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As a well-known writer, Hemingway's personality, lifestyle and hobbies are completely different from the types of literati and scholars that ordinary people imagine. He was a lively and naughty "wild child" in his childhood, and often pestered his father who loved outdoor activities to take him hunting and fishing. When he entered school, he took part in almost all sports activities, especially his love for boxing and football was crazy and remained until his later years. Because of this long-term exercise, Hemingway's strong physique and fierce appearance make it impossible to associate him with the image of a "writer". In fact, even when he was such a student obsessed with intense sports activities, he became interested in writing. He often wrote some essays and reports imitating the popular humorous pen at that time, and soon showed admirable talent. Just turned seventeen, he was elected as the editor-in-chief of Oak Park High School magazine. /kloc-Hemingway, 0/9 years old, left home and went to Kansas after graduating from 1917, and worked as a reporter in the Kansas City Star.
Long before he graduated, World War I broke out. After the American War, Hemingway, who was still in school, was inspired by patriotic enthusiasm and asked to join the army several times, but he failed to do so because of age restrictions. It was not until the end of the war,1965438+May 2008, that he got the opportunity to join the American Red Cross Field Service as a reporter and went to the front line in Italy. Unexpectedly, shortly after he arrived there, he was seriously injured by a flowering shell while driving an ambulance across the line of fire (the doctor in the field hospital took out 237 shrapnel from his whole body), and Hemingway actually fainted by carrying these shrapnel and an Italian soldier with a more serious injury. Hemingway returned to the front line after three months' treatment in the rear hospital. It was not until the armistice that he returned to the United States with bruises at the beginning of 19 19. These scars won him the Silver Cross Military Medal issued by the Italian government, but the cruelty and terror of the war left an indelible scar in his heart. At this time, it had a far-reaching impact on his later literary creation. After returning to China, he wrote more than a dozen essays, but they were all rejected. In order to make a living, he accepted the recruitment of Toronto Star and became a reporter of the newspaper. Soon, he married Hadley Richardson. 1992, Hemingway was appointed as the newspaper's special correspondent in Europe and took Hadley to Paris.
During his stay in Paris, Hemingway worked as an interviewer and journalist on the one hand, and resumed his literary career on the other. But it didn't go well at first. When his first collection of works (including three short stories and ten poems) was published in 1923, only 300 copies were printed, and the social response was also very cold. Hemingway is the kind of "tough guy" who refuses to admit defeat. He simply quit his job as a journalist to concentrate on his writing, and at the end of that year, he published his second collection, In Our Time. The first edition of this collection still didn't attract much attention in Paris, but when the second edition was published in the United States the following year, it became one of the top ten bestsellers of 1925, and Hemingway became famous in one fell swoop. Hemingway stayed in Paris from 192 1 to 1926. He is one of a group of "spiritual vagrants" who came to Paris from America. After experiencing the shock wave of World War I, these people lost their psychological balance, thus feeling confused, depressed and at a loss. This group of young people who lost their way of life became the object of Hemingway's observation and analysis, and wrote a collection of short stories of Our Time and the novel The Sun Also Rises, published at 1926. Gertrude stein, an American poetess, is quoted as the title page. Since then, the "lost generation" has become the collective code name of these spiritually empty youths, and it has also become the name of the new literary school representing this ideological tendency. In The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway spared no effort to expose and condemn the killing, violence and soul degeneration among human beings. Through the image and gender of Jack Barnes, the hero of the novel, the author not only shows the empty spiritual world of the "lost generation" youth, but also reflects his negative world outlook. In fact, Barnes in the book is Hemingway's self-portrayal.
1927, Hemingway and Hadley divorced because of emotional breakdown, then they married Pauline Boffin and returned to the United States with her the following year. They settled down in Florida and wrote with peace of mind. 19 19, they published another masterpiece, A Farewell to Arms. In this work, Hemingway's insight into the evolution of people's inner world in an era is extremely profound. On the other hand, the author directly accuses the evil of war, laments and sympathizes with the people's suffering, and at the same time exposes his own negative pessimism, which is manifested in his later series of works.
