Although Taoism has not been formally adopted, it continues to play an important role in the development of China's ancient thoughts. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Neo-Confucianism evolved from Taoism. Buddhism was introduced into China, but it was also influenced by Taoism. Zhuangzi and Zen Buddhism were inspired in many ways.
I started in the Spring and Autumn Period of Taoism, but the name of Qin and Taoism. To sum up, Tao was initiated by me. As early as the Han Dynasty, this school. Taoism at this time is also called "Daoism". Sima Tan, Sima Qian's father, wrote In Six Points, which is summarized as morality, Confucianism, Mohism, name, law, yin and yang, and six, and expounds the advantages and disadvantages of six points. He said: "Taoism makes people's spiritual loyalty, dynamic and intangible, and supports everything." The success of the operation is due to the good summary naming method of Yin and Yang. According to Mohism, in the process of migration, the reactant changed the existing agent, and it should not mean less things, but passive reaction, so it should be easier to be adopted.
Taoism prevailed in the early Han Dynasty, and Sima Tan was a Taoist believer, so it was given the highest evaluation. He pointed out the other five strengths of Taoism, and at the same time, he developed strengths and avoided weaknesses to eliminate self-cultivation, which got twice the result with half the effort. The weapon of conspiracy theory used in the suicide of Huainan Rebellion in Han Jing is a severe challenge to the "inaction" of Huang Lao School. Taoism, Taoism gradually declined. Culture penetrated into all aspects of China, and Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was the most obvious recovery.
Taoism is no exception. In the pre-Qin period, there were many factions that could be divided internally and generally. Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty "Hanshu"? There are 37 main schools of Taoism in the column of "Papers", namely, Laozi, Zhuangzi and Taoism. Except for the Taoist works of Laozi and Zhuangzi that Zhu Yang thinks may be affected, there are 933, most of which are from the Qin Dynasty. At the same time, mixed effects.
Taoism and legalism are just the opposite. Taoism advocates "let nature take its course", while law will inevitably give up all people. Legalists advocate punishing people with law, unruly humanity and the power to rule the world.
Although Taoism has different schools, its spirit is the same: "Nature does nothing.
The core of Taoism is "Tao". I once said in his works that materials are mixed and students are born. Lonely Serrucci's journey of independence is not Scottish, and Wuwei, the mother of heaven and earth, is well known for its strength, he said. "I propose that Tao is the law of the origin of the universe and the law of all movements of the universe. This view was later supported by Taoism and became the most basic core of all Taoist types. Different schools have different understandings of Tao. Through the concept of "Tao", we first discussed the origin of everything and the world, and started China's tradition of discussing metaphysics.
"Tao", everything is static in all people's "Tao", and they coexist, which finally guarantees the highest value and the ultimate source of value. In terms of strength, the cohesive structure and the command of strength are said to be "good luck" or "good transport capacity", but the principle of realizing everything is mutual development, transformation and development. Taoism believes that there are countless shapes, but its origin is called "heaven and earth and me, while students are everything to me." "Therefore, people should fully understand and respect nature and laws. So everything in the universe is "self-sufficient". Individuals and society are interdependent, cultivating not only themselves, but also "saving people" and seeking common interests in the world in an appropriate way.
"Governing by doing nothing" is regarded by Taoism as one of the important characteristics of "Tao". Not omission, but no deliberate aimless behavior. Governing by doing nothing, smooth sailing? Honey, what is sacred? Gong has always been an activist in the south. "Taoism knows that any purposeful behavior is itself prejudice." Six parents are unfilial. "Statements expressing similar views abound in Taoist works. To solve this problem, the attitude of "ruling by doing nothing" can be used for political cultivation, and it can also be used for Taoist factions to stick to the essence of "doing nothing", which provides a richer concept for "ruling by doing nothing".
I emphasize that rulers must pay attention to their health, not the brand names of fans. Subsequently, every school of thought demanded lighter body weight. Zhuangzi and Liezi's view of "sacredness" has reached a new height.
