Chinese name: martin heidegger mbth: martin heidegger Nationality: German Nationality: German Birthplace: Frejborg Date of birth:126 September 889 Date of death:126 May 976 Occupation: philosopher, thinker, educator, Scholar's graduation institution: Believing in the University of Freiburg: Major achievements of Christianity: One of the greatest philosophers and thinkers in the 20th century's representative works: Being and Time, Lin Zhong Lu, Road Signs, and Interpretation of Holdrin's Poems Gender: Male Education: Doctor's life, chronology of life, anecdotes, and contribution father Friedrich Heidegger is one of the Catholic churches in the local town. With the support of the Catholic Church, she went to konstanz, 50 kilometers south of Meskirsch, to study in a middle school on 1903- 1906, to prepare for her future career as a priest, and to study in a liberal arts school in Frejborg on1909. During these six years, he studied Greek, and since then, he has to read the original Greek every day except during the war. He also studied Latin. 1907 martin heidegger, when Heidegger went home for vacation in summer, he borrowed the book "On Multiple Meanings of Existence since Aristotle" by F. brentano from the pastor of Trinity Church in konstanz, and became interested in the meaning of existence, which became the starting point of his philosophical career. 1909 entered the University of Freiburg. The first two years were mainly theology, supplemented by philosophy. 19 1 1 year, he decided to give up his career as a priest, specialize in philosophy, and study phenomenology with Husserl. 19 13 Summer, under the guidance of Arthur Schneider, I completed my doctoral thesis "Judgment Theory of Psychology". During his stay in Frejborg, he was a student of Husserl, a famous German philosopher at that time, and attended a research class directed by Heinrich Richter, a neo-Kantian philosopher. He was deeply influenced by the philosophy of value. Shortly after receiving his doctorate, World War I broke out. He was drafted into the army in August, but he was discharged two months later because of poor health. 1915-1917 engaged in military postal work in Frejborg. 19 15 summer, with Deng Scott's Theory of Category and Meaning as the thesis, he was qualified as a lecturer. In April 2006, Husserl was employed by the University of Freiburg and inherited Rico's lecture. So Heidegger can listen to Husserl's advice. At that time, he worked in the post office during the day and attended classes or lectures in the university at night. 19 17 Heidegger married Alfred petrie. After marriage, he was enlisted again and served in the Western Front. 19 18 After returning from the battlefield, Heidegger officially became Husserl's teaching assistant. 1922 With Husserl's help, he was hired as a philosophy professor at Marburg University. During the Marburg period, Heidegger began to write his main work Being and Time. 1927 February, Being and Time was officially published, the first time in the eighth volume of the Yearbook of Phenomenology, and the second time as a separate book. This book laid the foundation of his life's philosophical activities and was regarded as an important work of modern existentialism philosophy, which made him famous. Half a year later, Berlin awarded the title of full professor. Husserl retired in 1928, and he was recommended by Husserl as the successor of philosophy chairman of Freiburg University. Later, he founded his own philosophy-existentialism. 1929 Heidegger resigned from Marburg and returned to Freiburg University to inherit Husserl's philosophy lecture. After 1930s, his relationship with Husserl became increasingly cold and eventually broke down. At the beginning of 1933, Nazi fascist dictatorship appeared in Germany. In the following five years, 2,800 German university teachers were dismissed and persecuted, but in the autumn of that year, Heidegger led 960 professors to publicly swear to support Hitler's national socialist regime and once served as the president of Freiburg University. 1945 after the allied occupation of Germany, he was censored because of this history and was banned from teaching. 195 1 resume teaching, 1959 retire. After that, I seldom took part in social activities, stayed in a mountain cabin in my hometown, Black Forest, and only discussed philosophical issues with a few closest friends. Chronology of Life 1889 Born in Meskirsch, Baden, Germany on September 26th. Father Friedrich Heidegger; Joanna's mother, her maiden name is kempf. My parents are devout Catholics. 1903-1906 studied in konstanz Humanities Middle School. 