First, the historical development of China's feudal supervision system
According to the historical process of its emergence and development, the feudal supervision system in China can be roughly divided into five stages.
(1) The germination and establishment stage of the feudal supervision system in China-the Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasties.
With the establishment of Xia Chao, the first slave owner in China, "many factors belonging to the category of administrative supervision have been produced". (1) During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was also an empire in charge of supervision. However, no special supervision institution was formed during this period, so as a strict supervision system, it was not established. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, state institutions have been continuously established and improved, and a set of large-scale supervision institutions from the central government to the local government has also been formed. In the Qin Dynasty, in the central government, an ancient censor was established, which was in charge of the state supervision power. Beneath it, there was an imperial adviser, Zhong Cheng, who supervised the illegal officials in the temple. Locally, "thirty-six counties were initially set up to supervise the county", and one county was set up with three guards, commandants and supervisors. "The county magistrate is in charge of its county, the county commander is in charge of the garrison, and the governor is in charge of the county." ⑵ During the Han Dynasty, there was a slight change. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the imperial censor was established in the central government, and the central supervisory power was in the charge of the imperial doctor. It is composed of Yu Shicheng or Zhong Cheng. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Yushitai was established as the central supervisory organ, and its leader was Yushitai. The Eastern Han Dynasty continued this system. In the history of the empire, Zhang Cheng "supervised hundreds of officials and picketed illegal acts". When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up a captain, he not only supervised the officials in the Gyeonggi area, but also illegally played with the central ruling institutions and even the royalty. In the local area, in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the imperial censor was stopped, and a prime minister was added to directly supervise several counties. "If the censor fails to serve the law, he will send the prime minister to stab him to death and supervise the censor." (3) Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty divided the whole country into thirteen states, and "the secretariat department was set up at the beginning of the thirteen states", and each state sent secretariat officials, and the officials were not harsh. In the Han Dynasty, remonstrating officials appeared, which initially formed a supervision system pattern of mutual cooperation between remonstrating officials and remonstrating officials. There is a county-level inspector-Du You. Responsible for supervising the illegal acts of county officials.
(2) The period of slow development of feudal supervision system-Three Kingdoms, Jin Dynasty, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
The period of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties was a period of great division in the history of China, and the supervision system was gradually consolidated and developed with the strengthening of centralization. Mainly manifested in; In the central government, Yushitai in the Wei and Jin Dynasties broke away from the jurisdiction of Shaofu and became the highest central supervisory institution directly controlled by the emperor. During the Western Jin Dynasty, the level of impeachment objects was improved. During the Southern Dynasties, the central supervisory officer was valued and his status was improved. The centralized province completely broke away from the province under the door and began to be responsible for the blockade. At the local level, the local supervision system of the three countries mostly follows the system of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the Western Jin Dynasty, a captain was appointed as a local official. Since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Si Li was a captain, and his authority was under the command of Yangzhou secretariat, mainly supervising officials in both Beijing and Capital. At the state level, the Secretariat remains responsible for supervision. Du You is the county seat. At the county level, an inspector-Tingrafter appeared to supervise the township officials belonging to the county. On the basis of following the local supervision system of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Southern Dynasties added the post of Qian Dian local supervisor to strengthen local control. The function of Yangzhou secretariat in the Southern Dynasties basically followed that of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Du You remained unchanged at the county level. The Northern Dynasties was a period of unification and multi-ethnic integration in China, with frequent wars. Therefore, the rulers generally do not attach importance to the local supervision system, which is relatively simple and basically follows the Southern Dynasties.
