1 Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.

2 Demonstration methods: reasoning, example, comparison, quotation and metaphor.

3 Demonstration method: demonstration and refutation. Argumentative essays can be divided into two categories: argumentative essays and argumentative essays. )

2. Frequently asked questions and answering skills.

1, appraisal demonstration method:

Give examples (including general examples) to demonstrate.

Quote famous sayings, reasons and arguments

Prove a point by metaphor.

Contrast and show positive and negative facts or truths.

2, analysis and the role of the model law:

Sentence pattern: ×× argument method+argument ×× viewpoint+effect.

(1) Illustration: By citing specific examples, the demonstration will be more specific and convincing.

Format: Use examples to demonstrate … (summarize examples) to prove … (if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument), thus making the argument more specific and convincing.

(2) Reasoning argument: prove the argument through reasoning, making the argument more general and profound.

Form: demonstrate the viewpoint with the method of rational argument ... so as to make the argument more universal and deeper.

3. Metaphorical argument: use metaphor to prove and make the argument vivid and easy to understand.

Format: Metaphorical argument is used for comparison

④ Comparative argument: The role of comparative argument is outstanding.

Format: Compare … with … by means of comparative argument, and highlight the viewpoint of ….

⑤ Citation arguments: Citation arguments are complicated and related to the specific cited materials, such as quoting famous sayings, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes and anecdotes. , its role should be analyzed in detail. For example, quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read.

Format: Use the argument method of quoting arguments, and quote … to prove the viewpoint of … to make the argument more convincing. (or more interesting, to stimulate readers' interest in reading)

3. The types and functions of analysis and demonstration:

Argumentation can be divided into two types: rational argument and factual argument.

There are two key points in answering questions: (1), defining the type of argument; (2) Specific analysis.

The essence of this topic is to examine the relationship between arguments, whether it is the relationship between sub-arguments and central arguments or the relationship between arguments and arguments, it is the relationship between proof and proof. Therefore, the standard answer format is as follows:

This is the argument of ... it is proving ... (argument, if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument. )

Supplementary argument is very popular as a new type of question. To do this kind of topic, we should pay attention to the following two aspects: (1), and see clearly the types of arguments that need to be supplemented, that is, whether they are famous sayings or examples; (2) Pay attention to the word limit when adding celebrity cases. Of course, as an exam, you can prepare celebrity examples and famous sayings with common themes such as "diligence" and "dealing with the world". Words of famous aphorisms should be few, things should be familiar, and long famous aphorisms or unfamiliar celebrity examples should not be prepared for novelty.

4. The article puts forward the way of central argument:

The title of the article points out the central argument;

② Put forward the central argument at the beginning of the article;

③ At last, the article summarizes the central argument;

4. In the middle of the article, put forward the central argument with a connecting sentence.

The article does not directly put forward the central argument, but it always revolves around …

5. Determine the central argument:

Look at the title, the beginning and the end, whether it is a clear judgment, whether it is the commander-in-chief of the full text, and the point of view proved by the argument.

6. Analyze the argumentation ideas of the article.

First of all, we should understand the structure of general argumentative papers: asking questions (introduction)-analyzing questions (papers)-solving problems (conclusions).

In fact, analyzing the argumentation idea of argumentative essays is to add some words such as "first", "then", "then" and "last" on the basis of paragraph level. When you do this topic, you should pay special attention to the opening and closing sentences.

The content at the beginning is:

(1), put forward the central argument; (2), lead to the topic; In the above two aspects, it is necessary to specifically answer the specific tests that put forward the central argument or lead to the topic, some through famous sayings, some through celebrity anecdotes, and some through anecdotes and jokes.

Ending content:

(1), deepen the central argument and put forward the conclusion of …;

(2) The central argument emphasized ...;

(3) Issue a call ... or hope that people ...;

(4) Supplementary argumentation. Its function is to make the argument more rigorous. )

Doing this topic is to specifically state the introduction, theory and conclusion of the article. For example, in the article "Man's nobility lies in the soul", we can express it like this: firstly, we quote Pascal, a famous French thinker, "Man is a thinking reed" and put forward the central argument that "Man's nobility lies in the soul", then we quote Archimedes and Wilde to prove that "inner spiritual wealth is more worth cherishing than external material wealth", and finally, we quote a girl who is studying on a train as an example to advise people that "man should keep a pure spiritual pursuit.