In the first half of 1930s, Hemingway spent most of his time traveling abroad, fishing, hunting and watching bullfights. In recent years, he only wrote two works, Death in the Afternoon and Castle Peak in Africa, but they were not very successful. 1936, he published the short stories The Happy Life of Frances Macombo and The Snow of Kilimanjaro, which were widely appreciated and recognized as excellent works among dozens of short stories he wrote.
1in July, 936, the Spanish civil war broke out, and Franco's rebels fought fiercely with the government forces. Hemingway resolutely devoted himself to the struggle between democracy and dictatorship. That winter, he launched a wide range of fundraising support activities, which contributed to more than half of Europe. At the beginning of 1937, he served as the captain of the ambulance team of the medical department organized by Americans and went to Spain four times in two years. I started as a war correspondent, but later I simply joined the international column and fought side by side with * * * and government forces. Due to various well-known reasons, this arduous anti-fascist struggle finally failed. Hemingway returned to the United States with sadness. The experience of war and the pain of failure provided him with the opportunity to change his spiritual world and the source of his creation. He has written the play The Fifth Column and the novel For whom the bell tolls. The latter is a masterpiece translated into dozens of languages and sold well all over the world. It is an epoch-making milestone in Hemingway's creative career and is recognized as an immortal work. 1940 ranks first among the top ten best-sellers in Britain.
194 1 At the beginning of the year, Hamming came to China tired of fighting in the Eurasian War and was deeply impressed by the heroic struggle of the people of China against the Japanese invaders. After returning to China, he gave many public speeches, and highly praised the spirit of China people who were not afraid of violence and fought bloody battles. Because of his popularity, these speeches played a great role in inspiring the American people to support China's anti-Japanese struggle. In June+February of 5438, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, and World War II broke out in an all-round way. Hemingway immediately converted his private yacht into a patrol boat, participated in coastal patrol and reconnaissance, and provided a lot of information to the government. 1944, he went to Europe with the US military and went to the front for an interview. He suffered a head injury in a plane crash and almost died. To this end, after the war, the American government awarded him a silver star medal.
1945 In March, Hemingway returned to China on the eve of his victory, and then moved to Havana, the capital of Cuba, to continue his creative career. He published some short stories and two novellas, among which The Old Man and the Sea (1952) is another immortal work, which won him the Pulitzer Prize for literary creation in 1953.
In the last few years of his life, Hemingway has lost his creative energy because he has been suffering from several diseases. 1970, that is, ten years after his death, published his last novel "Island in the Rapids". The novel was completed as early as 195 1, but it was never published or revised (it is his usual cautious style to revise the works repeatedly) and sent to the vault of a bank. It was not until 1970 that his widow, Mary Hemingway, and the publisher, Charles Scribner, took out the manuscript and made it public. This is the only novel written by Hemingway with the background of World War II.
From 65438 to 0958, Hemingway moved back to Idaho to recuperate and struggled with chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes for nearly three years. Finally, according to his pessimistic view: "In the struggle between man and nature or external forces, the last man is always inevitably defeated", he decided to get rid of the pain in his sickbed and ended his life with his beloved double-barreled shotgun in July 196 1.
Although suicide can be regarded as a passive self-destruction, if Hemingway, a tough guy who never gives up and despises death, is taken as a contrast, his suicide is not the solution to the disease, but "rather die than surrender" and "mutually assured destruction". Perhaps it can also be thought that this finally unified the contradiction between his negative world outlook and the spirit of "tough guy" he advocated.
With his unique artistic style and superb writing skills, ernest hemingway created a concise, fluent, fresh and refined style, purified the traditional writing style of a generation, and had a great influence in European and American literary circles. Willard Thorpe, a famous American literary critic, wrote in his Twentieth Century American Literature. He spoke highly of Hemingway. He thinks: "Hemingway is one of the greatest naturalistic writers in the contemporary era. He dares to break through the tradition and create new styles and techniques that do not meet the needs of the theme. "
The artistic style of ernest hemingway's novels, whether long or short, is basically a kind of seemingly rough and simple brushwork with extremely deep feelings, just like the slowly flowing volcanic lava. The surface can't see the temperature it contains, but it is incandescent heat flow. Hemingway's writing creed is: "The characters in the novel are not made up by skill and imagination. They must come from the author's own melting personal experience, from his knowledge, from his mind, from his heart, from everything. " (Excerpted from Hemingway's short story Death in the Afternoon). Adhering to this principle, Hemingway never believed in any "theory". What he pursues tirelessly is the direct communication between vision and the characters depicted, and between characters and readers. He asked readers to grasp the psychological state and reaction of the characters from their language. In order to achieve this important goal, he dug up the flowery rhetoric of the characters, deleted the explanations and arguments that are generally considered essential and all redundant metaphors, got rid of the lifeless stereotype of the article, and returned the article to its true colors with concise and polished writing. The main reason why the Nobel Prize Committee of the Royal Swedish Academy awarded Hemingway the 1954 literature prize is: "... because of the writer's influence on contemporary literary style ..."