Zhuangzi has a very obvious pessimism, and their concentrated life is brought to the extreme by self-cultivation and the concept of "sacred" Zhuangzi. Zhuangzi's personal idea is the cultivation of artistic spirit advocated by post-use, which breaks the spirit of unity outside the small natural world. Italian countries have an important influence on aesthetic comprehension in the world. Zhuangzi has also made great achievements in China's poetry, painting and other artistic fields. In literature, his masterpiece You Xian is the climax of pre-Qin prose works.
Zhuangzi described many friends of Zhuangzi, Hui Shi. In the pre-Qin period, the famous Gong Pyrite represented the crisis peak of China's ancient language.
Tian, in order to get rid of the inexplicable accusations of conspirators, attract talents and consolidate political power, he founded Jixia Xuegong, and it was only in the fourth year that the philosopher Chi Haotian said that a hundred schools of thought contended. Among the top 100 works of Jixia Xuegong with the largest number of people, the strength of most companies undoubtedly has the greatest influence on Xia Ji Huang and Lao Dao, which can be said to be "Huang and Lao dominate, overwhelming" and their representatives, Tian Pian, Czech Republic, Yuan and Song Xingwen, have all lost their prudence in Tian Zi, Mosquito Larvae and Pine Nut. Yin Wen's masterpiece Guan Zi, which is closely related to the Huang Lao family. "
At the end of the Warring States period, it was a pity that the King of Qi was arrogant and extravagant. Under the leadership of Xia Ji, Hong Xue gradually declined, and Xia Ji, Huang Lao Xue's successor, gradually dispersed. Soon, when he was Lv Buwei, the prime minister of Qin Dynasty, he called on the people, who went to Lv Buwei in succession to become Lv Buwei's consultant and assistant, which played a very important role in the compilation of Chunqiu. Supplementing Qin, which was dominated by legalists, realized the temporary prosperity of Huang Lao's politics and became an economic and cultural country. In addition, it is worth mentioning that during this period, The Yellow Pipe-an Important Work of Laos was born. Lu Chunqiu shows the style of Taoist thought at the end of the Warring States Period.
Sima Tan once concluded that "Huang Lao Xue:" nothingness follows "Tao is based on Huang Lao Xue" as a tool, so this concept of "governing by doing nothing" is bound to conflict with the differences among Tao, Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi.
Taoism has a long history in China and changes rapidly, but it has been integrated into all aspects of society. Taoism is also widely spread in the west. Whether Schopenhauer's will and pessimistic attitude towards life, or Heidegger's ontology and ontology, are all natural inaction attitudes, and the life accepted by many westerners has been influenced to varying degrees.
The very short-lived glory of Taoism in the ancient political history of China.
Zhuangzi's "nothingness" and "nothingness" theory are interpreted as Stark's emphasis on my nihilistic development. He said: "At first, there was no namelessness", and thought that the universe was primitive "nothing" was "nothing". He said: "There is no better prospect than this, which is not optimistic. On the contrary, there is nothing without more. " "Nothing" means nothing is clean. "The Same Origin of Things" said: "Men and women have no all unknown fruits, all things, and nothing." There is no difference between non-existence and non-existence, everything is relative. The concept put forward by Zhuangzi denies that all this can only be achieved by "nothing". Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is the highest stage of Taoist development. The concept of "mystery" first appeared in the first chapter of Me: concealment, the miracle of the door. Yang Xiong in Han Dynasty, abstract of Taiji Xuanxuan: "The mysterious and hidden abstraction is ten thousand yuan, which is unformed. Just "Wei" I mean: "mysterious and profound." The theory of metaphysical problems. The mysterious representatives are Wang Bi, Ruan Ji, Ji Kang, Pei Weixian and Guo Xiang. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties centered on dialectical "whether". From the late Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty, Huang Lao-tao tried to transcend the theories of "Tao Sheng" and "Born Free", so the focus of their discussion was not "Being or Not" and "Doing Nothing but Doing something".