7, argumentative topic analysis:

First, role analysis 1 point argument, 2 points topic, 3 points argument.

Methods: Subject-predicate phrases and verb-object phrases are generally used as arguments, such as cherishing ×××××, learning ××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××

Coordinate phrases generally discuss the relationship between things, such as thinking and doing, success and failure.

Topics are generally discussed, discussed, said and discussed.

Second, effect analysis: point out the content of the article and clarify the argument of the article.

Using metaphor, the argument is put forward vividly.

8. The role of the argument at the beginning:

1, come straight to the point and put forward the central argument.

2. Analyze a phenomenon (or case or viewpoint) in reality, and then put forward an argument (or topic), which is highly targeted.

3. Quote famous sayings to put forward arguments or topics, and at the same time famous sayings are arguments to prove arguments.

4. A story or an example leads to an argument or topic, and at the same time, the story and the example are arguments to prove the argument.

5, put out the wrong arguments and arguments, and set goals for the following refutation.

6. Using vivid metaphors or stories (such as fables) to draw out arguments can not only stimulate readers' interest in reading, but also visualize abstract truth for readers to accept.

9, the role of the argumentative ending:

(1), deepen the central argument and put forward the conclusion of …;

(2) The central argument emphasized ...;

(3) Issue a call ... or hope that people ...;

(4) Supplementary argumentation. Its function is to make the argument more rigorous. )

(5) Summarize the full text and get the central argument.

(6), ask questions, thought-provoking, make people pay attention to or think about a problem.

10, analysis of the language characteristics of argumentative essays;

The angle of analyzing the linguistic features of argumentative writing is relatively fixed, with only two angles:

(1) language features; Concise and plain, vivid and humorous, implicit and euphemistic, rich in literary talent, etc.

(2) Stylistic features. Stylistic feature is to grasp the word logical rigor and make a fuss about it.

One thing that needs special attention is that doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific example sentences in the article as examples for analysis.

Common sentence patterns: This word embodies the rigor of argumentative language.

1 1, Analysis of the Characteristics of Argumentative Writing

There are many angles to analyze the characteristics of argumentative writing, such as rhetorical devices, argumentation methods and writing skills.

(1), rhetoric:

Metaphor: Compare ×× year × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × month × day × day × month × day × month × day × month × month × day × month × month × month × month × month × month × day × month × month × month × month ×

Parallelism enhances the momentum of the argument and the persuasiveness and appeal of the article;

Quoting classics and ancient poems makes the article rich in literary talent, and at the same time, it effectively proves the argument of XX.

Quoting famous sayings proved XX's argument.

Rhetorical question: enhance the tone and make people think.

Ask questions: inspire readers to think and emphasize a certain point.

(2) Model Law: Talking about the function of reference model law.

(3) The writing techniques are relatively fixed, and the common ones are: (1), the combination of example and argument (narrative and discussion); (2), give priority to ... model law. (3) The analysis of life is highly targeted. Similarly, doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific examples in the article as examples of analysis.

12, paragraph structure function:

(1), which leads to the next article (full text); (2) Summarize the first (full) articles; (3) connecting the preceding with the following.

As an argumentative paragraph, it must be answered in combination with stylistic features.

If the opening paragraph often leads to the central argument (topic), then we can refer to the following two examples of specific answer formats for use or adaptation:

(1), at the beginning, through writing examples to illustrate ..., put forward the central argument ... (or lead to ...).

(2) At the beginning, by quoting famous sayings, put forward the central argument … (or lead to the topic of …).

(3) At the beginning, by quoting interesting stories of celebrities (or …) to put forward the central argument … (or …) also played a role in attracting readers to read and enhancing the interest of discussion.

For the function of the ending paragraph, please refer to 8: "The function of the ending".

13, inspiring thinking topic:

First of all, views must conform to mainstream ideology. Second, explain the center of the article from another angle. Third, pay attention to connecting with practical problems.

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