The economic policies adopted by Russia during the 19 18 ~ 1920 civil war. Also known as military capitalism. After the outbreak of the civil war, the main producing areas of grain, coal, oil and steel in Soviet Russia fell into the enemy's hands, and the Soviet countries were in a very difficult situation. In order to concentrate the only manpower and material resources to defeat the enemy, the Soviet government implemented some temporary policies, collectively known as wartime * * * productism.

Wartime capitalism

Wartime communism is also called "military * * * productism". After the October Revolution in Russia, the economic policies adopted by the Soviet Union during the 19 18 ~ 1920 civil war. After the outbreak of the Russian civil war, Russia's major grain, coal, oil and steel producing areas fell into the hands of the enemy, and the Soviet Union was in a very difficult situation. The general name of a series of special and temporary social and economic policies adopted by the Soviet Russian government to crush the war waged by the domestic landlord bourgeoisie and imperialism against the Soviet regime. Implemented in 19 18.

Edit the main content of this period of wartime capitalism.

(1) Nationalization of domestic trade. 1918165438+10/2 1 day, the people's Committee promulgated the decree on organizing the supply of all products, personal consumer goods and daily necessities to residents, stipulating that all food, personal consumer goods and household goods should be supplied by the state and cooperative organizations instead of. Following the grain monopoly system, the state began to monopolize sugar, tea, salt, matches, cloth, shoes and soap. ② Surplus grain collection system. On June1919 65438+10/0, the People's Committee promulgated the Order on the Measures for the State to Requisition Grain from Grain-Producing Provinces, and implemented the collection system of grain and feed surplus grain throughout the country. The amount of levy shall be stipulated by the Ministry of Food according to the harvest situation, and the principle is that rich peasants should levy more, middle peasants should levy less and poor peasants should not levy. If it is not completed on schedule, its grain storage will be confiscated immediately once it is discovered. ③ Product rationing system. All non-agricultural population must join consumer cooperatives (once known as consumer communes), and food and daily necessities are distributed by cooperative distribution stations according to their work. But its supply is far from meeting the needs of residents. From 65438 to 0920, it was gradually changed to free supply, which made wages materialized and monetary wages lost their practical significance. ④ Labor obligation system. Anyone who has the ability to work is required to take part in labor, and members of the exploiting class are forced to take part in manual labor. Implement the principle of "no pains, no gains". The government can recruit citizens to do different social work, no matter what kind of routine work they do. ⑤ Nationalization of all industries. Large-scale industrial nationalization began before the civil war, and the decree 19 18 was officially promulgated in June, which accelerated the nationalization process. 1920165438+1On October 29th, the Supreme State Economic Council decided to nationalize all private enterprises with mechanical power and more than five workers, or without mechanical power and 10 workers.

In this paragraph, edit the measures of wartime capitalism.

* * * The wartime policy was gradually implemented.

The main measures are as follows: ①19191kloc-0/1,People's Committee issued a decree to implement the surplus grain collection system, involving various agricultural products. When the People's Committee of the Ministry of Food and the trade union send grain teams to collect agricultural products, they pay farmers a certain amount of money or a small amount of industrial products. Due to inflation, the products handed in by farmers are almost free. In addition to large-scale industries, the state also announced the nationalization of small and medium-sized industries. Industry is highly concentrated. But by the end of the civil war, a considerable number of small businesses were still in private hands. (3) In terms of exchange, the government implements the minimum commodity transaction and the maximum national distribution. 191811decided to cancel private business and supply it by state-owned commercial and cooperative organizations. With the increasing shortage of products and rising prices, the government implements voucher supply. According to different classes and ages, different ration standards are stipulated. Later, children and all workers and staff were provided with bread and daily necessities free of charge. Money still exists, but its function is greatly limited. (4) Implement the adult labor compulsory system that is widely practiced in all walks of life, and implement the principle of "no food for those who do not work". * * * The wartime policy was forced to be adopted under the conditions of war. 192 1 year, the Soviet government replaced the wartime policy with the new economic policy.

Edit the role of capitalism in wartime.

During the whole civil war, the Soviet government established direct commodity exchange between urban and rural areas outside the market by adopting these military means, which quickly formed a highly centralized economic system that strictly controlled the entire national economy and provided material guarantee for winning the war. After the war, the inadaptability of this policy to the law of socialist economic development in peacetime became increasingly exposed, which triggered social unrest. 192 1 year, replaced by "new economic policy". * * * Wartime policy is an extraordinary measure of military nature that is forced to take under the special conditions of cruel war environment and extreme shortage of materials. Under the war conditions at that time, this policy was basically correct (in Lenin's words), which enabled Soviet Russia to concentrate the country's material and financial resources to the maximum extent, thus ensuring military victory and creating the necessary material premise for crushing the armed attacks of the allies, defending the victory of the October Revolution and defending the new Soviet regime. Therefore, as an extraordinary measure to deal with the crisis, wartime capitalism is undoubtedly a great success.

