The real rocket is based on Newton's law of action and reaction, and the powder burns and flies forward by jet propulsion. There is no so-called "rocket" based on this law. Actually, it's a vertical rocket. It's also a rocket. In fact, it is an arrow that burns and fires with a crossbow. Rockets originated at the beginning of 12 century, and the manufacturing method is similar to making firecrackers. 1233 During the Jin-Mongolia War of Returning to Germany, the rocket of the Nomads was "made of sixteen bundles of paper, two feet long" and filled with gunpowder. Two feet is equivalent to 62.52 centimeters. Of course, there are bigger special rockets. The key technology of making rockets is to punch the hole of gunpowder, that is, the nozzle of the rocket. There are various forms of rockets, such as gunpowder barrel, multi-rocket barrel, two-way rocket barrel, two-stage rocket, rocket missile and so on. In addition to hand-held, there are gun launch, barrel launch and plate launch. Among these various forms of rockets, there are single rockets and cluster rockets, that is, multiple rockets are placed in one barrel at the same time. Interestingly, around the15th century, a man named Wan Hu tried to go to heaven by rocket. He installed 47 biggest rockets on the back of the chair and sat on the chair with two big kites in his hand. When a servant lights a rocket, he may fall down only once. Although historians and historians of science have not yet understood Wan Hu, his scientific imagination and brave spirit are still remembered by people. Scientists named a ring mountain range on the moon after him.

Reference:. Chic/0811c34/0811c34

China, the hometown of rockets, traces its origin. China was the first country to invent the rocket. The word "rocket" appeared in the Three Kingdoms period (AD 220-280). However, at that time, the rocket was just tied with combustible materials at the front end of the shaft and then launched by the bow guide, so it was also called "burning arrow". With the appearance of primitive gunpowder, gunpowder replaced combustible materials in factories, making rockets quickly applied to the military. In the late Tang Dynasty and early Song Dynasty (A.D. 10 century), there were written records of rockets using gunpowder. Officials from the north, such as Feng Jisheng and Yue, presented rockets and rocket laws to the court. At this time, although the rocket used gunpowder, it still used crossbows to shoot. Wu Bei Zhi, edited by Yuan Yi in Ming Dynasty, recorded the shape of a rocket that was really propelled by gunpowder injection instead of crossbows. Although this primitive rocket is not as complicated as a modern rocket, it already has a warhead (arrow), a propulsion system (powder keg), a stability system (tail wing) and an arrow body structure (arrow shaft), which can be considered as the embryonic form of a modern rocket. The Chinese nation not only invented the rocket, but also applied series (multi-stage) and parallel (bundling) technology for the first time to improve the carrying capacity of the rocket. The "flying crow with divine fire" recorded in Ming History is the embodiment of parallel technology; "Long water outlet" is the concrete application of series-parallel comprehensive technology. The world's first "astronaut" who tried to fly into the sky by rocket also appeared in China. According to legend, at the end of 0/4th century A.D./KLOC, there was a man named "Wan Hu" in China. He held a big kite in each hand and asked others to tie himself to a special chair with 47 rockets (also called "fire") behind it. He tried to realize the ideal of "taking off" with the help of the thrust of the rocket and the aerodynamic lift of the kite. Although Wan Hu's brave attempt failed and gave his life, he was still the first person in the world who wanted to use the power of rockets to fly. Today, in order to commemorate this legendary figure, a crater near the East China Sea on the surface of the moon is named "Ten Thousand Households" internationally. Although our ancestors invented gunpowder and rockets, due to the long-term feudal rule, the intelligence and wisdom of the Chinese nation have not been fully exerted, and science and technology have stagnated. Although Europeans didn't learn to use rockets until hundreds of years after China invented them, modern rocket technology first developed rapidly in Europe. 13-14th century, China's rocket technology, together with other gunpowder weapons, spread to * * *, India, and then to Europe. By the end of18th century, the Indian army had successfully used gunpowder rockets (the range exceeded 1 km) in many battles against the British and French armies, which promoted the development of rocket technology in Europe. W. congreve, a British officer who fought against the Indian army, prepared a variety of black rockets at the beginning of the19th century, and increased the range of the rockets to 2.5 to 3 kilometers. A rocket is a propulsion device, which contains fuel and oxidant. It can move forward without relying on hot air generated by air combustion. China invented the rocket as early as13rd century, immediately after the invention of gunpowder. The first rocket was to tie a bucket of gunpowder to an arrow, ignite the gunpowder and launch the arrow, which became a burning rocket, a veritable rocket. The invention soon spread to the west. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/4th century, both Mongolians and Mongolians used rockets as weapons of war. Because of the lack of accuracy and effect, the early rockets were only used as weapons in the war, and then they were interrupted and lasted for 350 years. Until the beginning of the 19th century, the British gunner, Sir Congreve, used tin cans and filled them with black powder, and developed them into combustion rockets with a weight of 4- 19 kg and a range of180-2,700 meters, which were used to attack the French port of boulogne and the Danish capital Copenhagen successively, making these two places one. Therefore, rockets are valued by all countries and compete for development. By the end of this century, after World War I and World War II, the development of rockets was brilliant, especially in Germany. At present, the most successful ones are the United States and the Soviet Union. The principle of rocket propulsion is based on nuclear energy.