Hemingway's new artistic style infected almost all American writers after World War II, and its profound influence was everywhere in the works of famous writers such as james jones, Nelson Algrain and norman mailer. Another feature of Hemingway's works is the indomitable "tough guy" spirit and the negative pessimism that runs through most of his works at the same time. Hemingway was not only a member of the "lost generation" after World War I, but also their spokesman. During this period, a series of works published by him strongly expressed the great psychological trauma caused by the war, which also branded him with pessimism. Although Hemingway repeatedly emphasized the spirit of "tough guy" in many of his later works, this pessimism was always revealed. This is the characteristic of the contradictory unity of Hemingway's spiritual world, which he integrated into his own creative style.
Regarding Hemingway's writing skills, H·E· Bates, a famous British literary critic, commented: "Unless I am mistaken, Hemingway was deeply influenced by the writing styles of Turgenev, Balzac, Mo Bosang and Defoe." Specifically, he said that Hemingway often used epigram language to express the words and actions of the characters in his novels. His painting style is natural and natural, without affectation or deliberate rendering and generalization, but he can sharply depict the inner world of the characters, which fully embodies the naturalistic painting techniques.
Hemingway's writing skills are particularly exquisite in writing dialogues between characters. In his works, the dialogue between characters is concise, but sentence by sentence, with strong vitality and certain depth, can convey the nuanced thoughts and feelings of the characters. Sometimes, although it is only a few words, it contains "subtext" that is intentionally hidden. It is up to readers to explore and understand, and to get some spiritual communication with characters. This is because most of his characters are boxers, matadors, hunters and thugs, who are not used to boasting, especially those at the bottom of society who are poor in spirit. Such characters often act only by instinct, and even if they occasionally confide their feelings, the language is very simple. Hemingway wrote their dialogue faithfully according to their intonation, thus vividly showing their mental outlook in his works. This Hemingway-style oral writing skill has been popular in European and American literary circles since the late 1920s. However, although many writers follow his example, few can reach his superb level in skill and effect. As for his concise, concise, fresh and fluent writing style, it is even more obvious, so I don't need to introduce it here.
Looking from room to room, there are indeed some things that have a necessary influence on Hemingway's character growth. The basket at the foot of my father's bedroom bed contains human bones, and a skeleton is placed directly in a small square. The wooden box on the desk is open, and there is a microscope inside. Naturally, Hemingway's father is a doctor. Outside the wardrobe door, there is a whole tortoise shell, as well as fossils of anemones and starfish. Hemingway's keen interest in biology and obsession with outdoor activities can be seen from his childhood environment. Not far from his former residence, there is a forest, which is Hemingway's paradise. At an early age, boating and fishing, playing with crossbows and guns, wandering in the jungle, as comfortable as a bear. My grandfather's room is full of books. There is a piano in the living room on the first floor. There is a plaster statue of Beethoven on the piano. The writer's mother knows both music and art, which is of course of great benefit to Hemingway's artistic feeling and literary accomplishment. However, in hundreds of beautiful small buildings in Oak Park at that time, every family had piano oil paintings, and the bookshelves were full of books. Fathers who love nature and elegant mothers are very common. Many boys were accepted by that neglected wild forest. How could he be the later Hemingway? The film crew walked two blocks to Hemingway Memorial Hall. Most of the collections in the museum are photos of writers in different periods, and only a few objects are available for reference. Such as fishing boats, compasses, manuscripts, helmets, boots, shirts, etc. For field interviews during World War II, only a large exhibition hall is needed for display. Then there is the movie poster adapted by later generations. The painting is lively and Gregory peck is handsome, but it doesn't explain the writer's growth.
