Exam notes: Political papers, editorials, short comments, small comments, miscellaneous feelings, prefaces and postscripts, declarations, statements, opening speeches, written speeches and reports that we often see in newspapers and books are argumentative. Argumentative writing plays a great role in "the construction of two civilizations" and daily life. We must study hard and master this style of writing.
1, three elements of argumentative writing
Every argumentative paper is inseparable from arguments, arguments and arguments. Therefore, clear arguments, conclusive arguments and rigorous argumentation are the three basic elements of argumentative writing.
Argumentative essay (1) is the author's views or opinions on the issues to be discussed, and it is the soul of argumentative essay writing, which plays a leading role in guiding the whole text and making it clear at the beginning. Establishing arguments is the premise of writing argumentative essays. Argumentative argument has the following five requirements:
1 correct. The purpose of writing argumentative essays is to preach the truth, distinguish right from wrong, distinguish right from wrong, beauty and ugliness. Therefore, the correctness of ideological views is the first.
2 very different. In the article, the author must clearly express his views and express them unequivocally, so that readers can see at a glance and understand them clearly.
3 tight. The expression of arguments must be cautious, rigorous and impeccable, and people who disagree should not be given any chance.
4 concentration. An argumentative essay can only put forward one central argument, and the whole article always focuses on one argument, expounding the truth in depth and solving problems. The requirement of centralization is to avoid the shift of arguments, and the arguments in the latter part are different from those in the former part, or the concepts are confused.
⑤ profound. The arguments put forward in this paper should be the author's fresh and original views on things, which can profoundly reveal the essence of things, rather than general platitudes, so as to convince readers more effectively and give people profound enlightenment.
When writing an argumentative essay, we should pay attention to explaining the central argument and sub-arguments clearly. The central argument is the basic point of argumentative writing, the theme and core of the whole paper, and plays a leading role in the article. Subordinate argument is an argument that clarifies and serves the central argument.
There are various forms to put forward arguments, generally the following four: First, put forward arguments at the beginning. The second is to put forward an argument at the end. The third is the argument put forward by the article. Fourth, the argument runs through the whole paper. The usual writing methods are ① and ②, and the essay should also be based on these two methods, and then learn the latter two writing methods.
(2) Arguments are facts and reasons used to prove arguments. So arguments include factual materials and truth, that is, theoretical materials. Fact materials include both positive and negative facts, and data materials are one of them. What principles should be followed in selecting factual and theoretical materials?
For positive factual materials, the first is the principle of authenticity. If the parameter is true, the parameter can be *; If the argument is not valid, the argument is suspicious. Secondly, the principle of typicality. It is required to choose materials that can profoundly reveal the essence of things, that is, materials with broad representation as arguments. An argument often has many arguments to prove from different aspects and angles. But among many arguments that can prove it, there are always some most appropriate and convincing arguments, which are typical arguments. In addition, we must follow the principle of novelty. When reading articles, people are easily attracted by novel materials, and they are also easily disgusted with old materials. Therefore, the choice of factual arguments must also follow the principle of seeking novelty, belittle the old, seek near and far, and work hard on the word "new".
The principle of negative facts should be adopted. In order to explain the truth thoroughly, argumentative papers need to analyze and demonstrate arguments from multiple angles, which requires us to choose arguments from different angles, not only to choose positive materials, but also to explain things from the front; We should also choose negative materials, analyze things from a negative perspective, compare positive and negative, compare positive and negative, and highlight the central argument. Negative materials complement incomprehensible results.
Data materials should follow scientific principles. On the surface, the data are just a few simple numbers. In fact, it has rich connotations, often the crystallization of a lot of labor, the performance of brilliant achievements, the reflection of unremitting efforts, or the record of waste and destruction. It is indisputable that the introduction of scientific data into argumentative essays can enhance the effectiveness of argumentation.