1906-1909 studied in Frejborg Humanities Middle School. I became interested in the existence of the problem after reading the doctoral thesis "On the Multiple Meanings of Existence in Aristotle's Philosophy" by Austrian philosopher brentano. 1909-1911studying theology at the University of Freiburg. 1911-1913 Studying philosophy, humanities and natural sciences at the University of Freiburg. 19 13 received his doctorate in philosophy under the guidance of schneider and Richter, and his doctoral thesis was entitled "Judgment Theory of Psychology". 19 16 obtained the lecturer qualification of Freiburg University, and the title of the lecturer qualification thesis was "Deng Scott's Theory of Category and Meaning". The concept of time in historical science was published in Philosophy and Philosophical Review,No. 16 1. Husserl is a philosophy professor at the University of Freiburg. Heidegger and Husserl met for the first time. Heidegger and his wife married Everett Petrie in 19 17. 19 19 "review of karl jaspers's world outlook psychology" was published, and the eldest son was born. Meet Jaspers. As a teaching assistant at Husserl seminar. The second son, Hailmann, was born in 1920. 1922 Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of Marburg. Worked in Ma Bao until 1928. Build a cabin at Tottenham Castle. Natop manuscript was published in 1923. At the invitation of max scheler, he gave a speech entitled Being and Being at the Kant Society in Cologne. Existentialism: Practical Hermeneutics 1924 delivered a speech at Marburg Theological Association, and the concept of time 20926/KLOC-0 delivered a speech entitled "Concept and Development of Phenomenological Research" at Marburg Philosophical Party on February 4th. 1927 Being and Time was first published in the eighth issue of Yearbook of Philosophy and Phenomenology edited by Husserl. 1928 Husserl retired and Heidegger took over as professor of philosophy at the University of Freiburg. He gave many lectures entitled "Kant and Metaphysics" at Elders College in Riga. The Basic Problems of Phenomenology was published. 1929 1 On 24th, he gave a speech entitled "Philosophical Anthropology and Metaphysics of Being" in Frankfurt am Main. In March, he gave many lectures entitled "Kant and Metaphysics" in the university lectures in Davos. On April 9th, he gave a speech on Husserl's seventieth birthday. On July 24th, he gave an inaugural speech in the auditorium of Freiburg University, entitled "What is metaphysics? 1February, he delivered a speech in Karlsruhe entitled "The Current Situation of Philosophical Problems". Kant and Metaphysical Problems was published. 1March, 930, gave lectures on "Today's Philosophical Problems" and "Hegel and Metaphysical Problems" at Amsterdam Science Association. He gave speeches on the topic of "the essence of truth" many times in various places. 1933 was elected President of Freiburg University. In March, he delivered a speech entitled "Self-declaration of German universities" at the inauguration ceremony of the president. 1934 resigned as president of Freiburg University. 1 1 month 13 1935 gave a speech entitled "the origin of works of art" in Frejborg art and science association. I did it again in Zurich in January of the following year. 1936 delivered a speech entitled "Holderlin and the Essence of Poetry" in Rome on April 2nd. From 1 1 month to1February, he gave many speeches entitled "The Origin of Works of Art" at the Council of the Episcopal Church in Frankfurt. 1June, 938, delivered a speech at the Frejborg Society of Arts, Science, Natural Studies and Medicine, entitled "Metaphysics lays the foundation for modern world images". 1939, he gave a lot of speeches, entitled "Hymns of Holderlin". If it is a festival ... ". 1940 gave a speech on Plato's view of truth. The speech report was first published in 1942 Yearbook of Spiritual Heritage. 1943 wrote "reminiscence" and published it in "Collection of Centennial Commemoration of Holderlin's Death" edited by Crockhorn. On June 6th, he delivered a speech entitled "Going home-to the people I love" at the centenary meeting of Holderlin's death at the University of Freiburg. Give a speech in a small circle, entitled "Nietzsche's words" God is dead ". The Essence of Truth was published. 1944 autumn, was recruited into the militia. An explanation of Holdrin's poems was published. 1945 the occupied authorities banned teaching until 195 1. 1946 in order to commemorate the 20th anniversary of Rilke's death, what are the poets in the small circle? Translate and read Tao Te Ching with China scholar Xiao Shiyi. From 65438 to 0947, he wrote Field Path and From Thinking Experience. Plato's theory of truth. Enclosed is a letter about humanitarianism. 