Isaac's third law of motion: "For every action, there must be an equal and opposite reaction. Anyone who has blown a balloon will have this experience. If the balloon is inflated and not tied with a rope, as soon as it is released, it will fly around the house until the air in the ball is exhausted. Because the air is ejected backward, the balloon will get a reaction force before flying forward; The flight of a rocket is very similar to this principle. We can imagine a sealed steel cylinder with two small holes, one for fuel and the other for oxygen. After the fuel is burned, it produces hot gas, and the gas expands to produce high pressure. If there is no exit, the cylinder will explode. If there is an exit, hot air will rush out immediately, and the cylinder will become a propulsive engine. The gas rushed out produces thrust, and the cylinder moves forward because of the reaction force of this post-injected gas. The faster the gas ejected from the nozzle, that is, the faster the exhaust speed, the faster the rocket speed. According to Newton's second law, as long as the engine is started, the rocket will gain acceleration. The longer the burning time, the higher the speed that the rocket can reach. In space, and can make its speed out of gravity. As far as energy is concerned, modern rockets can be divided into three categories: chemical rockets, electric rockets and nuclear rockets. In chemical rockets, fuel and oxidant are collectively referred to as rocket propellant, and the fuel is solid or liquid, which is also called solid rocket or liquid rocket respectively. The launching principle of the rocket The launching principle of the ancient rocket in China The ancient rocket in China consists of three parts: the gunpowder barrel, the shaft and the fuse. Schematic diagram of ancient rocket structure in China 1. Schematic diagram of rocket structure II. Components of arrow shaft 3. Assembled rocket 4. The launching principle of an ignition rocket is to release energy in the form of heat energy in the combustion chamber, and then quickly convert it into kinetic energy, and the direct reaction force forms thrust, and the rocket is launched immediately. Compared with the short-range solid rocket without guidance system used in World War II, the ancient rockets in China are in the same strain in structure and principle. The characteristics of ancient rockets in China are that rockets are characterized by high launch and flight speed, which can cause chemical and mechanical lethality; High mobility, can be used for land and water offensive and defensive warfare; Can also be more than one person together, * * * bundled launch, in order to increase power; It can also be made into multi-stage rockets to expand the range. Origin of 65438+ China gunpowder vertical rocket technology with bow. Rockets are produced in China, because China people first invented gunpowder and used it to make all kinds of fire attack weapons. On this basis, they explored the principle of the rocket and gradually improved it. /kloc-In the 20th century, people in China made paste-like gunpowder with low nitrate, tied it to an arrow shaft, and then shot it with a bow or catapult, thus setting fire to the enemy's camp. This is a primitive rocket. /kloc-At the beginning of the 20th century, China people made high nitrate solid powder, which can be used as propellant in addition to explosion, thus improving the efficiency of rockets. On the other hand, the invention of fuse also provides a safe and quick means of ignition. Early application Early rockets were mainly used for holiday entertainment and military affairs. /kloc-in the 20th century, China people invented the most primitive rocket, that is, the longitudinal rocket with gunpowder ejected from the bow, which is a special weapon in the army. /kloc-in the 0/2nd century, there were fireworks such as gophers and meteors in Lin 'an (now Hangzhou), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, which added festive activities and was another great use of early rockets. Today, there are still many fireworks in large-scale celebrations. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/2nd century, the Southern Song Dynasty used the "thunderbolt" to deal with the nomads, which was an improved rocket. By the first half of the13rd century, rocket technology had been widely used in the military, and various new weapons based on the rocket principle began to appear. The official rocket appeared in the second half of the12nd century. After the original rocket, the official rocket appeared in the second half of the12nd century. According to ancient records, China people used two kinds of rockets, explosion and ignition, in two water wars, one of which was the famous quarrying war. According to Yang Wanli, a scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, in the preface of Ode to the Sea Loach (1 17 1), in the battle of quarrying, Song Jun used rockets to carry smoke bombs and defeated nomadic people. This is the principle and power of the thunderbolt gun used by Song Jun in the war. In fact, the thunderbolt is a kind of rocket, that is. After igniting the propellant, the device lifted off, ignited the explosives falling from the sky, exploded, and released lime smoke to repel the enemy. In fact, the earliest example of using rockets in history was in April of11/,that is, before the quarrying battle of Song and Jin Dynasties, Jin Su Bao Heng led warships south along the coastal highway in an attempt to cooperate with Yan Yanliang's army to destroy the Song Dynasty. Song will escort 12 warships from Zhejiang to Mizhou, Shandong Province to intercept the enemy. He found that the nomads from the Song Dynasty were all on long-distance raids, and they didn't learn to fight in the water, and the warships were also concentrated. So he ordered Song Bing to fire a large number of burning rockets from all directions. At one time, smoke soared into the sky, burning hundreds of ships, and nomads were wiped out. This is another example of the Song people using rockets. 1232, the big rocket, or flying musket, used by the nomads from Kaifeng to deal with Mongolian soldiers, was 6 feet (198 cm) long, with a spear point tied at the end of the rod and piercing force. A paper powder cartridge is tied to a rod, which is 2 feet (66 cm) long and contains propellant and arsenic.