In the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the question of "being or not" appeared, and the ontological category of "talking with Wang Bi" appeared, and the opposition between "you don't talk" and "Pei Wei drives" appeared. The basic arguments of Guo Xiang, Shan Fei, M and Wang Bi are "no orientation", and the "harmony" in inaction is not "going to the world as the basis of world unity". They believe that the diversity behind various phenomena must be the same, or the diversity of chaotic phenomena is not unified. In their view, this institution cannot be the basis of their own existence and must rely on the "nothing" of the body. Wang Bi said: "Everything in the world is tailor-made for the beginning of life, and there is no need to add:" Although everything is expensive and useless, it is not home "(Lao Zi Note). This is whether all things in the world have external manifestations and whether they have non-directional effects. However, nothing is inseparable, because there can never be a "tomorrow", it will be in the worship of this tomorrow, but it will also end. "Is there a dividend?
Do you think that your relationship reveals the phenomenon and essence to some extent, and explains what I call "invisible elephant" in Taoism, which is an essential phenomenon? During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the theoretical norms of discussing "being or not" from the perspective of ontology were closely related to the natural relationship. The world outlook of the metaphysical school of the gentry group, advocating Laozi and Zhuangzi and cooperating with Confucianism and Taoism, was a speculative expression in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, except Ruan Ji, it was generally Xue Chong's, natural and standardized (Confucianism). The fundamental purpose of harmonizing Confucianism, Taoism, nature and norms. Metaphysics has an explanation. From me to Zhuangzi, I was called the "Three Revolutions", "Ruled" me, Zhuangzi, "Laozi" and Zhuangzi "annotated" The Book of Changes. The change of Wang Bi's book Please Pay Attention to Change is a plan to reconcile Confucianism, Taoism and capitalism, which is slightly different from Lao Zi and Zhuang Zijie's book Notes on Helping Taoism and Interpreting Confucianism.
Confucianism, Taoism and politics are comprehensive, and the basic principles are endless. Wang Bi's nature is the natural inevitable embodiment of norms, and it is the later norms. They clearly put forward the idea of "carrying this idea to the end" by unifying the relationship between the front and the rear of the car. Ruan Ji and Sima Yi's political opponents.
In order to expose the hypocrisy of the country's normative cloak, they emphasized that unqualified natural claims are more normative of any nature "("Emancipation "). Their monism of "inaction" is based on the vitality and tracing from metaphysical ontology. They openly despise the push of more opposing metaphysical thoughts, such as abandoning Confucian etiquette and law norms, condemning the dirty six classics and five lakes, and condemning the stinking virtue (naturally difficult to learn). Therefore, their philosophical criticism of metaphysical heresy is obviously reflected in their ideological tendency. However, it is extreme to think that "living in harmony with nature" is unilateral. Xi Kincaid, the squadron leader of the gentry, used the privileges enjoyed by the nobles to talk about debauchery, and the wanton wind of the vicious expansion of "yam" even endangered the ruling stability of the gentry group itself. Discuss with Pei and Guo Xiang.
Pei Wei's book "Creation and Expensive" puts forward the theory of "using static words as a brake", aiming at emphasizing the separation and standardization of nature, not being expensive and hasty, and the theory of nature should be better unified and standardized. Pei Wei noticed this task when he worshipped Guo Xiang and Zhuangzi, and demonstrated the theoretical consistency between norms and nature. He consolidated and worshiped some ideas that Taoism is nature and all "up and down" orders are just, thus unifying the contradiction between norms and nature, and providing theoretical support for the gentry in the Western Jin Dynasty to reach the peak of clan monopoly power and temporarily stabilize the ruling order.
Metaphysics does not exist. The evolution of nature and norms and the twists and turns of information reflect the development requirements of gentry theory, the party's ruling ability and the political reality squadron that consolidates the ruling power. Guo Xiang's individualized theory of "standardization lies in the separation of" nature "or" conflict "nature, which fully shows" teaching nature by name ".