19491February gave four lectures at the Bremen Club, entitled Observing Existence (Object, Frame, Danger, Turn). 1June 6, 950, delivered a speech "Things" at the Bavarian Art Association. 107, in memory of Max Comirel, he gave a speech entitled "Language" in Bireo. Lin Zhong Road was published. 195/KLOC-0 gave a speech entitled "Architecture, Living and Thinking" at the special conference on "People and Space" in Damstedt on August 5th. 106, he published a book entitled "... people live poetically ..." in Bireo. 1on may 8, 953, he gave a lecture entitled "who is Nietzsche's Zarathustra? "Speech. Give a speech entitled "Science and Meditation" in May. 1 1 month 18, he gave a speech at the Bavarian Art Association entitled "Query of Technology", which is one of the series "Art in the Age of Technology". Introduction to Metaphysics was published. From 65438 to 0954, he gave lectures entitled Meditation in Zurich, konstanz and Freiburg. What is thought published in Speech and Essay? Has been released. 19551October 30th, delivered a speech entitled "Follow the Fate" at the commemoration of the 75th anniversary of the birth of Konradin Klauzer, a composer in Shishi, Meschi. August in Normandy, France, entitled "What is philosophy?" Speech. 1956 gave a lecture entitled "According to the law" at Bremen Club in May and at Vienna University in October. Dialogue with Haibei on "Small Box" for Haibei Day 1956. 1960 gave a speech entitled "Paul clay" to architects in Frejborg. Facing the Existing Problems was published. 1957 February, delivered a speech entitled "Metaphysical Existence-God-Logical Mechanism" in Tottenham Castle. In the summer semester, he gave five lectures entitled "Principles of Thought" in the general research class of Freiburg University. /kloc-in February and February of the following year, he gave three lectures entitled "The Essence of Language" in the general research class of the University of Freiburg. The publication of identity and difference. 1958 gave a speech entitled "Hegel and Greece" in Aix, France in March and Heidelberg, Germany in July. In May, he delivered a speech entitled "Poetry and Thinking —— a poem about" Ci "by Stephen Georg" at the dawn celebration of Vienna Castle Theatre. 1959 1 month gave a speech entitled "The Road to Language" at the Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts. Inaugural address at Heidelberg Academy of Sciences. He gave a speech entitled "Land and Sky of Holderlin" at the conference of Holderlin Society in Munich. On September 27th, Heinz was awarded the title of honorary citizen of Meskill Shi, and delivered a speech entitled "Thanks to Meskill Shi's hometown" and a speech entitled "The Mission of Modern Art" in baden-baden. Relax has been published. The Road to Language was published. 1July, 960, delivered a speech entitled "Language and Hometown". Nietzsche 196 1 published two volumes. First trip to Greece in April 1962. Questioning things —— The publication of Kant's transcendental principle theory. Technology and turn was published. 1964 In May, he and Abraham made a speech about Santa Clara in Meskill. 1in April, 967, he gave a speech entitled "The Origin of Art and the Mission of Thinking" at the Athens Academy of Science and Art. "Road Signs" was published. 1968 gave a speech entitled "Holdrin-Poetry" in Dole (Provence) from August 30th to September 8th, and held a seminar entitled "Hegel: Differences between Fichte System and Schelling System". 1969 held a seminar in Dole (Provence) from September 2 to 1 1, entitled "Kant: the only possible argument for the existence of God". "Thinking-oriented Things" was published. Heraclitus (1966- 1967 winter semester seminar) was published in 1970. Phenomenology and Theology was published. 197 1 year, Schelling's paper on the nature of human freedom (1809) was published. 1972 publication of early works. 1975 "basic problems of phenomenology" (1927 summer semester handout) was published. 1976 "Logic-Truth Problem". 1925/ 1926 winter semester handouts published. The tomb died on May 26th and was buried in his hometown of Meskirch on 28th. At the age of 87. Note: According to the chronology of Heidegger's life in Walter Biemel's Heidegger (see page 152- 155), there are additions and deletions. -Editor Sun Zhouxing's Anecdote Heidegger joined the Nazi Party on May 1933 before he was elected president of Freiburg University. 