Theoretical materials are the famous sayings of classical theorists, scientific axioms, laws and well-known truths proved to be correct by practice as arguments to prove the correctness of the argument. To cite theoretical materials as arguments, we must follow the following principles: first, the principle of possibility. As the basis of argument, the theoretical materials cited must be conclusive. Whether quoting the original words or the general idea of celebrities, we must first find out who the author is, and we must not ignore Confucius' words and quote others' words. If you quote the original, you must check the original and don't copy it wrong; If you quote the general idea, you must summarize the original content correctly and accurately. Secondly, the principle of pertinence. The purpose of quoting theoretical materials is to serve a certain point of view, and it must not be far-fetched, aimless and arrogant. Third, the principle of extension. This means that after citing accurate materials as arguments, we can't stop there without analysis, which will lead to no evidence and can't give full play to the role of arguments. The correct way is to quote theoretical materials, and then make scientific inferences about the theoretical materials, from which we can deduce new meanings, generate new ideas, and then promote the argumentation of the article. In addition, there is the principle of simplicity. The purpose of citing theoretical materials as arguments is to prove the correctness of the viewpoint, further elaborate and deduce the viewpoint, and to demonstrate it by yourself. If too many theoretical materials are cited, the effect will be counterproductive.
(3) Argumentation is the process and method of proving an argument with arguments, so that arguments and arguments are organically linked to form a unified whole. The method of argumentation is generally to raise a topic first and draw a conclusion after argumentation and analysis. The process and method of demonstration are analyzed layer by layer, some draw conclusions while analyzing, and some demonstrate by asking questions.
Writing an argumentative essay requires clear hierarchy, rigorous reasoning, rigorous logic, thorough reasoning and convincing arguments.
2. Argument and rebuttal
Argumentative papers are generally divided into argumentative papers and refuting papers.
(1) Argumentative essay is an argument method to explain the author's views and opinions on some events or problems from the front. To write an argumentative essay, we must:
The argument should be correct and clear. Correctness means that the argument itself should conform to Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory, conform to objective reality and stand the test of practice. Distinctive means that the author must clearly express what he affirms, denies, agrees with and opposes, and must not be vague or ambiguous.
(2) The arguments should be true and sufficient. In other words, we must cite enough facts or recognized truths to prove the correctness of the argument.
Facts as arguments include representative and conclusive examples or historical facts, as well as statistical data. It is very convincing to use facts as arguments.
It is also very convincing to use scientific truth as an argument. If the principles, laws and formulas of natural science are taken as arguments, they can also play a powerful role in proving arguments.
(3) Argumentation must conform to the correct form of reasoning. Writing argumentative essays should be well-founded and logical. Argument commands argument, and argument proves argument. The argument must be sufficient to prove the argument, and the argument must be an inevitable conclusion inferred from the argument.
(2) Refutation is to discuss certain events and problems, expose and refute wrong and reactionary views or opinions.
There are three forms to refute wrong and reactionary arguments:
(1) directly refute each other's arguments. First point out the absurd arguments of the other side, then directly refute them with correct truth and conclusive facts, revealing the contradiction between lies and facts, absurdity and truth. In some articles, it is first proved that the argument opposite to the enemy's argument is correct, thus proving that the enemy's argument is wrong.
2 refute each other's arguments by refuting each other's arguments. Argument is the basis of argument, which proves the argument. Wrong reactionary arguments are often based on wrong arguments. If the argument is refuted, it will be untenable.
(3) refute the other party's argument by refuting the fallacy of the other party's argument process (refuting its argument). Refuting the key issues in his argument also refutes the fallacy.
In short, when writing an argumentative essay, we should also pay attention to the following points: ① aim at the handle. To write an argumentative essay, we must first set out the fallacies or reactionary views of the other side and set goals. How to set goals? There are usually two methods. The first is an overview. That is, retelling the refuted enemy theory in popular language. When summing up, you can quote some original words appropriately, but it should be focused and the tendency should be clear. The second is the quotation. That is, extract the key parts or related parts of negative materials, and then refute them against the target. (2) Grasp the key points. Lu Xun said: "It is the key to' discussing the enemy'. It only takes one blow to cause fatal harm to people." We must grasp the reactionary nature of fallacies and heresies and expose and criticize them in depth. ③ Pay attention to discretion. We must distinguish between the enemy's counter-revolutionary fallacies and the wrong ideas among the people. Expose the enemy mercilessly, denounce the enemy and give a fatal blow; We must adhere to the principle of "unity-criticism-unity" for erroneous ideas among the people, and we must never compare them.
