With the national economic development entering the "new normal", the employment of college students presents new characteristics and situations. By analyzing the problems existing in the current employment of college students, this paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions for colleges and universities to promote high-quality employment of college students.
[Keywords:] new normal; Employment; Colleges and universities; Career guidance
The latest statistics show that in 20 16, the number of college graduates nationwide reached 7.7 million. Coupled with graduates and returnees who have not yet implemented their jobs in the past, there are nearly100000 college students looking for jobs, and the employment situation is still grim. Economic development is closely related to employment. Economic prosperity will increase the demand for labor, improve employment and increase workers' remuneration. On the contrary, economic recession will reduce the demand for labor and increase unemployment.
First, the employment characteristics and employment situation of college students under the "new normal"
At present, China's economic development is in the "new normal" period, and the main characteristics of the "new normal" are: the economy has changed from high-speed growth to medium-high-speed growth; The economic structure has been continuously optimized and upgraded; The driving force of economic development has shifted from factor-driven and investment-driven to innovation-driven. "Mass entrepreneurship and innovation" has brought new opportunities and challenges to college graduates. In this new economic situation, the employment of college students presents new characteristics.
(A) the uncertainty of new jobs leads to a more complicated and severe employment situation for college students.
Sustained and stable economic growth is the premise of employment growth, and only a certain growth rate can produce a certain number of jobs. Under the "new normal" of economy, the economic growth rate of China has changed from high-speed growth to medium-high-speed growth, and the downward pressure is great. There is uncertainty about whether the number of newly-added employees can maintain the corresponding growth rate every year, which is bound to have a certain impact on expanding the employment of college students, which determines that the employment situation of college students is more complicated and severe.
(2) The structural contradictions in employment are outstanding and there is still no fundamental improvement.
The job market is still in a dilemma, and the supply of human resources does not match the job demand. It is difficult for a group of college students to find jobs, while it is difficult for another group of enterprises to recruit employees. The adjustment of the national economic structure has brought about changes in demand, put forward higher requirements for the professional quality and ability of college graduates, and led to a shortage of senior talents in some emerging industries, while a large number of unemployed people appeared in some traditional industries and industries with backward production capacity. Therefore, the current structural contradictions in employment are outstanding and there is still no fundamental improvement.
(C) College students' self-employment will become the "new normal of employment"
Under the "new normal" of the economy, the state vigorously promotes "mass entrepreneurship and innovation" to promote employment through entrepreneurship. National policies provide convenience for college students' entrepreneurship in many aspects, and local governments and universities actively respond, serving college students' self-employment in many aspects, and college students' entrepreneurial enthusiasm is high. The employment report of Max 20 15 shows that the destination of undergraduate graduates is changing from "single export" (full-time employment) to "multi-caliber diversion" (self-employment+domestic postgraduate study+postgraduate study in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and abroad). In the past five years, the proportion of college students' entrepreneurship has doubled. Half a year after graduation, the self-employment rate of the 20th14th class reached 2.9%, which was higher than that of the 20th13rd class and the 20th12nd class (the self-employment rate was 2.3% and 2.0% respectively). Entrepreneurial ideal is the most important motivation (48%) for the graduates of the 20th/Kloc-0th/4th class to start their own businesses, and only 7% of them start their own businesses because they can't find suitable jobs. This reflects that college students' self-employment will become the "new normal of employment".
(D) Mobile Internet is an important way to promote employment under the "new normal"
Mobile Internet refers to the activity that Internet technology, platform, business model and application are combined with mobile communication technology and put into practice. According to the report released by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in March 20 15, the number of mobile phone users in China is nearly1300 million, and the number of mobile phone users is nearly 900 million, with a penetration rate of 69.23%. Mobile phone is still the largest Internet terminal, and the mobile Internet has entered the era of the whole people. Weibo, WeChat, APP and other handheld information "micro-modes" effectively use a lot of fragmentation time, making service and communication more convenient and efficient. Mobile Internet is becoming a new mode and new way to promote employment.
Second, the current problems in the employment of college students
Under the "new normal" of economy, the employment of college students presents new characteristics and development trends, which puts forward higher requirements for employment. However, there are some problems in college students' employment at present, which is not conducive to the realization of high-quality employment.
(A) College Specialty Setting and Talent Training Mode and Economy
The "new normal" does not conform to the McKinsey Global Institute's May 20 13 issue entitled "A $250 billion question: Can China fill the skills gap? According to the report, researchers estimate that by 2020, with the decline of population, urbanization and industrial upgrading, there will be a shortage of at least 24 million workers with higher education in China. Max's employment tracking data of graduates in recent years supports this prediction, that is, the demand for senior professionals in China will increase from 20 10 to 2020, especially in education, medical care, construction and other industries. However, at present, the specialty setting in China universities can't fully keep up with the industry demand of the "new normal" economy, and the courses in colleges and universities still focus on imparting knowledge, lacking the cultivation of students' practical ability and innovation ability. Therefore, college graduates can't fully meet the market demand, their professional and technical level is not high, their professional structure doesn't match the requirements of industrial upgrading, and their employment is difficult.
Insufficient vocational guidance and services.
