to varying degrees in both oil basins and coal basins. Resources are also very rich. Experts predict that China's natural gas resources are about 70 trillion cubic meters (about half of which is coalbed methane). By the end of 1996, China's remaining recoverable natural gas reserves were 0.7060 trillion cubic meters, and the global remaining recoverable natural gas reserves were 143.95 trillion cubic meters, ranking China second in the world.
China is not rich in uranium resources. According to the calculation of a batch of uranium ore reserves provided by China to the International Atomic Energy Agency, China's proven uranium reserves rank 10 in the world, which cannot meet the long-term needs of developing nuclear power. Geothermal resources refer to the thermal energy resources available for human economic development and utilization in the earth, and are also a kind of clean energy. China's geothermal resources are widely distributed and abundant.
metallic minerals
China has a wide range of metal mineral resources, rich in reserves and widely distributed. There are 54 kinds of minerals with proven reserves. Namely, iron ore, manganese ore, chromium ore, titanium ore, vanadium ore, copper ore, lead ore, zinc ore, bauxite ore, magnesium ore, nickel ore, cobalt ore, tungsten ore, tin ore, bismuth ore, molybdenum ore, mercury ore, antimony ore, platinum group metal, germanium ore, gallium ore, indium ore, antimony ore, hafnium ore and rhenium ore. The degree of geological work of various minerals is different, and their resource abundance is also different. Some resources are rich, such as tungsten, molybdenum, tin, antimony, mercury, vanadium, titanium, rare earth, lead, zinc, copper, iron and so on. Other obvious deficiencies, such as chrome ore.
nonmetallic mineral resources
There are many kinds of nonmetallic minerals in China, which are rich in resources and widely distributed. There are 88 kinds of nonmetallic minerals with proven reserves, namely diamond, graphite, natural sulfur, pyrite, crystal, corundum, kyanite, cassiterite, andalusite, wollastonite, sodium nitrate, talc, asbestos, crocidolite, mica, feldspar, garnet, pyrophyllite, diopside, tremolite, vermiculite, zeolite, alunite, mirabilite, gypsum, etc. Quartzite, sandstone, natural quartz sand, vein-shaped chronology, powdery chronology, natural oilstone, potassium-bearing sandstone, diatomite, shale, kaolin, ceramic clay, refractory clay, attapulgite clay, sepiolite clay, illite clay, rectorite clay, bentonite, bauxite, peridotite, serpentine, basalt amphibole, gabbro, diabase, etc.
Resource characteristics
China's mineral resources have both advantages and disadvantages. The basic situation of coexistence of advantages and disadvantages is mainly manifested in the following aspects: 1, the total amount of mineral resources is rich, and the per capita resources are relatively insufficient; 2. The variety of minerals is complete and the distribution of resources is different; 3. The quality of minerals is uneven, with more poor minerals and less rich minerals; 4. There are few super-large deposits and many small and medium-sized deposits; 5. There are many associated minerals and few single deposits.
operate
Mining management refers to the management of mineral resources and their exploration, development and utilization activities by the state mineral resources management organs. The main contents of mining management include: national ownership management of mineral resources, exploration and mining rights management, supervision and management of mineral resources exploration and development activities, administrative management of geological exploration and development of mineral resources and management of mineral resources reserves.
Basic situation
Before 1949, the mining industry in China was very underdeveloped, with few mining enterprises and very few miners. Since the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, with the exploration and development of mineral resources, the mining workforce has also developed greatly, covering coal industry, oil and gas industry, nuclear industry, iron and steel industry, non-ferrous metal industry, gold industry, chemical industry, building materials industry, light industry and other industrial sectors. With the gradual deepening of the economic system reform, under the guidance of the market mechanism and the policy of giving priority to one industry and diversified management, not only the above-mentioned major industrial departments have a considerable number of mining workers, but also some other departments have a certain number of mining teams engaged in mining development activities; Not only the central state-owned enterprises are engaged in mining development, but also many local state-owned enterprises, township collective and individual enterprises and other economic enterprises are engaged in mining development activities, thus forming a huge mining workforce throughout the country.
China mining legal system construction.
The legal construction of mineral resources exploration and development is an important content of mining management and an organic part of China's legal construction. Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, in the great cause of promoting reform, opening up and socialist modernization, and in the tide of promoting democracy and legal system construction throughout the country, the legal system construction of mineral resources exploration and development in China has never been perfect, and it has gradually improved. After the NPC Standing Committee deliberated and passed 1986 Measures for the Implementation of People's Republic of China (PRC) Mineral Resources Law, from the end of 1986 to the end of 1995, the State Council issued 28 administrative regulations and normative documents related to mining, including the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of People's Republic of China (PRC) Mineral Resources Law. After the revision of the Mineral Resources Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), the State Council issued three supporting laws and regulations on1February, 1998 12, namely, measures for the registration of mineral resources exploration blocks, measures for the exploitation of mineral resources and measures for the transfer of exploration and mining rights. With the promulgation and implementation of the Mineral Resources Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) and its supporting laws and regulations as a symbol, the framework of laws and regulations on mineral resources management in China has been initially established, and the exploration, development and management of mineral resources have entered the legal track. Therefore, it plays an important role in accelerating the pace of mineral resources and their exploration and development, promoting the rational development and utilization of mineral resources, and ensuring and promoting the reform and development of mining industry.