(C) The rapid development stage of feudal supervision system-Sui and Tang Dynasties
The Sui and Tang Dynasties were the heyday of the economic, political and cultural development of China feudal society, and the supervision system also developed rapidly. In the Sui Dynasty, in addition to Yushitai, there were also Silitai and Zhetai, which were responsible for internal and external supervision respectively, collectively known as "three episodes". Yushitai is responsible for supervising central officials, and Silitai and Zhetai are responsible for supervising local governments. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Silitai and Zhezhetai were abolished, and the "three hospitals" system of Yushitai was established. Yushitai consists of three courtyards, namely, Taiyuan, Dianyuan and chayuan. Taiwan Province Academy is responsible for correcting hundreds of officials. The temple is responsible for picketing the disrespectful behavior of officials who violate courtiers. Chayuan is responsible for picketing the illegal acts of local officials in counties. The Chayuan also set up six imperial censors to strengthen supervision over them. In the Tang dynasty, the remonstrance officer also formed a system and set up a remonstrance court. The remonstrance officer is responsible for "praising the attendants and standardizing remonstrance". (4) The situation of remonstrance in Taiwan Strait is formed. Locally, during the Tang Dynasty, the whole country was divided into ten roads (later increased to fifteen roads), and each road was set up with a supervisor, named Patrol History, who was in charge of major criminal cases and illegal bribery cases of officials. The establishment of the administrative system at the Taoist level was inherited by the Song Dynasty and changed somewhat.
(4) The strengthening stage of China's feudal supervision system-Song and Yuan Dynasties.
China's feudal society entered its later period from the Song Dynasty. The remonstrance officer was born out of the province of Chinese books, and together with remonstrance, it is called "Taiwan remonstrance", showing the trend of integration of remonstrance officials. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, Yushitai still followed the "Three Courtyards" system of the Tang Dynasty. However, after the reform of Zongshen Yuanfeng, the "three hospitals" appeared a trend of merger, and the responsibilities of imperial academy were replaced by the temple hospital and the procuratorate. In addition, Yushitai also set up six inspectors to supervise the ruling institutions in the capital. A two-level administrative management system is implemented in the local area, namely, the road and the government (state, army and supervision). At the road level, there are a transport department, a supervision department and a regular department, collectively referred to as the "supervision department". Mainly picket local officials for graft, dereliction of duty and other matters. The supervisory organ of the government (state, army and prison) is the General Judicial Office, which supervises state and county officials. In the Song Dynasty, in addition to the supervision department, a road level supervision system was set up in some periods, and its responsibility was mainly to explore border affairs. During the Yuan Dynasty, the suggestion system developed accordingly, and it became an institution to compete with Zhongshu and Privy Council. At this time, only the imperial court was set up in Yushitai, and the imperial court was reduced to the department in the hall, and the system of "one hospital and three hospitals" was transformed into the system of "one hospital". At the same time, there is no suggestion court and no suggestion officer, which realizes the integration of the suggestion officer system. At the local level, the Yuan Dynasty set up 22 departments, namely, Imperial Examiner's Desk, Criminal Examiner's Department and Incorruptible Government Patrol Department, which formed a huge and thorough monitoring network from the central government to the local government.
(V) The complete stage of China's feudal supervision system-Ming and Qing Dynasties.
The Ming and Qing Dynasties witnessed a high development of centralization in China. With the strengthening of centralization, the supervision system reached a very strict and complete level in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Mainly manifested in the early Ming Dynasty, the functions of the platform, the hall and the inspector's office of the Central Yushitai were merged into the inspector's office, and the three hospitals were integrated. In the thirteenth year of Hongwu, there were censors, Douchayuan and six-part system of giving things. The emperor directly commanded the six departments, and the six departments served as the supervisory organs of the * *, and strengthened the supervision of the six departments, and the branches and roads stood side by side. In the local area, there is a sentencing and judge department, which is responsible for justice and supervision. The Provincial Department of Justice is divided into thirteen channels, and the central government sends thirteen channels of supervision suggestions to the provinces for inspection and supervision. At the same time, the governor and the governor have suggested that * * * be in charge of local supervision. The central supervision system of the Qing Dynasty also achieved a high development on the basis of the Ming Dynasty. In the first year of Yongzheng, Emperor Sejong of the Qing Dynasty merged six subjects into Douchayuan, and the subjects and Taoism merged into one. The establishment of "imperial prison" in the military department and "internal prison" in Zongren House enriched the central supervision system in the Qing Dynasty. At the local level, the provincial sentencing and investigation office is the highest judicial supervision organ in a province. There are provincial, prefectural and county administrative organs under the province, which divide the whole country into fifteen (later changed to twenty-two) and set up fifteen channels to supervise the imperial history. At the same time, the capital area will be regarded as a special administrative region and a five-city court system will be set up. So far, the feudal supervision system in China has reached a high degree of unity and completeness.