Vocational guidance and service involve government, enterprises, universities and other aspects, and there are many shortcomings in vocational guidance and service under the "new normal". 1. College students' job hunting and employment is a livelihood issue, which is related to the vital interests of the people and social stability and harmony. At present, although the state and local governments have issued many policies to support and promote employment, such as guiding college graduates to work at the grassroots level, encouraging graduates to work in small and medium-sized enterprises, and encouraging self-employment. However, there are some problems in the specific operation, such as difficult policy implementation, insufficient pertinence, insufficient financial support and insufficient attractiveness, which lead some students to worry about long-term development and are unwilling to work in urban and rural grassroots; The treatment of small and medium-sized enterprises and social insurance also makes some graduates reluctant to choose; But there are also some excellent students who have the idea of starting a business but give up because they can't get enough support. 2. Enterprises seldom participate in the process of college students' employment guidance, the employment system is unreasonable, and employment discrimination (including gender discrimination, school discrimination, household registration discrimination, etc.). ) repeatedly raise the employment threshold for college students. At present, college students generally have few internship opportunities and lack practical experience and ability. With the full liberalization of the "two-child" policy on 20 16, explicit or implicit gender discrimination against female college students will be intensified for the sake of cost and benefit, and the employment situation of female college students will be more difficult. 3. Problems in vocational guidance in colleges and universities. First, there is a shortage of teachers. Many colleges and universities are taught by teachers and counselors in management positions, lacking professionalism and mobility, and the effect is not ideal; Second, career planning courses and career guidance in many colleges and universities start from junior year and finally graduate. The curriculum is unreasonable and divorced from practice. Courses are mainly taught in large classes, and there are few refined and personalized career guidance. Third, most colleges and universities do not pay enough attention to innovation and entrepreneurship education, the construction of entrepreneurship courses is relatively weak, teachers lack the awareness and ability to carry out innovation and entrepreneurship education, the effectiveness is not strong, the practice platform is short, and the guidance and help are not in place; Fourth, one-sided pursuit of employment rate, ignoring higher-level goals such as employment stability, employment satisfaction and career development. According to Michaels' employment report, the employment satisfaction of the graduates of the 20th14th class is 6 1%, and the coincidence rate of career expectations is 46%.
(C) College students' own factors
Faced with the new employment situation and employment pressure, many graduates and their parents have failed to establish a correct concept of employment, and their expectations for employment are still too high, while their employability is insufficient. Some graduates lack an accurate understanding of their comprehensive quality and ability, have a weak sense of career planning, and have insufficient understanding of the professional ability and quality requirements required by industries and posts. When choosing a job, we focus on factors such as work location, salary and job stability. , and focus on large units and hot industries. Some parents don't even want their children to work at the grassroots level, and artificially set employment thresholds and obstacles, which makes it difficult to find a job and increases the difficulty of college students' employment.
Third, colleges and universities to promote high-quality employment of college students countermeasures and suggestions
A perfect career guidance system and innovation and entrepreneurship education system in colleges and universities can help college students understand the current social development situation and employment and entrepreneurship policies, help them establish correct career concepts and make career plans, obtain more comprehensive employment information, master employment skills, promote the orderly development of college students' employment work, and achieve high-quality employment.
(1) Attach great importance to the role of vocational guidance and innovation and entrepreneurship education, and build a whole-course and systematic vocational guidance curriculum system.
Career guidance courses should run through the whole university period, and corresponding career guidance courses should be offered in different grades to realize the whole career guidance for college students. The courses offered in the first stage are mainly to help freshmen learn self-awareness, understand their majors, explore their own development potential and try to plan their careers; The sophomore course focuses on the cultivation of basic work ability (basic work ability is the ability to enter all walks of life), and the innovation and entrepreneurship education is integrated into it. According to students' personality and development requirements, small class teaching and discussion are carried out, and corresponding practical links are arranged to improve college students' practical ability; The courses offered in junior year should continue to cultivate college students' basic working ability, pay attention to the cultivation of professional skills, and make corresponding preparations for internship and employment and entrepreneurship. At this stage, group counseling is needed according to students' different employment intentions and career plans to improve pertinence. In the fourth stage, the career guidance for students is mainly direct employment and entrepreneurship guidance, providing the latest employment and entrepreneurship policies, employment and entrepreneurship information, job-seeking skills and so on through multiple channels in time. College students' self-employment will become the "new normal of employment", and entrepreneurship has a multiplier employment effect. Faced with this new situation, colleges and universities should seize the opportunity of "double innovation", adjust and optimize the discipline and specialty structure, and improve the quality of running schools. Strengthen the cultivation of entrepreneurial spirit and entrepreneurial ability, actively carry out college students' entrepreneurial competition, jointly develop entrepreneurship training courses and services suitable for students' characteristics, strengthen the summary and publicity of typical entrepreneurship, and guide college students to identify entrepreneurial opportunities and capture entrepreneurial business opportunities. Colleges and universities should provide continuous help, full guidance and services to students who start their own businesses, and provide multi-channel financial support for college students' entrepreneurship in conjunction with society and enterprises, so as to promote employment through entrepreneurship and implement entrepreneurship education.
(2) Give full play to the important role of students, counselors and parents in career guidance, and pay attention to refined career guidance.
Judging from the employment situation of graduates in our school in recent years, many graduates have no employment or low employment satisfaction when they graduate. Michaels' employment report for 20 15 years shows that the employment satisfaction of college graduates in 20 14 years and 20 13 years is 6 1% and 56% respectively. This is related to college students' lack of self-awareness, lack of career planning or planning that is not in line with their own situation, and their ignorance of the current social development and employment situation, which leads to blind employment when they graduate. This requires students to actively establish their own career planning awareness, actively participate in school career planning courses and practical activities, achieve correct self-awareness and accurate career positioning, and carry out scientific and reasonable career planning. In the process of career guidance, we should give full play to the guiding role of counselors, and it is suitable to carry out detailed career guidance to guide students to make reasonable career plans. When students have emotional fluctuations in the process of choosing a job, counselors can guide them emotionally and ideologically, plan their career with a more positive and reasonable attitude, and achieve high-quality employment. In addition, in the process of career guidance, parents need to participate and cooperate, and parents should also change their employment concept, adapt to the needs of the "new normal" development and the severe employment situation, and change their mentality of "seeking stability and saving face"