Edit this paragraph about the shortcomings of wartime capitalism.

However, at the same time, there are many shortcomings, mistakes and mistakes in the wartime capitalist policy. 1. As far as the measures themselves are concerned, many measures go beyond the limits of wartime needs. The main manifestations are as follows: "In the nationalization and industrialization of trade, we have gone too far in prohibiting local turnover" and "exceeded the limits required theoretically and politically" (in Leninist). Due to disregard of conditions, large and medium-sized enterprises were forcibly nationalized, which led to many enterprises reducing production or closing down. The total industrial output value of 1920 decreased to191%in 2007. After the abolition of all private trade, cooperatives and state-owned businesses did not develop accordingly, which affected the normal supply of daily consumer goods and means of production; The general administrative system of industrial production leads to the disharmony between the central and local governments, which leads to the growth of bureaucracy and low economic benefits; In particular, there has been a serious deviation in the implementation of the surplus grain collection system, which not only collects surplus grain, but also collects necessary rations, feed grain and even seed grain, which has seriously hit farmers' enthusiasm for production, damaged their vital interests and damaged the workers-peasants alliance. 2, wartime * * * as a socialist model, its characteristic is that when organizing the socialist economy, it basically excludes the relationship between goods and money, abandons the market and adopts purely military and administrative means and methods. To some extent, it reflects that Russia (Bolshevik) has utopian mistakes in guiding ideology and is eager to directly implement socialism beyond the stage. Especially by the end of 1920, when the civil revolutionary war basically ended, the extraordinary measures as an extraordinary period not only did not shrink because of the end of the extraordinary period, but were further strengthened. For example, the surplus grain collection system has been extended to agricultural and sideline products and cash crops, such as cotton, hemp and leather. Nationalized large and medium-sized enterprises are extended to large and small enterprises, and all private trade activities are further prohibited. These measures far exceeded the level that Russian society could bear, which led to social instability and production decline. In the spring of 6438+092 1, a serious economic and political crisis occurred in Soviet Russia. 3. Practice has proved that, as an attempt of "direct transition" to socialism, wartime capitalism is undoubtedly a failure.

Edit this research on wartime capitalist policy.

In the mid-1980s, China historians set off a climax to discuss the wartime * * * policy, and formed three different opinions. 1 basically holds a negative attitude. Jiang Yihua, a representative of Fudan University, holds this view. He believes that wartime capitalism is "complete agricultural socialism", which is the result of the omnipotent regime formed under the long-term rule of old Russian absolutism and the blow of male chauvinism to the minds of proletarian revolutionaries. (Noe: Dulica's "Clanstadt Rebellion and Its Lessons", Journal of Inner Mongolia University, 198 1 year supplement) Dulica also believes that the measures taken by the Bolshevik Party during the capitalist war were completely wrong, because some party leaders were excited by the fanatical wave and tried to use the national laws of the proletariat in a small-scale peasant. In addition, some people think that the wartime capitalist policy "has limited achievements and serious mistakes." 2 basically hold a positive attitude. This view is represented by Peking University's Xie Youshi, who believes that the wartime productive policy is not beyond the objective historical stage, but a reflection and need of the wartime objective reality and a product of special historical conditions. It has preserved the most important productive forces of society-workers and the broad masses of working people, preserved the industries destroyed by the war and preserved the preconditions for resuming production. Capitalism in wartime is not agricultural socialism. (Note: Xie Youshi: "wartime * * * productism is a contribution", World History 192 1 issue) In addition, many people's articles also emphasize wartime * * * productism policy, mobilizing the national manpower and material resources to supply the front, ensuring the victory of the war, thus consolidating October. 3 the attitude of concrete analysis. Wang Side and Ye Shuzong believe that denying the historical role of wartime capitalism as the root of various disastrous consequences at that time is divorced from historical analysis. There are two different stages of wartime capitalism: the early stage is 19 18 from June to the end of 19 19, mainly to meet the needs of war; From the late period of 1920 to the early period of 192 1, only at this time did special measures suitable for the war environment be taken to carry out economic recovery and economic construction, so as to "directly transition" to socialism, (Wang Fang, Ye Shuzong: On Leninism and wartime * * * productism, World History, 20089 .. Because the leaders tried to use these measures to realize the transition to socialism, they finally had (Zhang: An Overview of wartime * * * Productivism and Leninism, Journal of Shandong Normal UniversityNo. 1982,No. 1 1). In addition, Professor Huang Jifu analyzed the wartime * * in detail. (Zhang Chi, how to evaluate the wartime policies of Soviet countries, World Economy, No.6, 1980. Huang Jifu: "Comment on Soviet Russia's wartime * * * productism", "Problems in Soviet history",No. 1984)