Introduction: How to write a paper on the history of western philosophy? What are the skills and requirements? The following is a paper about the history of western philosophy that I introduce to you. Welcome to reading.

Abstract: The discussion of "Existentialism Theology" in western philosophy and religious studies is an important topic that scholars in past dynasties often pay attention to. Different philosophers, religious scholars and historians in different periods have made many comments in many aspects. Being is the core category of western philosophy, which has profoundly influenced the development of western philosophy for more than two thousand years. Therefore, this paper makes a simple analysis of the concept of "existence".

Keywords: the only essence of parmenides's existence

Propose the existence of 1

The concept of existence was first put forward by the ancient Greek philosopher parmenides. In his view, everything in the world is in a complicated flow. If we study everything directly, we can only get knowledge about specific things, which is not stable and reliable because of the fluidity of things. He believes in the truth of the world. It is an understanding of the universal inevitability of the whole world, and its object of understanding must be eternal, so only the unchangeable is the object of truth. Since the birth of Greek philosophy, it has always been the highest ideal to acquire knowledge about nature, but natural philosophy cannot achieve this goal because it is limited to the perceptual field. Based on the understanding of the limitations of natural philosophy, parmenides turned his eyes from ever-changing things to single essence, thus putting forward the concept of "existence". And then created a metaphysical road with "existence" as the research object.

At the beginning of "On Nature", parmenides put forward two research approaches with the help of the goddess: the first is that "existence is existence, and it is impossible without existence"; The other is "existence does not exist, and there is no existence". The first road is called the road of truth by him, and the second road is called the road of opinion by him. He believes that only by studying along the first way, that is, knowing the origin of all things-existence, and studying it, can we obtain truth knowledge. Then he described the attribute of "being":

First: existence is unique, continuous and indivisible.

Second: existence is eternal, neither born nor destroyed.

Third: Being is immobile.

Fourth: existence is perfect.

Fifth: Being is the object of thought.

From the above, we find that the "existence" described by parmenides is not an empirical existence that we can feel concretely, but an abstract category that our reason can grasp. The attributes described in the first four articles make it difficult for us to imagine such a thing according to the existing experience, which is what parmenides wants to achieve: what he thinks of as "existence" is a deep category hidden behind things, which cannot be described and distinguished by the attributes of specific things. However, in parmenides's works, he did not give a further concrete description of existence, which also caused certain difficulties for future generations to study existence. Because of people's common-sense way of thinking, when people understand the "existence" described by parmenides, they will try to understand it with common-sense way of thinking (especially in ancient Greece, which is particularly prominent among natural philosophers), which goes against parmenides's original intention. Therefore, here, people's understanding of "existence" is divided into the understanding of "existence" and the understanding of "existence" itself. The understanding of these two different aspects has produced colorful ontological thoughts in later generations.

2 Existence and essence

In the west, with the publication of Hegel's Lecture Notes on the History of Philosophy, the view of philosophy history from ancient Greece to Hegel was formed. Therefore, people understand the development of western philosophy according to the clues provided by Hegel. However, Heidegger has a profound understanding of western traditional philosophy and history in his works such as Being and Time.

The philosophy of sexism has challenged. In this way, people have to re-evaluate our familiar philosophers through Heidegger, and then re-understand the development of western philosophy.

German philosopher martin heidegger (1889— 1976) is one of the most important philosophers in modern western and history. "Existence is not existence"-this is Heidegger's famous "existential distinction". He thinks that "you" and "you" are not the same thing at all. Everything in the world can be called "existence"; But "existence" is the most common concept, but it is not "universality of species", but a kind of "transcendence", which transcends all existence. The universe itself is only the biggest "existence", which breeds "existence", but it cannot be simply equated with "existence". Anything that can be defined is just an "existence"; Since "you" is not "you", it cannot be defined. Man is a special kind of "existence", which Heidegger called "existence". "Understanding is a way of existence". The reason why people can know everything is because people have always been integrated into everything in the world. This is what makes people and other creatures special. Heidegger said: "In the history of western thought, although people have been thinking about existing problems from the beginning, they have never thought about the truth of existence. As a possible experience, it is not only hidden by thought, but also concealed by western thought itself in a metaphysical form, but it knows nothing. " According to this history, existence itself and its truth do not occur in the appearance of existence as a whole. In his view, from ancient times to the present, western philosophy has two directions of questioning: one is to ask "being" and the other is to ask "being". However, the mainstream western traditional philosophy formed from Plato-Aristotle has generally forgotten "existence itself and its truth", blurred the difference between "existence" and "existentialism", regarded "existentialism" as "existence" and pursued it diligently with traditional rationalism. The philosophical trend of thought that questioned "existence" had a gratifying beginning in ancient times, but it was almost submerged later. From Plato to Hegel, this misunderstanding lasted 2500 years. Therefore, the mission of the new philosophy should be to re-examine the problem of "existence" and reveal the truth of "existence" in order to restore its status as a "transcendence".

The research around existence can at least include the following points. Two kinds of questioning objects: asking "yes" and asking "yes"; Two ways of asking questions: "objectification" and "subjectivity"; There are two kinds of wisdom: rationalistic wisdom obtained by objectifying and questioning existence, and irrational wisdom obtained by questioning existence itself.

3 Conclusion

From the perspective of questioning "existence", philosophy should be about people's attitude towards the world or the realm of life. Philosophy can neither be equated with concrete empirical science, nor can it be simply attributed to epistemology. Philosophy is the unity of truth, goodness and beauty.

refer to

[1] high. Parmenides from the perspective of language and existence.

[2] Hegel. Lecture notes on the history of philosophy Volume 4, Commercial Press, 1982.

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