1April, 934, resigned as the principal. Although he remained a member of the Nazi Party until the end of the war. During his tenure as president of Freiburg University, Husserl, Heidegger's former Jewish teacher, was forbidden to enter the university library, which triggered the Nazi ethnic cleansing law. 194 1 republished, Heidegger deleted the dedication to Husserl in Being and Time, and claimed that he was under pressure from the publisher Max Namr. 1935 When he published Introduction to Metaphysics, he refused to delete the words "the inner truth and greatness of this movement": "... these are all so-called philosophies. What is presented to us today is called "national socialist philosophy", but what has nothing to do with the inherent truth and greatness of this movement-that is, the confrontation between earth technology and modern human beings, has fallen into a quagmire of chaos (composed of concepts such as "value" or "unity"). " Many readers, including his former student Habermas, interpret it as evidence that Heidegger is committed to national socialism. Contribution influences philosophical thought Heidegger is one of the founders and main representatives of existentialism. He quoted Plato in his book Being and Time: "When you use the word' Being', you are obviously familiar with its meaning, but we once believed that we knew it, but now we are at a loss." Then he said Plato pointed out that everyone is familiar with the meaning of "existence", but no one really understands it. This problem has not been solved until today after 2000. He just wants to raise and solve the problem of the meaning of "existence" again. Heidegger expounded the meaning of "existence" in this way: the nature it already has. In other words, you must have "you" before you can have "you"; Without "existence", there can never be "existence". To solve the problem of "existence", Heidegger must trace back to a kind of "existence", and its "existence" has been clarified when it is not clear what it looks like. Heidegger believes that only "I" is this kind of "existence", and only "I" becomes clear when it is not clear what it is. So he thinks that "I" is "existence" and "existence" is "me". Later, Heidegger said that the "existence" of "I" is the world. Here, the core of Heidegger's thought is that the individual is the existence of the world. Of all mammals, only human beings have the ability to realize their existence. They do not exist as egos related to the outside world, nor as ontologies interacting with other things in the world. Man exists through the existence of the world, and the world exists because of man's existence. Heidegger also believes that human beings are in contradiction, and they predict the inevitable death, which leads to painful and horrible experiences. They had to admit that death was inevitable, and then everything ceased to exist. Our existence is neither created by ourselves nor chosen by us. Existence is imposed on us and will last until we die. Heidegger's philosophy has a great influence on modern existential psychology, especially on L. Binswanger's psychology. He regards Heidegger's concept of world existence as the basic principle of existential psychology. His existentialism also greatly inspired the development of psychotherapy in the future. Existence and Time After getting brentano's paper on the multiple meanings of Aristotle's existence, Heidegger said, "I started my first clumsy attempt in philosophy." For the first time, Heidegger's questioning of existence was opened. Leibniz once lamented: "How shocking it is to realize your existence!" Heidegger was obviously shocked by the questioning of philosophy, insisting that philosophy is the questioning of "existence". During his stay in Freiburg University, Heidegger published papers (scholars) in some philosophical magazines, and had close contacts with famous teachers at that time, such as Schneider and Likert. When he graduated, Heidegger considered whether to specialize in mathematics, stay in philosophy or continue philosophy for the qualification of a teacher, and finally entered the philosophy department and turned to Husserl. In college, influenced by Husserl's logic research, Husserl claimed that this book has extraordinary charm. Although it is difficult to read, it never leaves. 