Although there are two ways of argumentation and refutation, they are not completely separated. Breaking and standing are the unity of dialectics. In argumentative writing, sometimes we have to refute the wrong argument; In refuting an article, it is generally necessary to clarify the correct point of view while refuting the wrong argument. Therefore, argumentation and refutation are often combined in argumentative writing.
[15— 1] Students probably often hear and see the word "open book is beneficial". I don't know if you ever thought about it. Why is it beneficial to open books? What are the advantages of opening books? Is it beneficial to open books? Please talk about your understanding of the view that "open books are beneficial"
Requirements: ① Write an argumentative essay with a self-designed topic. (2) the argument should be clear-cut, the method of argument should be appropriate and the structure should be complete.
Guidance: This is an argumentative essay, and the topic is designed by myself. To write this composition well, we should start from the following aspects:
1, first establish an argument. This paper focuses on this argument. The statement that "opening a book is beneficial" can neither be completely denied nor completely refuted; It is also inappropriate to be sure of everything and write a paper. Because this statement has its right side. There are also some places that are not comprehensive enough. We should adopt the method of "splitting into two" to analyze this view, affirm its beneficial side, deny its harmful side, and sum up the correct argument from it. Only in this way can we make a factual evaluation of this statement and finally achieve the purpose of convincing people by reasoning.
2. Analyze with the method of "one divides into two" to prevent such a problem: self-contradiction. In an instant, opening the book is beneficial, and in an instant, opening the book is harmful and confusing. In order to avoid this phenomenon, it is necessary to point out the connection between the two in the article in order to truly explain the truth.
3. From the argument method, if the book you read is not good, it may not be good to open it. Here, we can take examples, supplemented by citations and metaphors, take the flood of pornographic books in society in previous years as factual arguments and famous sayings as theoretical arguments, and fully demonstrate the harm of pornographic books and the benefits of reading good books. On this basis, the two are unified in the right way. It shows that we middle school students should not only read more books, but also choose carefully and read good books. In this way, from both positive and negative arguments, the problem will be more comprehensive and profound, and the article will have irrefutable logical power.
[15-2] 1939, Guo Moruo went back to his hometown to visit relatives. He usually called on someone who was idle and asked Lao Guo to give him Mo Bao (that is, Lao Guo's inscription). Lao Guo knew this man was careless and perfunctory, so he asked, "What should I write?" The classmate casually replied, "Whatever." Lao Guo, frowning, wrote "Don't be casual" in four big letters.
"Don't be casual" is simple and meaningful. It tells us that everything should be "casual".
Please write a short essay on the topic of "Don't be casual". Requirements: ① You can talk about your own views and understanding based on the above materials and practices; 2 don't write poetry; ③ No less than 600 words.
Introduction: This is a composition of materials. Although this topic stipulates the composition topic, it still leaves a lot of room for students to think. From the stylistic point of view, writing an argumentative essay is the best choice. Students can talk about their own views from the aspects of right and wrong, attitude towards life, and spirit of scholarship, and elaborate their own views and opinions. To write a good argumentative essay, we must do the following three things:
1, confirm the argument. According to the materials provided by the proposer, many viewpoints can be extracted from different angles, but a 600-word essay cannot cover everything. So we must choose an argument and fully demonstrate it.
2. Choose a good argument. Argument can fully prove the argument, and the choice of argument should follow two principles: ① it is true and conclusive, and there can be no false elements; (2) It is typical and persuasive, and can play a great role.
3. Organizational argumentation structure. The most commonly used structure is generally "asking questions (introduction)-analyzing questions (papers)-solving problems (conclusions)".