In Havana, Cuba, the film crew also visited Hemingway's tavern and cafe. A pub has a window seat, where Hemingway often sits. From the window, you can see the bay where the writer goes fishing. The film crew even met an old boatman, who sent Hemingway to a big ship by boat every time. Buy the old man a glass of Roman wine, and the old man only explains the old photos on the wall. One of them is a photo of Hemingway and Castro. Once Hemingway sponsored a fishing prize, and Castro won the championship. But the old man couldn't tell why Hemingway became Hemingway.
Who can tell us a series of reasons about Hemingway? For example, how do writers cut off all the branches, leaving only concise and clear writing; For example, how do writers give the language the greatest meaning load and the function of structural articles, and do not allow any free and redundant elaboration; For example, how does an old fisherman drifting on the vast sea become a masterpiece?
The film crew seems to have only found some small details.
Hemingway left Chicago at the age of twenty. Soon he took part in a world war and his leg was injured. The enthusiasm for participating in the war is consistent with the critical attitude towards war in the works A Farewell to Arms and For Whom the Bell Tolls. The conflict tendency between fierce anti-war and heroic participation in the war may come from the small dining table of the former residence. Hemingway's two grandfathers (grandfather, grandfather) participated in the war (civil war) and the war certificate was nailed to the wall. One grandfather hates war, and the other thinks that war can show a man's heroism. Grandfathers are all good storytellers, and the writer's rich personality of contradiction and unity comes from this.
Virginia said that Hemingway returned to Chicago at the age of 29, which was the only time in his life. Father went home to attend the funeral after committing suicide. What people see from the Snow of Kilimanjaro and other works is not the application of wild hunting experience, but the fatal temptation of danger and death to men.
Hemingway still went deep into the front line to interview during World War II, and even uneasily organized maritime patrols to guard against German invasion from the sea. Although only cruising on the sea in a modified yacht, the high degree of direct participation spirit and sense of mission cannot but make people respect.
As a professional journalist and writer, Hemingway seldom touched on the theme of urban life. He has been making positive choices all his life and will never leave passivity to himself. After two world wars, he completed countless adventures, left a batch of works that only he could write, performed many heroic acts, and became addicted to soldiers, hunters and fishermen. He chose to die peacefully.
It is easy to tell the difference between him and others, but it is difficult to tell why these differences are formed. In spring and May, the dense green crumbs on the branches of Oak Garden reflect the sunlight. That wild forest has long been covered by the green space in the new district, and at best there are only a dozen locust trees left. Where else can I explore Hemingway?
Hemingway grew up in the era of capitalist decline. The characteristics of this era make Hemingway's thought present a complex and contradictory state. He saw the disintegration of the capitalist world and the fall of the so-called western civilization, but he couldn't find a way out from his narrow vision, so he felt confused in front of him and was called the main representative of the "lost generation". Besides his favorite fishing, hunting, skiing and bullfighting, the most common theme in Hemingway's works is to praise the sincerity and courage of ordinary people, that is, to be fearless in the face of death. In his view, life is just a tragedy, and the only value and way out is to face death without fear. Therefore, the characters in his works are often "tough guys", but they are often lonely and desperate.
In terms of artistic techniques, Hemingway formed a unique creative style with concise, vivid and powerful dialogue, clean rhetoric and natural rhyming. Hemingway's language and image are vivid and concrete, but his theme is subtle. At first glance, his works seem clear at a glance, but after careful reading, it is inevitable to feel profound. He once compared his works to icebergs floating on the sea, with only one-eighth on the water and eight-sevenths underwater.
Therefore, profound implication is a prominent feature of Hemingway's writing.
Hemingway's prose style is unpretentious, concise and fresh. When/kloc-0 was awarded to Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954, he emphasized his unique narrative ability in modern prose.
Hemingway's artistic description also has obvious limitations. He is not good at describing the broad social life, and his characters lack diverse and rich personality characteristics.
Due to the contradiction of world outlook and serious illness, Hemingway committed suicide with a shotgun in 196 1.