000 feet or 330 meters). When it hits the target, the rocket launcher will emit a flame 10 feet (3.3 meters) long, emit red light, and release poison and broken porcelain, which has the dual lethality of combustion, chemistry and machinery. In Mizhou and 1 16 1, the Jin army, which was hit hard by rockets, decided to master this technique of defeating the enemy and later used it against Mongolian soldiers. 1April 232, Mongolian general Subutai led his troops to besiege Jindu Bianjing. Jin Jun fired a big rocket named "Flying Firearms" and an iron shell bomb named "Zhentianlei" to defend against the enemy. The two sides fought fiercely 16 day and night, and the nomads finally won a total victory. In May of the following year, 8 Jin Army attacked the Mongolian military camp by boat with extra-large rockets at night, which worked again and wiped out 3 Mongolian troops.

500 people. Mongolia quickly mastered the use of rockets and used them on battlefields in * * * and Europe. Rocket technology is not only popularized and further developed in China, but also spread to other countries. Propulsion technology Rocket propulsion is a precise structure, and its principles are mainly mechanics, thermodynamics and other related scientific applications, such as electricity. The main difference between a rocket and an ordinary plane is that the plane can only fly in the atmosphere, but the rocket can work in outer space because it can burn and propel without using air. Rocket thrust is obtained by the reaction of high-speed ejecta. The principle is the same as when spraying water with a hose in the garden. The hose will retreat and the gun will be aimed at the back seat. After the rocket fuel burns in the combustion chamber, it will produce high-temperature and high-pressure gas, which will be accelerated through a nozzle and then discharged outside. These gases are the driving force behind the rocket. Rockets can be divided into different types of engines:

