Middle school rhetoric is mainly divided into 12 categories: metaphor, metonymy, personification, exaggeration, duality, contrast, parallelism, repetition, rhetorical question, quotation and intertextuality. Interpretation can be divided into nine categories: classification, example, analogy, enumerating numbers, comparison, explanation, definition, imitation and drawing charts.
There are three main types of explanation order: time order, spatial order and emotional development order. There are four main types of structure: connecting the preceding with the following, bedding, care and clues.
The technique of expression is complex and is defined as an artistic technique in literary dictionaries. "It is a variety of specific expression techniques adopted by writers to use language to shape artistic images and reflect social life. In literary creation, various artistic techniques are generally used interactively and are restricted by genre.
The long-term artistic practice of human beings has created and accumulated rich artistic techniques, among which description, narration, lyricism, reasoning, irony, exaggeration, contrast, rendering, contrast and Fu Ying are the most common. It can be seen that expression techniques include expression, explanation, explanation order and structure.
It may be confusing to give you such an answer, but you can understand it this way: when asking questions about expressions, you can first think of these expressions, such as expression, explanation, explanation order and structure, but don't forget the unique irony, contrast, rendering, symbol and contrast of this concept. Wish progress! 1, the function of the first paragraph, the function of the middle paragraph or sentence, and the function of the last paragraph.
We can answer this question from two aspects: for the first paragraph, structurally speaking, it is to write down the topic, point out the center of the article, get straight to the point, get the full text, or play a role in causing the following; In terms of content, it is the foreshadowing and foil for the following, paving the way for the description of the following content. The problem in the middle part plays a bridge role in the structure.
The function of the last paragraph or sentence is to summarize the full text, point out the main idea of the article, make people remember deeply and take care of the theme. 2. What thoughts and feelings does the article express? This needs to be answered according to the specific content of the article. Common ones are singing, praising, loving, admiring, moving, happy, longing, shock, missing, melancholy, faint sadness, regret, missing relatives at home, or boredom, hatred, pain, shame, guilt, hatred, sadness, grief, regret and so on.
Between the lines of the article, we can see the feelings of the general author, some of them may be written more implicitly, and some of them are directly expressed. 3. Summarize the main idea of the article.
For this kind of topic, you must read the full text carefully several times before answering, and then you can answer with such key words: "The story of crossing ..., you praised (praised) the author's thoughts and feelings and revealed profound truth ...". We can also find from the article that in every paragraph of the article, especially the first or last sentence of the first or last paragraph, the philosophical sentences in the article are often the theme that the author wants to express.
4. What expressions are used in underlined sentences? What's the role? When we see this type of topic, we must first look at the expression used in this sentence, which is narrative, description, explanation, discussion and lyricism. Specifically, description is divided into character description, scenery description and comprehensive scene description. Character description can also be subdivided into language description, action description, psychological description, portrait description and detail description. The function of description is to make the article vivid, vivid and touching.
The use of lyricism can enhance the appeal of the article and highlight the center of the article. If there are some fairy tales, folklore and descriptions of magical scenes in nature, its function is to increase the mystery of what is written and arouse readers' interest.
5. What rhetorical devices are used in a sentence in the text? What's the role? There are many kinds of rhetoric, and eight kinds are commonly used: metaphor, analogy, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, repetition, rhetorical question and rhetorical question. Among them, metaphor, personification, exaggeration and parallelism are the most tested. Metaphor has three functions: first, it simplifies profound truths and helps people deepen their body odor; The second is to make abstract things concrete and easy to accept; The third is to visualize the summary and give a vivid impression.
The role of personification is to make readers not only have a vivid impression on the things expressed, but also feel the author's strong feelings about things. Using personification to express things you like can make them vivid and make people feel more intimate and natural. Things that show hatred can be ugly and give people a strong sense of disgust. The function of exaggeration is to deeply express the author's distinct emotional attitude towards things, thus causing readers to scream strongly; Rendering the image of things can arouse people's rich imagination and help highlight the essence and characteristics of things.
The function of parallelism lies in highlighting the center of the article, expressing strong and unrestrained emotions and enhancing the momentum of language; It is an important link to improve the expression effect. There are also overlapping words and short sentences, which make the article full of rhythm, beautiful rhyme and catchy to read.
Another rhetoric is quotation. Sometimes, in reading comprehension, poems, celebrity stories and related contents in celebrity language or celebrity works will be quoted. The question will be "What is the function of the quoted content in the article?" When answering this question, we should pay attention to two key words. One is "to contrast the quality of the narrative object and highlight the spirit of the protagonist". The above questions must be answered in combination with the specific content of the article.