Second, the historical reference of China's feudal supervision system
As can be seen from the above brief summary, the feudal supervision system in China is strict and concrete. As a balancing device on the feudal state machine, it played an extremely important role in the management of feudal officials. This undoubtedly has a lot of enlightenment and reference significance for today's political reform and rule of law construction, especially the anti-corruption struggle and the prevention of duty crimes.
(1) endow supervisory organs and their officials with relative status to ensure that supervisory officials can exercise supervisory power.
During the feudal period in China, the * * nature of supervision was mainly manifested in two aspects. One was the * * nature of the supervisory organ itself. In order to safeguard the imperial power, while strengthening centralization and absolute monarchy, we constantly adjust and improve the supervision institutions. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yushitai has become the supervisory organ of * *. Since then, although the names of supervisory organs in different dynasties have changed slightly, the status of supervisory organs has never changed. The second is the * * of internal officials of supervisory organs. Since the Song Dynasty, China's feudal rule has formulated the avoidance law that the prime minister and the rulers should not get their hands on the appointment right of the central supervisory officials, because the rulers realized that the appointment right of the supervisory officials controlled by the prime minister was obviously not conducive to the supervision officials' restriction on the power of the prime minister, which easily caused the disadvantages of "the prime minister used Taiwan officials, and the prime minister was negligent and dared not speak", thus ensuring the supervision officials' * * from the legal system. The relative relationship between supervisory organs and their officials is an important measure in China's feudal supervisory operation mechanism, which provides institutional guarantee for supervisory officials to exercise their functions and powers without interference from the Chief Executive, exempts them from the concern that retaliation against the Chief Executive may affect their future, and dares to exercise their supervisory functions and powers boldly, which is conducive to better exerting their supervisory effectiveness.
(two) the implementation of bottom-up supervision, in order to enhance the sense of professional accomplishment and responsibility of supervision officials.
Under the feudal monarchy in China, the supervision system formed a very strict supervision network from the central to the local, but the position of supervisors in the whole supervision network was very subtle. This subtlety is reflected in the fact that although the supervisory officials are low-ranking, they can impeach officials at all levels below the emperor. For example, in the Western Han Dynasty, the suggestion and the prime minister and Qiu were called "three fairs", but the prime minister and Qiu arranged mangoku, and the suggestion was only 2,000 stones. The empire is only a thousand stones, while the empire, empire and secretariat are only six hundred stones. In the Sui Dynasty, the official of Silitai took six grades, the official of Silitai took eight grades, and the official of Silitai took nine grades. In the Tang Dynasty, except for the title of Imperial Scholar, the title of the imperial court was lower than level 6, the title of the imperial court was lower than level 7, and the supervision of the imperial court was only level 8. During the Yongzheng period of the Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing and Qing Dynasties, all the censors were seven products. However, even an empire with only 600 stones can impeach General Fu He, while a secretariat can picket the county magistrate who is 2,000 stones older than him and supervise the empire and six ministers. On the one hand, this feudal supervision mode is conducive to supervisory officials to work boldly, dilute the concept of official career and do their duty. On the other hand, due to the great power of supervisors, officials at all levels are awed, which is also conducive to eliminating the interference of government departments and local officials in supervision work, and can discover and expose officials' violations in time, thus enhancing supervisors' sense of professional accomplishment and responsibility for supervision work.
(three) pay attention to the supervision of legislation, and standardize the supervision behavior of supervisory organs and their officials from the system.
In order to effectively control the country and society and ensure the stability of state power, from the Qin and Han Dynasties, feudal monarchs attached great importance to the legalization and institutionalization of supervision work, and constantly formulated supervision laws and regulations, so that supervision organs could supervise the administrative work of officials at all levels according to law. During the reign of Emperor Hui of the Han Dynasty, nine laws were specially stipulated for the empire to exercise its supervisory power. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, six imperial edicts were issued to inspect counties. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the supervision laws and regulations were more specific, and the Sui Dynasty stipulated that Li Si should inspect six counties. In the Tang Dynasty, six inspection laws and forty-eight county customs were stipulated, with the focus on punishing corrupt officials. The construction of supervision laws and regulations in the Song Dynasty was further developed, and the imperial examination system, imperial examination order, mutual inspection by supervision departments, and imperial examination supervision law were established. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the rulers paid more attention to the law of supervision and successively promulgated special central supervision laws and regulations. For example, the Yuan Dynasty formulated the rules for the establishment of constitutional stations, the Ming Dynasty formulated the constitutional program, and the Qing Dynasty formulated the rules for the establishment of constitutional stations, as well as the rules of Duchayuan and the mutual inspection law. These feudal supervision laws and regulations of past dynasties provided a legal basis for the supervision work of supervisors, and played an important role in improving the accuracy of supervision, reducing arbitrariness, preventing the activities of supervisors from exceeding their own authority and affecting the normal operation of state machines.