China Mining Management System
The traditional management system of mineral exploration and development in China was formed under the planned economy system. Its basic feature is to determine the state's ownership of mineral resources through the Constitution and the Mineral Resources Law. The geological exploration funds allocated by the national central financial accounting shall be handed over to the geological exploration department to organize geological exploration teams to explore mineral resources; Geological data and mineral reserves obtained from geological exploration are turned over to the state free of charge and without reservation, and the state planning department and various mining development departments formulate mineral resources development plans according to the medium-and long-term plans and annual plans formulated by the state and incorporate them into the overall national plan. With the development of socialist modernization, the original system can no longer meet the needs, so a series of changes have been carried out in the practice process. Over the past decades, the development and change of China's mineral resources exploration and development management system has experienced a complex process from centralization to decentralization, and then to centralized and unified management. It can be roughly divided into four stages. 1, from 1949 to 1979, this is the period when the traditional management system of mineral resources exploration and development in China was formed. From the management of government departments, it is also a stage from relatively centralized to decentralized management. 2. From the promulgation and implementation of the Mineral Resources Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) 1979 to 1986. An important feature of the development and management mechanism of mineral resources in this period is that the state implements the policy of encouraging collective and individual mining in villages and towns. The rapid rise of township collective small mines has played a great role in alleviating the shortage of mineral resources, developing local economy, getting rid of poverty and promoting national construction and development. However, some small coal mines are exploited wantonly, destroying and wasting resources. 3. 1986 10 ~ 1998 March. This is the stage of unified management of all kinds of mineral resources except oil and natural gas and their exploration and development, and it is also the stage of establishing and gradually improving the administrative regulations system and management institutions of geology and mineral resources. 4. Since March 1998. According to the institutional reform plan approved by the National People's Congress, firstly, the former Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources, the State Bureau of Land Management, the State Oceanic Administration and the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping will be merged to form a unified land and resources management department, and all government functions of mineral resources management exercised by or on behalf of the former State Planning Commission, the Ministry of Coal Industry and the Ministry of Metallurgical Industry will be handed over to the Ministry of Land and Resources for centralized management. Second, the former Ministry of Metallurgical Industry, the Ministry of Coal Industry and the Ministry of Chemical Industry were reorganized into corresponding national bureaus, which were under the unified management of the State Economic and Trade Commission. In this way, mineral resources and their exploration and development have truly achieved centralized and unified management.
Through this government institutional reform, the reform of mining management system in China has made a breakthrough.
China Mining Association
China Mining Association is an enterprise legal person organization approved by the State Council, covering the whole mining industry. It is mainly composed of domestic and foreign mining companies (including oil fields), geological prospecting enterprises, national mining industry associations, provincial mining associations (federations), mining-related research institutes (schools) and mining cities. Its purpose is to follow the development law of the mining industry itself and insist on serving the mining enterprises, the government and the mining industry. Its main function is to serve as a bridge and link between mining enterprises and the government.
The highest authority of China Mining Association is the member congress; The executive body is the presidium meeting, and the permanent working body is the chairman's office meeting.
China Mining Association Office is the Secretariat Bureau, which consists of several branches, professional committees and working committees, as well as China Mining News, China Mining Magazine, China Mining Network, China Mining Yearbook and other media. Relying on the above-mentioned departments and media, provide services required by industries, enterprises and governments in terms of policy and regulation consultation, market information supply, professional intermediary services, international contacts and exchanges, and safeguarding members' rights and interests. In order to expand the contact with domestic and foreign mining companies, we have set up offices in some provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) and representative offices in important mining countries.
Magazine of the same name
Mine Engineering is an international Chinese periodical focusing on the latest progress in the field of mine engineering technology. It mainly publishes advanced technology and experience, scholars' discussions and professional comments in the field of mine engineering technology. The main research areas include:
Mine engineering technology, mine geology, mine design, mine ground engineering, mine roadway engineering, mining engineering, mineral processing engineering, drilling engineering, oil and gas well development engineering, oil and gas storage and transportation engineering, mine mechanical engineering, mine electrical engineering, mine environmental engineering, mine safety and mine comprehensive utilization engineering. Brief introduction of the book editorial board
Professor Xu Jiang (Professor. Xu Jiang, Chongqing University)
Professor Dong from China University of Mining and Technology.
Liu, Professor, Professor of China University of Mining and Technology.
Professor Yin (Professor. Wan, Northeastern University)
Professor Zhou Zilong (Professor. Zhou Zilong, Central South University)
Professor Fu Gui, China University of Mining and Technology.
Professor Qin China University of Mining and Technology.
Professor Guo Guangli (Professor China Guo of China University of Mining and Technology)
Professor Han Keqi (Professor China, China University of Mining and Technology)
Professor Gao Yanfa, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing).
Professor Tan (Professor. Tan (Shandong University of Science and Technology)
Professor Chen Jingang (Professor. Chen Jingang, Zhengzhou University)
Professor Tang Min Ann. Tang Min 'an, North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power)
Associate Professor Liu Xiaowen (Dr. Xiao, Central South University)
Zhao Hongbao, Associate Professor, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing).
Associate Professor Zhao Haifeng, China Youshi University (Beijing) (Dr. Zhao Haifeng, China Shiyou University (Beijing))
Retrieve information
Papers of mining engineering journals are included in the following databases: Open Access Library.