In Seng Zhao in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Buddhist metaphysics finally completed the development process of thinking in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, which was divided into three stages, namely, the process of rushing, and then the process of accompanying or not understanding, that is, extinction. From Yongjia's funeral to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, social unrest and the development of split Buddhism showed a good sliding soil. The general situation of metaphysics, the greater the development of Buddhism in India, we have an explanation of metaphysics, so Buddhism metaphysics. Seng Zhao.
Seng Zhao's "theory of vacuum" and "there are many things" influenced the Buddhist thought at that time, especially the summary of metaphysics schools. In his view, metaphysical thinking seems to be armed with one-sided theory, and the real meaning should be whether there is one or not. He said: "although there is no", although there is no, "there is no difference", that is to say, in one case, everything is there, there is no, there is no unity. Seng Zhao's so-called "yes" or "no" actually refers to "Su Causeway", "true meaning" and "Su Causeway" of Buddhism. This is since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, when Dan expressed his understanding of supernatural power, he gradually overwhelmed the foreign Dan school and became the mainstream style of immortalism. Fairy science and human science
Famous scientists from Inner Zhong Liquan, Lv Dongbin, Cui Xifan, Park Zan, Chen Qituan, Shi Jianwu and Liu Xuanying all came to Feng Dan. Dan, nicknamed "Zhouyi Shentongqi", gained social recognition through immortal practice in Sao Tome and Principe. Then the Neidan Sect has developed to a state of perfection and began to form a unique Sect. These Neidan sects can be traced back to Huangdi, Pang, and Akamatsu at the earliest. Relying on our sect, they claim to be the handed down capital of Guanyin, which is called the writing at the beginning of the camp.
Other factions claimed to declare the government (Han nationality) and Shaoyang faction through Shaoyang City, Donghua Zifu. Before the characters were sent to the cultivation of nothingness, the method of Me and Zhuangzi began with the Bible as an imaginary avenue, which fully realized the pirates' paradise and the nothingness of the earth. The reality was super straight, and occasionally it was not my colleague. The chaotic realm was endless in maintainability and the life of minors. Shaoyang School advocates the method and essence of doing nothing, refining the spirit, refining the life of imaginary steps, while Yang Shuang practices Yin and Yang, and the martial arts of different levels are widely reproduced.
Since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, Shaoyang sent Zhong Liquan, Lv Dongbin Chen Tuan, McDonnell Douglas, Real Fire Dragon and Cao Liu, and their posthumous title ended and started this practice. After Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Wushu of "Southern School, Northern School, Eastern School, Western School, Qingcheng School and Wu Liubing School" was gradually formed. Therefore, the academic articles of Neidanmei were published at the beginning, which was the most controversial. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Zhang Sanfeng's truly comprehensive writing began to be issued by the director of Shaoyang Academic School, while Sanfeng School, which was created, neither implemented it, but also promised not to implement it in inaction, thus creating a clean law and planting the characteristics of Yin and Yang, Nanzong and Beiren.
During the Han and Wei Dynasties, the society was in turmoil, and various ideas began to become active. Taoism will once again enter the historical stage in a profound form. Taoism, as another branch of Taoism, has also developed rapidly and made contributions. However, from a theoretical point of view, this is far less than metaphysics. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Taoism revived, replacing divination in the Han Dynasty. Its main representatives are Yanhe, Wang Bi, Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Xiang Xiu and Guo Xiang.
Metaphysical "I", "Zhuangzi" and "Yijing", and called on them to understand Taoist and Confucian classics, and the comprehensive thinking mode of Confucianism, Taoism and politics formed "three revolutions; At the same time, with a quiet and natural attitude towards life, they tried to get rid of the shackles of red tape in order to save and restrain Confucian norms and humanize them. Confucianism advocated a transcendental pursuit of life. It can be said that Taoism experienced numerous political changes and many tests from its founding to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, presenting a world in which it lived with a calm attitude.