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* Conduct low-earth orbit flights and test various manned space technologies, such as rendezvous and docking in orbit, astronauts leaving the cabin in orbit and entering space activities. * To study the effects of weightlessness in orbit and space radiation on human body and develop space medicine; :: Carrying out manned missions to the moon; :: Transport personnel and materials to the space station; :: Conducting military reconnaissance and earth resource surveys; * Conduct temporary astronomical observations. Most manned spacecraft are composed of cockpit, orbital module, service module, docking module and emergency rescue device, and the spacecraft going to the moon also has a lunar module. * The return module is the core module of manned spacecraft and the control center of the whole spacecraft. Like other capsules, the return capsule not only bears various stresses and environmental conditions during takeoff, ascent and orbital operation, but also bears deceleration overload and aerodynamic heating during re-entry into the atmosphere and return to the ground. Orbital module is the place where astronauts work in orbit, which is equipped with various experimental instruments and equipment; The service module is usually equipped with propulsion system, power supply and gas source to ensure the service of the spacecraft; Docking module is a module for docking with space station or other spacecraft. Rocket propulsion technology Rocket propulsion is a precise structure, and its principles are mainly mechanics, thermodynamics and other related scientific applications, such as electricity. The main difference between a rocket and an ordinary plane is that the plane can only fly in the atmosphere, but the rocket can work in outer space because it can burn and propel without using air. Rocket thrust is obtained by the reaction of high-speed ejecta. The principle is the same as when spraying water with a hose in the garden. The hose will retreat and the gun will be aimed at the back seat. After the rocket fuel burns in the combustion chamber, it will produce high-temperature and high-pressure gas, which will be accelerated through a nozzle and then discharged outside. These gases are the driving force behind the rocket. Rockets can be divided into: * chemical rocket engine, solid rocket engine, liquid rocket engine, hybrid rocket engine, atomic rocket engine, electric rocket engine, ion engine, solid rocket and liquid rocket are commonly used rockets at present. In addition, there are hybrid rockets-that is, solid fuels and liquid oxidants. In addition, it is worth mentioning that most of the current launch vehicles include liquid rockets and solid rockets, that is, a rocket may be solid in the first section and liquid in the second section. The history of rocket engine originated in 300 BC. China invented the rocket engine, but it was used as entertainment like fireworks. 1 1 century later, it developed into a military. [Source Request] In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, it was used to make rockets and fireballs. Then there was an explosive thunderbolt. During the Southern Song Dynasty, new weapons such as iron cannon, musket and ware appeared. These weapons are powerful and widely used in the war against Mongolia. Template: Tw 1 150 In the 20th year of Song and Southern Song Dynasty, Emperor Gaozong of Shaoxing invented the first rocket in the army. They tied a bamboo tube full of gunpowder to the arrow.