(4) Pay attention to the selection criteria of supervisors and improve the overall quality of supervisory organs.
The rulers of the feudal dynasty attached great importance to the selection criteria of invigilators. Since the Qin Dynasty, a relatively complete system has been gradually formed in the selection and appointment of officials. Later, in the Sui Dynasty, it was further developed and perfected, and its role influenced the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Although the selection criteria of different dynasties cannot be exactly the same, there are some basic conditions and principles. Mainly reflected in: (1) emphasizing the ethics and style standards of officials. "Bamboo Slips of Qin Tomb in Sleeping Tiger Land" once said that "officials have five virtues: loyalty, honesty, judgment, kindness and respect". (2) Knowledgeable and well informed. Since the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination has been closely combined with the election supervision, and the requirements for the cultural quality of the election supervisors have been significantly improved. (3) Rich practical work experience. Because the object of supervision involves many fields such as administration, justice, economy and culture, the working face is very large, and the supervisors are required to have certain practical work experience. In ancient feudal society, supervisors were mostly selected from county officials. It was stipulated in the Song Dynasty that a person who had not been appointed by two county decrees could not be an empire. The system of selecting and appointing officials in ancient China provided a rich source for feudal bureaucracy, and also provided a basic guarantee for supervisors to be brave and good at performing their duties. It plays a positive role in weakening the influence of feudal nepotism, preventing the supervised from controlling the supervisor and ensuring the supervision department to exercise its functions and powers.
(5) Establish and improve the assessment system for feudal supervisory officials.
The examination system in feudal times was also called "examination-taking" and "invigilation". It is a system to evaluate the work and achievements of serving officials in order to determine the level and promotion. Because this system can strengthen the management of invigilators themselves, it has been paid attention to by rulers of past dynasties. In history, there was an examination system for officials very early. During the Warring States and Qin Dynasties, the earliest assessment system-"Shangji system" appeared, and officials were assessed regularly. The Han Dynasty paid attention to the legalization of the assessment system, and successively promulgated the work order, accounting law and homework official examination law, and set up a fixed assessment institution, which initially formed the assessment system. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the examination system developed well, and a set of strict examination system began to take shape. The Tang Dynasty promulgated a series of laws and regulations on examinations. For example, in the old Tang Dynasty, the book officials described the assessment standards of the Tang Dynasty as "four virtues and twenty-seven", and there were also provisions on the assessment methods and time limits. On the basis of inheriting the achievements of the examination system in the Tang Dynasty, the Song Dynasty added an examiner's college and an examination college to take charge of the examination of officials, and the authority of course examination no longer belonged to the official department. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the official examination system became more and more complete. The continuous improvement of the official examination system shows that the rulers have a clear understanding of the importance of supervising officials' own honesty and law-abiding. These powerful measures have played a considerable role in correcting unhealthy practices in officialdom and promoting bureaucratic loyalty.
The ancient feudal dynasty in China established a system of supervising government officials, maintaining the ruling order and ensuring the normal operation of state machinery. Supervising the implementation of laws and regulations, maintaining the unity of national laws and regulations, and participating in and supervising the trial activities of major cases by the central and local judicial organs are the main responsibilities of supervisory institutions and supervisors in ancient China.
The ancient supervisory system in China originated very early. During the Warring States period, the censor in charge of literature and history had obvious supervisory functions. The Qin dynasty began to form a system, and later became an important political system in previous dynasties. After a long period of development, this system is gradually improved and complete. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, in 22 1 BC, Qin unified China, established autocratic centralization and established a supervision system. The central government set up an imperial censor with three levels, with the second prime minister and imperial censor as its official positions, mastering the documents of the world and supervising the world. At the local level, the emperor sent an empire to counties, which was called "monitoring empire" and was responsible for monitoring all the work in counties.
