The forgery of bronzes can be described as varied and hard to prevent. Briefly introduce several kinds of goods in Bengbu: there are hundreds of antique bronze workshops in Bengbu. Most of the copper billets are from Shanxi, and they are also cast by themselves, mainly due to electrolytic corrosion and chemical fertilizer corrosion. There are puddles and dry pits. From Shang and Zhou dynasties to Han dynasty, they were all in good shape, characterized by thick carcass, loose and bright rust color, no blue rust, and some were not well made. You can see it at stalls in major antique markets. (2) Henan Dao: Forged bronze in Henan is the one that kills the most people on the market. Henan Dao is famous all over the country and exported to overseas. There are also many electrolytic forged bronzes in Henan. Blue rust is mainly dyed, which is easy to fade after washing. The old copper in Henan has been transformed and rusted with resin paint, which is very flammable in tender fire. The mechanical post-engraving of old bronzes is well known. Most of them are ordinary ding bottles with tiny palindromes engraved on them. After local corrosion, they are easy to deceive. Careful observation shows that the outline of mechanical cutting is sharp, but it is not enough. Henan's assembly, wrapping and transplanting rust have formed a one-stop process of production, supply and marketing. Every major antique market can see the fake goods released by Henan people to kill people, some of which are wrong gold, polished after the sword, and to the point of real goods. (3) Shaanxi mistake: Shaanxi old copper made a good job after the mistake, and some of it rusted, which can be described as seamless. It is almost impossible to see that it is a mistake not to pick out the gold and silver thread. There is another way to make a mistake, which is even stranger. Aluminum alloy powder is pressed into the groove of copper tire. This process is not suitable for old copper. Ordinary bronze mirrors can be carved into the first edition, which can be changed into Warring States mirrors with mercury on the back and geometric patterns on the old swords. Collectors in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces are gullible. (4) Fuyang workers: Fuyang puddles did a good job a few years ago, and now they are basically old copper masons. The plain old bronze ware is pasted with the Warring States workers synthesized by resin, which is very realistic. The restoration of Fuyang bronzes is also first-class in the country. They can put the gold-plated fragments together into a gold-plated monster, and the seams are handled very well. I feel familiar and oily when I get started. (5) Made in Jingzhou: While fake potholes spread all over the market, Jingzhou, Zaoyang and other places in Hubei have developed high imitation puddles. Some have high imitation thread washers, the internal mold of the bottle foot is still there, and there are traces of silk rot on the bottle body. The craft of the vessel is smooth, light and not brittle, and so is copper. Some of them have been slightly damaged enough to be genuine. This kind of large-scale artifacts mainly imitate the Warring States period, mainly with bas-relief technology. After the copper blank is formed, it is blackened by fire and then buried in the soil for corrosion. Because the leather shell is not thick enough, the utensils are easy to expose copper, the mouth is shiny and the pattern is uneven. You will recognize it as soon as you see it. Five key areas of bronze imitation and counterfeiting are summarized, namely, Bengbu goods, Henan knives, Shaanxi CuO, Fuyang workers and Jingzhou manufacturing. Four years have passed, and there is a new trend of bronze forgery in the above places. Due to some factors, what I have learned can only be roughly written as follows: 1. Bengbu goods. Over the past four years, Bengbu products have become household names. In the past, intensive workshops were neglected. Many imitations of copper are used in jade processing and strange stone trading. Some imitations of copper were transferred to Chengdu and other places to imitate some bronze horses and cash cows of Bashu culture, as well as products with cultural characteristics such as Sanxingdui and Yunnan. The existing antique workshops in Bengbu have not been greatly improved, nor have they produced high imitations, mainly pure handicrafts. Mainly imitate the products with exquisite ornamentation and complicated technology above the Han Dynasty, and simply make green husk. Because it is a fine pure craft product, businessmen come to Beijing, Guangzhou and other places, and some of them are also sold to Hong Kong, Macao and overseas. Because this kind of product is pure technology, the standard line is hard and the carcass is thick without gasket. Unexpectedly, this pure handicraft is often sent to the collection forum as a national treasure for sale. Second; Henan Dao. Now the imitation copper in Henan is changing with each passing day, and new products are constantly coming out, such as gold and silver, gold plating, post-work, post-engraving, turquoise post-embedding, old and new assembly, transformation, edging and transplanting rust. There are few computer-carved products in Henan, but there are many products with high imitation of erythema and green rust in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, mainly common objects such as Zhang and Jue, and there are few varieties of puddles. The new assembly adopts more advanced brazing technology, and the interface of well-made objects is invisible to the naked eye. The joints in the device were rusted by resin, and few of them passed the test completely. The forged inscription is a little stiff, and you can see the traces of picking up and closing the knife carefully. There are often old copper skins wrapped in Henan in the market. In the past, the process of sticking stickers on bronzes and weapons and then etching them to imitate the wrong gold pattern has been emptied. The process of pure new casting has not improved, but peacock orchid still can't do it. Imitation of peacock orchid still depends on oil painting, and several transplanted rust pieces are peeled off from waste copper and then stuck to the imitation. Beginners should scrape this rust with a knife. There are many things sold back to Henan from Beijing and Guangzhou, most of which were repaired with glue a few years ago and then flowed back to Henan. Third; Shaanxi