Add a fuse. Then tie a small piece of iron near the arrow feather. Tilt the arrows to shoot farther. Template: TW/KLOC-At the end of 0/8, Indians used rockets to fight against Britain and introduced them to Europe. Arrows with burning objects are also called rockets. This kind of rocket is widely used in Battle of Red Cliffs. [Source request] Modern rockets Modern rockets were born in Robert? Goddard installed supersonic Laval nozzle in the combustion chamber of liquid fuel rocket engine. This kind of nozzle converts the hot gas in the combustion chamber into cold supersonic jet gas, which increases the propulsion force by more than two times and greatly improves the efficiency. Prior to this, the early rockets were quite inefficient because heat energy was wasted with gas emission. 1920, Goddard published The Way to Reach the Altitude of Exrem, which is the first book that seriously talks about using rockets to travel in space after tsiolkovsky. This book has attracted the attention of the whole world and won admiration and ridicule at the same time, especially in the aspect that rockets can theoretically reach the moon. The editorial of * * even accused Goddard of deceiving the world and thought that rockets could not run in space. 1923, hermann oberth (1894- 1989) rejected his doctoral thesis at the university of Munich, and published a version called "Rocket to Planetary Space" (German: Die Rakete zu den Plaenr? Umen) in 1926, Robert? Goddard launched the world's first liquid fuel rocket in Auburn, Massachusetts, USA. During the1920s, rocket research organizations appeared in the United States, Austria, Britain, Czechoslovakia, France, Italy, Germany and Russia. 1In the mid-1920s, German scientists began to test liquid propellant rockets that could reach high altitude and long distance. A group of amateur rocket engineers founded the German Rocket Society (German: VfR) in 1927, and launched a liquid propellant rocket (using [[oxygen | oxygen] and gasoline) from 193 1 year. With sufficient funds and good personnel management, more than 100 experimental rockets were manufactured under the leadership of Valentin Groussaud. The project includes regenerative cooling, auto-ignition and fuel injectors, including rotary and dual-propeller hybrid injectors. However, this project was reduced due to 1938 Stalin purge which led to the arrest of Groussaud. At the same time, Austrian professor Eugen S? Nger has done similar but smaller work. 1932, the German Defence Force (renamed the German Defence Force after 1935) became interested in rocket technology. Because the ban on guns in the Treaty of Versailles restricted Germany's access to long-range weapons, when the German Defence Forces saw the possibility of using rockets as long-range guns, they initially funded the German Rocket Society, but after discovering that their goal was purely limited to science, they created a research team owned by the German Defence Forces and led by hermann oberth. At the behest of the leaders of the military region, Feng, an ambitious young rocket scientist at that time? Brown and two former members of the Rocket Association joined the army to develop long-range weapons used by Nazi Germany in World War II, especially the A-series rocket, the predecessor of the infamous V2 rocket (originally called A4). Starting from 1943, V2 rocket was manufactured. The V2 rocket has a combat distance of 350km, and the warhead carries1000kg of Amato explosive. This vehicle is only slightly different from most modern rockets, including turbopump, inertial guidance device and many other functions. Although they can't be intercepted, their guidance system design and single traditional warhead mean that V2 rockets can't aim at military targets accurately. Thousands of V2 rockets were launched to allied countries, most of which were Britain, Belgium and France. Before the release, there were two.

754 people died in Britain, 6.

523 people were injured. V2 rocket has no obvious influence on the development of war, but it shows the potential of guided rocket as a weapon. at that time

London, England was attacked.

Panic. The British * * * immediately sent people to study. It is found that the distribution of rocket attack is Poisson distribution.

