There used to be three-stage doctors and Chinese doctors. 1992, the new law abolished the third-stage doctoral degree and replaced it with a new doctoral degree (equivalent to that of Britain and the United States); The academic system has also changed from 2-3 years to 4 years; However, as early as 1988, a decree cancelled the national doctorate and replaced it with the research guidance qualification (HDR). The following mainly introduces the qualifications for guiding research.

Habilitat ion à diriger des recherches, literally translated as "guiding research qualification", is not a first-class degree, but a qualification diploma, with the purpose of cultivating academic leaders. The law points out that the "qualification for guiding research" must be: 1, with the ability to engage in high-level scientific research; 2. Being able to explore new research fields independently; 3. Be able to grasp the research direction and formulate research strategies in a wide range of scientific and technological fields; 4. Be able to guide young researchers independently. In principle, candidates applying for HDR should obtain a new doctorate in France. For phase III doctors and engineers, their research experience and achievements can be considered and relaxed. Those who meet the requirements can apply to universities with HDR without any examination, but one first-class professor or two second-class professors need to sign the agreement and report it to the corresponding special committee for the record. ? ヅ? The process is to do scientific research in a laboratory, mainly to guide graduate students. Because of the "academic leader" characteristics of HDR diploma, we should not only cultivate its ability to engage in scientific research, but also cultivate its ability to "lead scientific research". HDR has established three assessment criteria: 1 year, and has at least four years of full-time scientific research experience since obtaining a doctorate. During this period, I will substantially instruct at least 2 doctoral students or undertake to complete the 1-2 scientific research project. 2, published papers, with independent signatures in academic journals or * * * with a considerable number of articles signed, read at international conferences and included in published articles, published monographs and patents are also considered appropriate. 3. Well-known, the regulations make the following statement about well-known: regular contact with famous scientific and technological personnel in this field in France and internationally; Being praised by colleagues outside our laboratory for their research work; Participate in the doctoral thesis defense Committee; Invited to attend international conferences and international academic seminars.

HDR system requires submitting papers and passing the defense. The whole process of defense is similar to that of doctoral thesis defense, but there are higher requirements for the qualifications, quantity and production methods of thesis reviewers and defense committees. For example, there must be three thesis reviewers, at least two of whom must have HDR degrees, at least two of whom can't work in the same school as the respondent, five members of the defense committee must have HDR degrees, three of whom must have professor titles, and two thesis reviewers can't work in the same school as the respondent, and so on.