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the rulers gave Taoism a high status and honor. My surname is Li, with the same surname, in order to strengthen my relationship with the royal rulers of the Tang Dynasty and call myself a descendant of Laozi. The order of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism was stipulated before the first emperor. Secondly, my statue of the Tang Dynasty emperor is "There are too many emperors in Xuanyuan", and the Duke of Zhou had to pass the Tao Te Ching to order it. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty spared no effort to directly comment on the Tao Te Ching. His Taoist priest used the imperial clan's home and established the Xuanyuan Temple all over the country. Another Taoist celebrity was successively awarded the title, set up the Xuan Pavilion, built a home health home, and personally ordered someone to have one, so as to promote Taoism and improve its status.
Tang Wuzong's throne fixed my birthday on February 6th, 2005. More importantly, many emperors' priests were carefully protected in order to live forever. In the end, but by that time, Tang Wuzong and Xuanzong, emperors who were keen on poisoning in the Tang Dynasty, ended their lives prematurely. The rulers of the Song Dynasty followed the example of the former, looking for various ways related to Taoism, and even monks and nuns in Song Huizong wore gi.
Therefore, ancient literati reading sages' books and learning about the affairs of the world may involve national security and sorrow, such as Du Fu's "Although the country has broken mountains and rivers, the vegetation will turn green in spring, and the flowers will fall like tears, and the lonely birds will mourn". The new ghost makes the old ghost cry unfairly, and it rains continuously. Fan Zhongyan was worried about the world first, and Du Mu's complicated tragic descendants made them deeply sad. Few people have the spirit of "Wang Changling's golden fight, forever breaking Loulan's end". It has its own destiny, and at the same time, it is like "the end of the world is satisfied, why have you ever met?" The world of reading is long and sad, but I shed tears of "frustration in this sense and most, occasionally" to please my loved ones' love, and I sighed helplessly to eliminate my anxiety and leisure feeling. Only Li Bai, the most handsome romantic poet, will have a proud daughter who is "people are people, and it is very complicated to get rid of them" after drunkenness.
Ancient literati spent ten years in the cold window, reading poetry books, becoming the top scholar, giving full play to their enterprising spirit and serving the country better. But fatuous kings and treacherous courtiers are in power. They have no talent and are even framed as crowded. Their own lives are at stake. Everywhere is the state that "North Korea has been fighting for nine days, and at night, Chaoyang Road is 8,000", and there is no exhibition at all. Therefore, the literati lived in seclusion in the mountains, played with flowers, insects and fish, and spent their own wishes, leaving only the idyllic sentences and wine of "opening the porch and calamus Sang Ma", and then standing in the lonely crowd occasionally making some "empty seats at midnight, not asking the people's spiritual complaints; The positive feelings of "offering the feelings of the dead king, moving with emotion, persuading people to bring them to justice, and if the king appreciates it, filling it with worries and worries, and retiring with worries" are loyal to the emperor.
Influenced by Confucianism, China is docile and kind. They didn't dare to carry out "Charles I" like Britain. Nicholas II, the only one who didn't dare to step down like the Russians, lived an anticlimactic life with the king all day and finally died of depression. All the daughters of great poets bought a sword without hesitation. Diaoqiu's wine is worthy of pride. The poet sang "A few romantic figures" and looked at the hero's poems in the present.
China's ancient thoughts are not only influenced by Confucianism, Qin philosophers and Buddhism introduced into Han and Tang Dynasties, but also by many foreign cultures and northern nomadic cultures. Although the Confucian school has academic tradition and continuity, there are also preconditions for ideological confrontation and integrated innovation that other schools cannot eliminate. Therefore, the study of China's cultural spirit should not be confined to the spirit of Confucian classics and channel products, but should be the artistic realm pursued by many writers and artists in the highest realm of life. The heart is empty, and the empty unsolved problem is that people usually say that the spirit of bathing snow enters the spiritual realm of literary and artistic creation.
The profound influence of Laozi and Zhuangzi on spiritual realm and life purport. This is a kind of seemingly invisible, but in fact it is everywhere. On the other hand, it is obvious that the classic Taoist thought is reflected in Liu Zongyuan's Preface to Yuxi Poetry, Wang Xizhi's Preface to Lanting Collection and Su Shi's Sandu Fu.