is wrong. The high imitation gold in Shaanxi has changed from all kinds of old copper to new handicrafts, mostly fakes. Some products similar to Henan have been copied in workshops in Shaanxi and Shanxi, and the old copper-aluminum alloy is almost invisible. There is a high imitation of Henan old sword, and the craft is very realistic. There is crystal rust on the gold wire, and scattered stones are embedded in the sword lattice and concentric circles. It is said that these products are all from Shaanxi, and many of them are specially made for collectors in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. I heard that there is a good one in Zhejiang. Zhejiang likes to collect entrepreneurs, including the sword of Gou Jian, the King of Yue, and the sword of Brother Fu Cha, the King of Wu. In a few years, it may quickly expand to every collector at home and abroad. One day, Huashan sword will be spectacular. Fourth; Fuyang workers. Resin plasterers in Fuyang, Anhui Province, with the understanding of their characteristics by Tibetan friends, have lost the market, because most of the copper blanks of this kind of products are glued with old broken bronze. A few years later, the glue failed and the copper sheet fell apart. Many people who used to traffic these fake bronzes to all parts of the south are afraid to come, and some of them are still smashed in their hands. They often try to get rid of them on collection forums. Fuyang's bronze repair process was also changed from resin repair to bronze casting. The era of Fuyang workers is basically over. Five; Made in Jingzhou. Jingzhou's high imitation puddle is still in production. Jingzhou's weapons and bronze mirrors are world-famous, and high imitation products are in short supply. Among them, the imitation bronze weapons in Jingzhou have reached the point of chaos, and the imitation bronze swords in Jingzhou are basically puddles, which are slightly Mao Kou after being worn out, which is very chaotic. This bronze sword has various sizes, such as length, width and width. The varieties polished after the old sword and the new sword are the most realistic, and there are some imaginary dragon patterns. The misplacement of bronze weapons is also a major feature of Jingzhou. There are mistakes, but most of them are redundant. For example, the inscription on the top of the hilt is misplaced, and the inscription on the narrow lattice of the barrel handle is also misplaced like a needle. There is also the so-called silver bronze spear, which is characterized by a puddle, the leather shell is not thick enough, and white copper is exposed. Copper spears are often stuffed with rotten wood, and copper swords are sometimes equipped with black paint sheaths. The bronze mirrors in Jingzhou are mostly carved from plain mirrors or mirrors with thick tires and worthless tires. The mirror surface is carved by a hand-carved jade carving machine, and the mirror surface keeps its original appearance. The back decoration is mainly based on imitation of Han and Warring States mirrors, and the leather shell is well handled. But the buttons have many flaws, and the decoration is very oily, like polishing shoes. Due to the limited production, not many people have seen such products. It is said that people live in hotels near imitation homes all the year round. Five; Others. There is an imitation that went on the market last year, but I haven't figured out the origin yet. Its shape is mainly similar to that of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, with bright skin, standard lines but no inscriptions, irregular tire repair inside, light carcass, silent sound, extremely brittle material, easily broken ears and feet, erythema and green rust and crystalline lime rust outside. Judging from the fracture, it's not bronze casting, ding or anything like that. From the technological process, it seems that it is molded from metal powder, and most dealers in major antique markets claim that it was unearthed in Ningxiang, Hunan. This kind of fake is easily mistaken by conventional methods, so many people fall for it.

Learning the Significance and Methods of Bronze Identification Bronze is a great invention in human history and the earliest alloy in the history of metallurgical casting in the world. Ancient Chinese bronzes are the quintessence of China, and only bronzes in China's works of art are recognized all over the world. From the origin of Xia Dynasty, through Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Qin and Han Dynasties to the birth of epigraphy in Song Dynasty, it changed from a single collection to an object of study and research. The value of bronzes was recognized by the world mainly after 1840 Opium War, when the door of China opened and foreigners entered China, they found that China's bronzes were unique in shape and exquisite in craftsmanship. In western countries, abstract and impressionist bronze sculptures appeared in the18th century, while China had them 3000 years ago, so foreigners like China's bronzes very much. Nowadays, Niu Zun, Yang Zun and Ma Zun are mostly scattered abroad. The artistic status of Chinese bronzes in the world can be comparable to that of western oil paintings and sculptures, and all major museums in the world have special Chinese bronzes museums. Museums and art galleries all over the world regard Chinese bronzes as important objects in their collections, and collectors of all ages regard bronzes as treasures of towns and houses, which have been handed down from generation to generation. Now the collection is booming, and bronzes are the treasures that collectors chase. The development of Chinese bronzes has gone through different historical periods, and its style has also changed from solemn artistic style to simple, concise and light. At the same time, the social function of bronzes has gradually changed from sacrificial vessels to practical instruments. The decorative patterns of bronzes range from solemn gluttonous patterns and literary works to the rhythmic patterns of stealing music and endless belts, and then to the vivid patterns of clams, banquets and fights, during which the fierce supernatural magic of animal decorative patterns gradually weakens until it disappears. This change of decorative patterns is not only caused by the improvement of manufacturing technology or people's aesthetic level, but also related to the improvement of human productivity and social changes. The