Han inherited the Qin system, but it was stricter than the Qin system. In the Western Han Dynasty, the central government still set Yushi as the chief executive, Yushi as the deputy, and concurrently served as the confidential secretary of the emperor and the central supervision. Locally, the imperial history was abolished in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, and the Prime Minister appointed the "Prime Minister History" at any time to stab the states. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to strengthen the control of the central government on local governments, the whole country was divided into 13 monitoring areas, which were called state departments. Each the State Council has 1 person full-time inspector to supervise the counties under the State Council with "six questions". The prime minister's office has a direct department, and the prime minister is in charge of illegality. If a court official protests to the doctor and adds an official for this matter, he has the right to supervise this illegal act. At the county level, Du You represents the prefect and supervises the county and township. When Xuan Di is declared emperor, he will be an adviser to the court, responsible for legal documents and have the right to judge whether the prison is right or wrong. Because of his special mission, Fu's imperial history, book management imperial history, military supervision imperial history, embroidered clothes imperial history (also known as embroidered clothes guidance) and so on. , respectively, to exercise the suggested functions and powers. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the physician was renamed Dasikong, and the imperial government was changed to Yushitai, and Yushicheng was in charge of supervision affairs. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yushitai was called Sendai, and it was still under the command of Zhongcheng, but its authority was expanded. Yushitai is nominally placed under Shaofu, but in fact it is the highest specialized supervisory organ. It is also known as the "Three Stations" with the important bookshop in charge of court communication. Eastern Han empire, picketing; Manage books, suggest history and check suspicious prisons. The whole country is divided into 13 monitoring areas, including 1 Li Si (municipality directly under the central government) and 12 states. Li Siyou 1 officers, and their position is very prominent. When attending the meeting, he was on an equal footing with Shangshutai and Shiyu Zhongcheng, nicknamed "Three Sitting Alone". A captain from Li Si is responsible for supervising court officials except Sangong and those who violate the law near the capital county. Each state has a 1 secretariat to monitor the local political situation, accept cases and evaluate officials. Due to the mixed powers and responsibilities, the secretariat gradually became a local governor at or above the county level, losing its supervisory role, so it was renamed as Zhoumu, and the state changed from a supervisory area to an administrative area, and the local supervision system basically collapsed.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the feudal regime was basically divided. The names of supervision institutions in different dynasties are different, but the system is the same as that in Han dynasty, with some changes. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Yushitai was no longer subordinate to Shaofu, but became a national supervisory organization directly controlled by the emperor. During the Southern Liang Dynasty, the Later Wei Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Imperial censorate (also known as Nantai) and the Constitutional Taiwan in the Later Zhou Dynasty were still controlled by the Imperial Commander Zhong Cheng, and the Northern Wei Dynasty was called the Imperial Captain. Due to the growing power of the inspector general, there are already provisions to prevent supervisory officials from breaking the law and dereliction of duty. If the vassal commits a crime and does not correct it in the proposal, he will be dismissed from office. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, in order to prevent the supervisory organs from practicing favoritism and malpractice and give full play to their supervisory efficiency, it was clearly stipulated that the literati should not be the official of the imperial history. After the Jin Dynasty, Zhong Cheng, the Imperial Advisor, set up the positions of Imperial Advisor in the Hall, Imperial Advisor in the School and Imperial Advisor in the Transportation. And divided the power of internal and external supervision. At this time, there was no longer a fixed supervision organization in the local area, and the court sent inspectors from time to time to supervise local officials. In addition, the system of "listening to the wind and playing things" was formed during this period.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the central supervisory organ was still Yushitai, and the chief Yushitai Zhong Cheng was changed to Dr. Shi Yu, and two people were appointed as assistants. The proofreading suggestion is changed to monitoring suggestion, and *** 12 people are responsible for going out for inspection. The supervision system of the Sui Dynasty was developed in the Tang Dynasty, and the supervision institutions were more complete. In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, the central government set up the Imperial History Desk, which was headed by Dr. Zheng Sanpin and assisted by Zheng Sanpin. Yushitai is called Sendai, and the doctor is called Daxian. When Wu Zetian was in power, he changed the Yushitai to Su on the left and Su on the right. After zhongzong, it was changed to the left and right suggestion platform. The function of Yushitai is "to be in charge of the criminal constitution and laws of the country, so as to rectify the current situation" (Volume XIII of Six Codes of the Tang Dynasty). There are three courtyards under the Yushitai: ① Courtyard, belonging to Yushitai, "hundreds of people are in charge, and the prison pushes the lawsuit"; (2) the temple belongs to the history of the imperial court and "holds the ceremony of the temple"; (3) Chayuan, which belongs to the suggestion, "inspects Baiwei, patrols counties, corrects prisons and cleans courtiers" (ibid.). At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the whole country was divided into 10 prison areas, called 10 road (later added as 15 road), and each road was equipped with 1 person (called historical patrol, interview disposal envoy, observation disposal envoy, etc.). ) to inspect their counties. In the Tang Dynasty, the powers of supervisory organs and censors were further expanded. Yushitai enjoys partial judicial power and has the right to supervise the judicial trials of Dali Temple and the Ministry of Punishment.