His research, the revival of Taoist forces, and the advocacy of the seven sages of bamboo forest washed away the smell of pedants and started empty talk. In this air, the psychological depth of Taoism is deeply rooted in people's hearts, and Zhou should be in full bloom, while tranquility is like the adaptability of vegetation, and the prosperity of midsummer permeates the heroes in early autumn. Therefore, the establishment of a clear moral character is different from the strength of scholars in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Zhuang Xun's character is the indifference and adaptation of a mature poet, Jin and Jin, without Qu Yuan's sadness. "Gui Ci" Qu Yuan's "Buju" Fisherman is narcissistic, but there is no tone of grief and indignation. He advocated returning to nature in Zhuangzi and Zhuangzi, but the secular comments were unclear. Tao refused to bow to reality, seeing the world is worth five dou meters. Johnson was accused of killing pigs by artificially feeding cattle. Johnson's angry laughter, modesty, only a gentle smile. This legacy of Yuanmingyuan is reflected in many articles, from the crazy and lively Humble Room Inscription to the quiet Mountain Residence Autumn Meeting.
Confucianism is sometimes outside the scope of law, and sometimes it is the goal of the monarch who is "partial to Confucianism and Huang Lao". Due to the limitation of subjective conditions, the Huang Lao family came to live and brought economic and cultural prosperity. During the periods of Xuanzong, Song Huizong and Kangxi in the Tang Dynasty, there were signs of "virtue", "the rule of literary scene", "the rule of Zhenguan" and "the prosperity of Kaiyuan".
Biography of Historical Records Mencius Xun Ji 'en: Restoring titles, magical knives, joints, etc. "Huang Lao, who studies morality, said that the sequence of inventions means ..." It also includes: He wife and father teach students a safe period, Xu students teach their hair to burn openly, Mao teaches Catholic music to be defective, Catholic music minister has a musical defect, Catholic church has a hood, Catholic church has a hood, Catholic church has a hood, and teacher Cao is dense. "
Figure painting changes the theme and describes people's morality, not the rise of personal style, rather than a vivid portrayal of Gu Kaizhi's "style".
Painting "nature" is the most important aesthetic characteristic color, and the overwhelming green landscape of wind and ink has become the mainstream. Ancient landscape painters hardly had Taoism, and the rise of landscape painting itself was influenced by Taoism.
Painting techniques and Bai Mo's spirit of reality and freedom. As a painter, the road between life and technology is the highest realm.
I talk about its taste and the important aesthetic characteristics of Chinese guqin. I combine "Confucianism" with "short" to form a short view. The definitions of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and "short" in Li Xuezhai's Ode to Piano Music by Yvonne Wang are orderly, and rhyming, fanyin and sweetness are not advocated. "A certain degree of negative impact." As a reference, the great music "The Sound of Music" affirmed the silent happiness and eternal beauty, and emphasized the importance of overtone becoming an ancient piano and pursuing the environment. BR/>； In the Ming Dynasty, Li Zhi and Zhuangzi's proposition that "the harmony between man and nature is precious" also sharply criticized the typical Confucian aesthetic concept, "the piano forbids the heart of the piano, and the piano forbids the heart of the yin." "Qin Xin" is the essence of music, and music is defined as the art of freely expressing thoughts and feelings and the basic value of expressing feelings, rather than a tool of feudal rule. The viewpoint that the United States pursues the free expression of guqin and people's various feelings about the development of guqin music are of great significance.
Zhuangzi's philosophy, the influence of life, and the dramatic aesthetics of "real" soul in China's plays. The personality expressed in China's plays is a realm in essence, and my realm often has the flavor of civilians.
The creative method based on Zhuangzi's fable practice is based on the refinement of life and life.
The highest realm of creative expression consciousness. Ruthenium God, the ultimate Tang Xianzu Zhuangzi's virtual "as an actor's requirements.