6. What does a sentence in the text mean? Or tell us something profound? Please tell me your understanding. The answer to this kind of question is not simply to find ready-made sentences from the text. This requires our students to read more and accumulate more at ordinary times, read more and remember some philosophical quotes, so as to truly understand the meaning of the article, enrich the answers and accurately express their understanding of the article in their own language.
7. Compare reading comprehension. Sometimes exams compare articles in class with articles with similar content outside class. For this kind of topic, we can compare the content, writing characteristics and emotional tone of the article.
The above is about narrative.
2. What are the answering skills for reading classical Chinese, narrative, argumentative and explanatory texts in the Chinese exam? Narration has six elements: time, place, people, cause, process and result.
Characteristics of narrative text
Narration is characterized by taking narration as the main form of expression and synthesizing other forms of expression; The main content is to remember people, narrate articles, write scenery and write things; Express a center by describing people, time and objects and writing scenes.
Narrative refers to articles that remember people, narrate, write scenes, write objects, etc. Ancient notes, biographies, prefaces, tables and records, as well as modern news, newsletters, briefings, close-ups, biographies, memoirs and travel notes, all belong to the category of narrative.
Writing a narrative should do the following:
First, be sure to explain clearly. Whether writing notes or landscapes, you should generally explain the time, place, people, events, reasons and results, otherwise the article will be incomplete.
Second, the clues are clear. Although the angle of observation and the way of description can be different, every article must have a contact material and a central clue that runs through the whole article, otherwise the article will be loose.
Third, people should be consistent. Whether the first person "I" or the third person "He" is used, it should be consistent throughout, and it is generally not appropriate to change it at will, otherwise it will easily lead to confusion.
Narrative is mainly narrative, but there are often descriptions, lyricism and arguments between them, and there can be no clear division. This is a style with flexible form and diverse writing style as much as possible.
Narrative is a style with narration as its main form and description of characters experience and the development and changes of things as its main content.
The description text should pay attention to the characteristics of the object. The characteristic of an object is the sign that it is different from other things. Grasping the characteristics also grasps the essence of things. In order to make the explanation more orderly, according to the characteristics of explanation, explanatory texts often adopt chronological order, spatial order and Luo Ji order. Explanatory text should choose appropriate interpretation methods according to specific content, writing purpose and reading object. Common explanations include definition, classification, example, comparison, analogy, numbering and drawing charts. Students should learn to recognize these different explanations.
Argumentative essay 3 elements, arguments, arguments, arguments. The argument of an argumentative paper is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed, and it is the soul of an argumentative paper. The argument of argumentative paper is the basis for the author to elaborate or demonstrate the argument. In order to make others agree with his argument, the author has to take facts and reasons as the basis to prove its correctness. The relationship between arguments is the relationship between proof and proof. The argumentation methods of argumentative essays mainly include examples, quotations, comparative argumentation and figurative argumentation. Refutation includes refuting main points, refuting reasons and refuting arguments. There are two ways to write argumentation: argumentation and refutation. When analyzing the process of argumentation, we should pay attention to the relationship between sentences and paragraphs.
3. A classical Chinese composition of 100 words tells a truth. Chen Taiqiu went on a trip with his friends. During the day, Taiqiu gave up before he reached the middle. Even after he left, seven-year-old Fiona Fang was still playing outside the door. The guest asked Fiona Fang, "Is Zunjun there?" Answer: "I didn't wait for you for a long time, but I have already left." The friend got angry and said, "No humanity! Go with people, go with people! " Fiona Fang said, "You and your family will meet at noon. Before noon, there is no faith; It is impolite to scold your father. " If a friend feels ashamed, he will get off and pick you up. Fiona Fang doesn't care about the beginning. Chen Taiqiu asked a friend to go out and agreed to leave at noon. His friend didn't come after noon. Ai Chen left him. After he left, his friends came. At that time, my son Yuan Cai was seven years old and was at the door. Fiona Fang replied, "My father waited for you for a long time, but you left without coming." The friend got angry and said, "What a human being! I made an appointment with others to go together, but I left others and left myself! " Fiona Fang said, "You and my father agreed to leave at noon. If you don't come at noon, you're breaking your promise. " It is impolite to insult the father of another son. The friend felt ashamed and got off to meet him. Fiona Fang turned to go home and never looked back.