The system of remonstrating officials in Tang dynasty also tends to be perfect. The establishment of remonstrance officials has existed since Qin and Han Dynasties, but it developed greatly in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, the central government implemented the system of three provinces, and the main responsibility of the provinces under the door was to correct political gains and losses and take remonstrance as its own responsibility. There are scattered riding attendants under the door, admonishing doctors, filling vacancies and picking up relics (among them, the right to fill vacancies and the right to pick up relics are classified as Chinese book provinces), giving middle-level posts. Anything that goes against the subject's morality and national decision-making can be corrected. One of the more powerful things is to give a letter (that is, the meaning of censorship).
With the development of feudal absolutism, the supervisory organs in Song Dynasty were strengthened. The central government followed the Tang system, and there are still three courts in Yushitai. If a local judge is set up, it is equivalent to a satrap and is called a supervisory state. It has the right to report to the emperor at any time and become the emperor's eyes and ears at the local level. In addition, transshipment at the road level will improve some prison operations. , but also have the responsibility to supervise the counties. In order to ensure that Yushi had more experience in politics, it was clearly stipulated in the Song Dynasty that a person without two county orders could not be appointed as Yushi. According to the regulations, the suggestion has the right to "listen to the wind and bomb people" and must play things once a month, which is called "monthly class"; If you take office for one hundred days, you must blow up people, or you will be dismissed from foreign officials or punished. This is called "humiliating Taiwan money". Since then, the empire has abused its power. The suggestion can impeach the prime minister directly, and also has the responsibility of admonition. Yu Shitai also has the right to appoint Shi Yu to participate in the trial of major criminal cases.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the central government set up an imperial history desk, and the imperial history doctor was superior in rank. "Non-national surnames (Mongolian aristocrats) were not granted" (Yuan Shi Tai Ping Zhuan). Also in Jiangnan and Shaanxi, there are special Yushitai, whose organization is the same as that of the Central Yushitai, as the dispatched organ of the Central Yushitai. This is a significant development of the supervision system in Yuan Dynasty. The whole country is divided into 22 prison districts, and each prison district has a resident ambassador (that is, the censor) to supervise local officials.
The supervision system in Ming Dynasty was fully developed and improved with the strengthening of autocratic monarchy centralization. The central government changed Yushitai to Douchayuan, the "main picket department for internal and external officials". Duchayuan has left and right capitals, vice capitals and female capitals. Examiner 13, * *110, responsible for specific supervision. Although the suggestion is subordinate to the suggestion, it is directly ordered by the emperor and has the right to correct impeachment independently. The Ming Dynasty also established the system of imperial envoys inspecting places. The inspector is in charge of other local affairs on the orders of the emperor. As the governor and the governor's officials, their power is greater than that of ordinary governors and censors, and they have the right to "engage in cheap jobs." In addition to exercising supervision power, Duchayuan also has jurisdiction over major cases. In wartime, the censor supervised the army and went out with the army.