appearance of bronze ornamentation is the crystallization of industriousness, simplicity, intelligence and wisdom of the working people in China. It is the support of people's good wishes and the concrete expression of people's simple desire to fight against nature, survive and realize the "harmony between man and nature". They left us with superb casting skills an artistic treasure symbolizing Chinese civilization. Ancient Chinese bronzes are the great contribution of our ancestors to human material civilization. Although according to the current textual research data, Chinese bronzes appeared later than some other places in the world, there is no place in the world where bronzes can be compared with ancient Chinese bronzes in terms of usage pattern, casting technology, plastic arts and varieties. This is one of the reasons why China ancient bronzes occupy a unique position in the world art history and cause extensive re-examination. The change of bronze culture reflects the change of social, economic and cultural connotation. Therefore, the study of bronze identification has far-reaching significance for the development and progress of world civilization. The identification method of bronze ware refers to the alloy of copper with chemical elements such as tin and lead. Named for its bluish gray color, it is hard in texture. What we usually call copper is an important category in identification. Many of the early bronzes were crimson in color, and many people regarded it as copper-red bronze, which was far less hard than the bronze that was smelted later and the evolution of bronze and copper. This is a process from crimson to cyan and then to brass. In the Tang Dynasty, white copper was mostly used to make bronze mirrors. There were some works of art made of red copper in Ming dynasty, but the purification technology of copper has reached a high level, such as Xuande furnace, which was mostly made of red copper in Qing dynasty. These different copper materials are far worse than the current copper materials because of the proportion. Because the proportion data of bronze materials are not uniform, the bronze products made by counterfeiters are still easy to distinguish, but now there are many. Ancient bronzes were luxury goods, weapons or chariots and horses of nobles. They have strict use mechanism and strict manufacturing mechanism. Besides some simple civilian utensils, exquisite decorations and complicated ritual vessels, wine vessels and ritual vessels are the epitome of ancient upper-class social culture. If there are no big things in bronzes, once they appear, they are definitely not shoddy things. It is very important to master the decorative patterns in different periods, because it is a process of competing with forgers for knowledge. Only when you have enough knowledge will you find some subtle loopholes. From the aesthetic point of view, the ancient bronze ornamentation is very smooth and vivid, which has a strong sense of the times as far as we are concerned, while the forged ornamentation is dull and ineffective, and some sharp copper slag will appear in some places. Inscription is a difficult thing to identify, which can be divided into positive casting and negative casting. Besides knowing some simple words, we should also pay attention to beauty and strength. The words engraved on the negative should observe the unity of its background and rust color. The patina mentioned above. Copper rust is the "shell" of copper attached to bronze after a series of chemical reactions, including soil and bronze rust. The earth is the closest layer of rust to the "bronze bone", and the common sense of copper rust is what we see outside the earth. Because of the different pits, their appearance is also different, and the hard rust of dry pits will appear in good places. There are also rust stuck to bones in the bunker, bordeaux skin and so on. They are characterized by hard rust sticking to bones and being integrated with copper, which is difficult to remove. There are also puddles in the south, dirty pits where the ground is too wet, and some handed down things have been played with by people constantly, and their surfaces are shiny, green or black. It is worth noting that in some dry pits in the north, there is one kind. It makes people feel that its texture is brass or has the feeling of slippery gold. This kind of leather shell is not as bright as the gold slide, and it is much darker. Although this kind of shell has no or little bone rust, it is also a relatively open shell, which is not easy to imitate. The ancient bronze rust listed above is only a big classification of bronze rust, and even the bronze rust displayed in the same pit is not the same! It is precisely because there are many kinds of copper rust, and many people who have just entered the collection have seen the limit of copper rust, so it has become one of the key points for imitators to imitate. There are probably several ways for imitators to imitate copper rust: (1) Imitate copper rust by chemical methods. Most of the copper rust copied with chemicals is floating and has no feeling of sticking to bones. It has no place to directly apply medicine to bronzes. It only has green rust and green rust. It is difficult to see so much powder in the green rust of ancient copper. At present, erythema and sapphire blue are difficult to imitate. Most of the red spots on fake bronzes are rust, which can be easily distinguished by careful observation. One is color and the other is structure. The patina made by this method is too deliberate, giving people an exaggerated feeling, which is why everyone feels too much. Even if you play for a long time, it will not change the soft texture. (2) Sticking the real copper rust on the utensils, the leather shell made by this method is very lethal, but if you look closely, there is no ground under this rust, and it is difficult to feel the natural unity of the real copper patina, because most of the glue is blocky. (3) Burying bronzes directly in the ground for several years, the rust made by this method is easy to identify, and the rust color is floating and easy to remove. There are more and more fakes of modern bronzes, and the technical level of imitation is getting higher and higher. The main method to identify the authenticity of a bronze ware is to attack all kinds of imitation methods one by one. Li Xingjie 20090030 1026 Automation of Electrical Control Department 09 1 shift