19 12 published a new exploration of logic in the literary prospect of Catholic Germany. This paper chooses Husserl's psychological problems as the theme, which shows Husserl's profound influence on it. After the success of Schneider's psychological judgment theory "optimal", he successfully obtained his doctorate. Later, in 19 15, World War I broke out, and he obtained the qualification as a teacher, and wrote the qualification thesis "Deng Scott's Theory of Category and Meaning". Heidegger examines the basic structure or framework of various object fields and "various realistic forms" in his paper. In this sense, he borrowed Scott's language to discuss "category". I met Husserl when I was an unpaid lecturer. The latter appreciated Hai's talent and called him a "phenomenon prodigy". Prior to this, Husserl's old friend, Natop Friends of Marburg University, had intended to hire Heidegger to give lectures for him, but for various reasons, he never got it. I plan to recruit Heidegger as an supernumerary professor within 20 years, and I met karl jaspers at Husserl's birthday party in early April. When Marburg University formally planned to enroll students in February, 2002, the result was still not realized. In September, karl jaspers and I had a week-long discussion in karl jaspers's private house in Heidelberg.1In mid-October, I sorted out Aristotle's phenomenological interpretation (i.e. Natop manuscript) and sent it to Marburg University and G? ttingen University. These developments are very important. 1923, a cabin in the mountains was built in Tottenham Castle as the main writing place. 1927, after the publication of the concept of time in 24 years, the first book of Being and Time came out. From then on, Heidegger became famous and undoubtedly became the first person in German philosophy. Being and Time was not really mature when it was formed. Without external pressure, Heidegger may have delayed the publication of this book, and there are also many hasty and impatient places in the book. Many problems in Heidegger's whole thought process are concentrated here, including "authentic state and non-authentic state", "logic and judgment", "truth composition", "experience before theoretical understanding", "factual life", "way of existence" and "timeliness". From the very beginning, Heidegger reiterated the necessity of asking about "the meaning of existence", and "existence" itself is the most common concept beyond all kinds of affiliation. Starting from Plato, he mistakenly equated existence with all existence, and Heidegger believed that western philosophy went further and further on this mistake. This book discusses in detail the problem of existence and the world and time. Generally speaking, the book is divided into this existence and the world, this existence and time, which is the unfolding part. In the preparatory narrative of the book, anthropology, psychology and biology are planned, and existentialism is prepared. And put forward the basic problem of "this is always my existence", which refers to the existence of human beings. Heidegger chose this word to avoid the dominant subject of traditional metaphysics and the objectification of human beings (Cartesian thinking). Then it is put forward that this being will always be "IN-der-welt-sein" (existing in the world), and all the connections between the world and the world are discussed in detail. The world is not a simple collection of things. It is not the object of our direct observation. We belong to this world forever. It also discusses Descartes' ontology, puts forward the existence of utensils and world memory, and discusses in detail people's grasp of utensils. The development style of this existence is divided into: emotion, speech and understanding. This was thrown into the world, and it never really sank into the world, but it was with others in the sinking. Based on this, Heidegger put forward the concept of human beings. We always exist with others, and participate in everything of the public in this common, and then we lose ourselves and are thrown into planning ourselves, so we have a sinking style: gossip, curiosity and ambiguity. Although this existence is always illusory, Heidegger put forward the emotion of "fear" and made the truth possible. Fear has no specific object, but a manifestation of human finiteness, and the basic existence of this existence is worry. Fear strikes when you leave your body and realize your limitations. Fear in fear, it is nothing, in the land with nothing, it is afraid of sinking, and there is a real state. Fear makes it see its ultimate-death. Heidegger discussed the concept of death in detail. Death is time and cannot be experienced. He made this plan himself-from birth to death. At this time, "conscience" calls this existence existence existence. In this conscience, I saw the real life structure that can exist. In the last part of the book, we discuss the problem of time, criticize the traditional calculation of time, and discuss the existing state of this existence in combination with temporality, and get a confusing concept "Man is time", which is mainly reflected in the discussion of temporality such as understanding and destruction, and also leads to Heidegger's historical concept here. Generally speaking, this book uses the presence of people to explore the various meanings of existence, and