That is, random distribution. At the end of World War II, Russian, British and American military and scientific personnel competed for rocket technology and well-trained personnel from Penemende's German rocket program. Russia and Britain have made some achievements, but the United States has benefited the most. The United States has acquired a large number of German rocket scientists (most of them are Nazi party member, including Feng? Brown included) and brought them back to the United States as part of Operation Paper Clip. The same rocket originally designed to attack Britain was used by this group of scientists as a tool to develop new technologies. V2 rocket evolved into American Redstone rocket, which was used in early space missions. After the war, rockets were used to study the high-altitude environment, temperature and pressure by radio telemetry, cosmic ray detection and other research. These studies are all in Feng? Under the leadership of Brown and others. On the other hand, rocket research in the Soviet Union was led by korolev. With the assistance of German technicians, V2 rocket was copied and improved into R- 1, R-2 and R-5 missiles. The original German design was abandoned in the late period of 1940, and these German workers were repatriated. The new series of engines built by Gluso and the invention based on Aleksei Isaev formed the original intercontinental missile R-7. R-7 launched the first satellite, the first astronaut, the first lunar probe and interplanetary probe, which have been used ever since. These events have attracted the attention of high-level politicians and invested more money in research. When people realize that rockets have become the launching platform of nuclear weapons, and the rocket cars carrying these weapons have basically no defense ability after launch, rockets in the form of intercontinental missiles have become extremely important in the military. Due to the cold war, the era of rapid development of rocket science and technology was formed in the1960s, including the Soviet Union (Vostok, Soyuz, Proton) and the United States (X-20 aircraft, Gemini), as well as other countries' research such as Britain, Japan, Australia and so on. Finally, it led to the manned landing of Shennong V on the moon in the late 1960s, which made * * * retract the previous editorial that the space mission could not be successful. According to international law, the nationality of the owner of the launch vehicle determines that the country must be responsible for any damage caused. Therefore, some countries require rocket manufacturers and launchers to abide by specific laws and regulations to compensate and protect people and property from possible influences. In the United States, any rocket that is not classified as an amateur or related to * * * must be approved by the Federal Aviation Administration's Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA/AST) in Washington, DC ... Rocket accidents Because all rocket fuels have strong chemical energy (energy per unit weight is greater than explosives, but less than gasoline), accidents may occur. Although people generally pay special attention to rocket safety, so the number of casualties caused by rocket accidents is usually relatively small, but this record is not perfect. 1) Inside and outside the return cabin, the static altitude controller can measure the atmospheric pressure and altitude distance when returning, and instruct the parachute to open. 2) The dashboard displays the readings of various instruments. 3) The window is used to observe the outside of the engine room. 4) The landing lever controls the spacecraft to land. 5) The cushion seat can reduce the thrust and impact force during takeoff and return. 6) When the soft landing engine is started, the impulse generated during landing can be greatly reduced. 7) The temperature and humidity in the cabin are controlled by the temperature control system. Propulsion cabin Propulsion cabin is also called instrument cabin. Usually install propulsion system, power supply, track brake, and provide oxygen and water for astronauts. Main solar panels with an area of 20 square meters are also installed on both sides of the propulsion cabin. ? Solar panels absorb solar energy to generate electricity.

The rocket was invented by China people in the13rd century. At that time, the so-called "rocket", as its name implies, was to tie a tube of gunpowder to an arrow, ignite it and launch it. Later, through Mongolia's Western Expedition, rocket technology spread to West Asia and Europe. Rocket was also used as one of the attack weapons in the West, but its performance was not as good as that of artillery, so its military use was quickly eliminated. /kloc-at the end of 0/9th century, olko published many papers about the idea of multi-section rockets, and even published the novel "Flying over the Earth", but most of them were theoretical discussions. 1926, rob, USA? Robert was deeply influenced by Chai olko, and further engaged in rocket research and development, successfully manufacturing the world's first liquid fuel rocket. It uses oxygen and gasoline as fuel, creating a flight time of 2.5 seconds, a distance of 56 meters and a height of 65,438+02 feet. It's not a huge number, but it's a record of making history, Rob? Kodak is also known as "the father of American rockets". Willner, 1942 German? Finn Brown has successfully developed a rocket named V-2, which is more advanced than previous rockets and can rise to the sky and fly more than 200 kilometers. It is the most advanced rocket in World War II and the pioneer of the longest-range and most powerful intercontinental ballistic missile in the world. Later, the United States and the Soviet Union conducted in-depth research and improvement respectively, which laid the foundation for the development of large-scale rockets and space undertakings in the two countries. Rockets are not only used in military weapons, but also used in astronomical technology exploration and investigation, such as promoting satellites, spaceships and space shuttles with different purposes for scientists to conduct various studies. 19571On October 4th, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite, with a V-2 rocket for the first time, and successfully entered the orbit around the earth. 165438+ 10, Sputnik II was launched. This satellite sent the first creature into space-a dog named Lycra. The United States also launched Explorer I in 1958. Since then, the United States and the Soviet Union have launched a space race, which has also led advanced countries in the world to apply rockets to the exploration and investigation of astronomical technology in addition to military weapons, such as pushing satellites, spaceships and space shuttles with different purposes for scientists to conduct various studies. 19571On October 4th, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite, with a V-2 rocket for the first time, and successfully entered the orbit around the earth. 165438+ 10, Sputnik II was launched. This satellite sent the first creature into space-a dog named Lycra. The United States also launched Explorer I in 1958. Since then, the United States and the Soviet Union launched a space race, which also promoted the space science and technology research of the first countries in the world.

Reference: Yahoo!