In the Ming Dynasty, the local supervision system was combined with the central supervision, and six departments were specially set up to supervise six affairs, aiming at strengthening the emperor's control over the six departments. All the six subjects of etiquette, household, official, soldier, punishment and industry are given to 1 person, and the left and right are given to 1 person and several people. All six dramas must be submitted for trial, and if there is anything wrong, they will all be rejected; The tasks assigned by the emperor to the six departments were also completed on schedule. The six subjects give things, and the supervision suggestion is collectively called the branch. Although officials are not high in rank, they have great power and a wide range of activities. So the selection of Taoist officials is very strict. At the same time, it also stipulates that the punishment for crimes committed by prison officials is heavier than that of ordinary officials. "The crimes committed by court officials are all added to the third class, and the stolen goods are heavier" (Ming History).
The supervisory organs in Qing dynasty followed the Ming dynasty and developed. In the central government, there is also a Douchayuan. As early as before entering the customs, Huang Taiji wrote a letter: "Where there is political absurdity, Baylor and his ministers are arrogant, greedy and rude, and Xu Duchayuan will speak out." "If you know that you are being bullied, you will blame your country wrongly" (Qing Hui Dian Example, volume 998). Officials at all levels are under the supervision of Duchayuan. In the Qing Dynasty, Duchayuan took the imperial history as the main official, and participated in the discussion with six ministers, general political envoys, Dali temple officials and other important officials. Duchayuan has 15 censors (increased to 22 in the late Qing Dynasty) who specialize in picketing. During the Yongzheng period, six subjects specializing in six departments merged into Douchayuan. Six departments are responsible for supervising and impeaching officials inside and outside Beijing. In the Tang Dynasty, Taiwan was juxtaposed with remonstrance, in the Ming Dynasty, science and Taoism were separated, and in the Qing Dynasty, science and Taoism were completely unified in organization. The centralization of supervisory power is a major feature of the supervisory system in Qing Dynasty.
In the Qing dynasty, on the one hand, supervisors were allowed to listen to the wind and be outspoken; On the other hand, in order to prevent the supervisor from being too powerful, it is stipulated that the impeachment of the censor must be ruled by the emperor. During the Xuan Tong period, the new cabinet was established and the Duchayuan was revoked. Functions and Characteristics The supervision system of feudal society in China in past dynasties played a certain role in strengthening the government's supervision over officials, eliminating the harmful effects and regulating the internal contradictions of the ruling class. It has become an important means to strengthen the central government's control over local governments, strengthen imperial power and consolidate feudal rule. However, under the feudal autocratic monarchy, the supervision system is an accessory of imperial power, and whether it can function normally is closely related to the ignorance of the emperor. At the same time, due to the class nature of feudal regime and feudal officials, many supervisors were convicted of accepting bribes and bending the law.
The ancient supervisory system in China has the following main features: ① Independent institutions and complete systems. Since the Han dynasty, the supervisory organs have been basically independent of the administrative system, and there are specialized institutions and officials from the central government to the local government, which are self-contained. Local inspectors are directly under the command of the central supervisory body and are appointed and removed by the central government; As the eyes and ears of the emperor, the supervisor has relative independence, which provides organizational guarantee for the gradual improvement of the supervision system and the exertion of supervision efficiency. (2) The supervision of officials in the past dynasties penetrated into the assessment and reward system, and heavy rewards and punishments were imposed. (3) Give priority to the severity, adopt the policy of poor grades and heavy rewards and heavy penalties for prison officials, and give junior prison officials the power to supervise senior officials. (4) The power of the supervisory organization comes from the imperial power. With the strengthening of centralization and the expansion of imperial power, the power of supervision institutions has also been improved, even expanded or abused at will, thus making the supervision system develop abnormally, such as the supervision system in Yuan Dynasty with the nature of national oppression. Yuan Shizu clearly stipulates: "Anyone who is not diligent in his duties, don't ask the Han people to reply, and all of them will be punished by the theory. There is no one" (Volume 10 of the History of the Yuan Dynasty, Sai Zuji), but the Mongols are not subject to this restriction. In the Ming Dynasty, in addition to the public supervision institutions, six secret spy agencies such as Duchayuan and Factory Health also became part of the monitoring network.