then the conclusion of the analysis leads to the "open field" of existence, where the subject of existence is grasped. The existence field of light and shadow is existence itself, which makes things have a relationship with it, and things belong to it and return to themselves. However, the exploration of existence itself did not end there. The second part of this book, for various reasons, perhaps because of ideological difficulties, Heidegger decided not to write it anymore. The later thinking is basically a supplement to Being and Time, mainly in Introduction to Metaphysics, Origin of Works of Art, Time and Existence, Essence of Foundation and Essence of Truth. Heidegger is highly cultivated in science, and he can have a high-level scientific dialogue with Heisenberg. Later, he also criticized science and technology: the world image age and technical query. Heidegger also declared the end of philosophy in his later period, which was naturally due to his profound study of the history of philosophy. Later, his complete works have been published in more than 80 volumes, which is undoubtedly a treasure of the ideological circle. He proved his life with his thoughts. The influence on China is explained by "this is" and "this is": Mou Zongsan, a neo-Confucian, Kant China's philosophy and established "Jiao Yuan". Later, the scholar Heidegger's philosophy of China explained China's thought with "being" and "alienation". For example; Zhang Xianglong's Heidegger Thought and the Heaven in China and Lai Xianzong's Negotiations between Taoist Zen and Heidegger. Scholars also use Heidegger's philosophy to construct China's ontological hermeneutics theory, with the goal of constructing China's "first philosophy". In Aristotle's view, the first philosophy refers to the theological study of the highest existence (the immobile promoter or God), or the ontological study of existence as existence. Theology is called the first philosophy because its research object is higher than physical existence; The study of the latter is a matter of the second philosophy. Existentialism is the first philosophy, because it studies the default principles and laws of all other branches of science and the first cause of the whole existence world. In this sense, the first philosophy has gained its universal significance as the basis of all sciences. For Husserl, the first philosophy is the methodology and theoretical basis of all other philosophical disciplines. For example, Lai Xianzong tried to use Heidegger's philosophy to construct the ideological system of Buddhist ontology hermeneutics. Character works Sein und Zeit (1927), Being and Time, Kant and Metaphysical Problems (1929), Kant and Metaphysical Problems, Einfü hrung in Die Physik (1935, 1953). uterungen zu H？ Holderlin Dickton (1936-38) "Interpretation of Holderlin's Poetry" Baertl? The Contribution of VOM Ereignis (published in 1936- 1938, 1989) to Philosophy Holzweig (1950) Lindau hacked? T dunken? (195 1-52) "What is an idea?" Voice of Satz (1955-56) "legal" logo? Isomorphism z (1955-57) Isomorphism Gelassenheit (1959) Unterwegs Zur Sprache (1959). On the Road to Language, Fragments of Technology Questioned Technology. Who is Nietzsche Zarathustra in The Society and Reflection of Science and Philosophy and Metaphysics Overcoming Metaphysics 1 Zarathustra, Architecture, Residence and Thinking, Weigemaken and Road Signs? Moreover, as long as it is human thoughts and plots, nothing can be done. 2. Life is school. Where misfortune is not happiness, but a good teacher. Because, survival is in the loneliness of the abyss. 3, full of efforts, but people live poetically on the earth. 4. Existence is the existence of existence, and the existence of existence is the source that this existence can influence or act on other beings, and it is also the source that other conscious beings can perceive, recognize, judge and use. 5. The poet evokes dreamland and dreams from the dynamic and noisy reality. 6, thinking is thinking, ... thinking is there, because thinking is happening and belongs to existence. At the same time, thinking is there, because thinking belongs to existence and listens to existence. 7. The most important thing to think about is the road. 8. Conscience often speaks only in the form of silence. 9. People live quietly, even if they listen to the wind quietly, they can feel the poetry of life. 10, people live in their own language, language is their "home of existence", people are talking, and the text is in the movie The Ister)(2004), and the story content is based on Heidegger's lecture 1942. There (1979), its theme touches on Heidegger's concept of existence and his long-lost existence.