Abstract: At present, there are some problems in China's automobile industry, such as small economic scale, backward technology development, unbalanced development of import and export, imperfect consumption policy and backward service management. In order to improve the competitiveness of China's automobile industry, we should implement internationalization strategy, autonomy strategy and independent development strategy in opening up. In terms of internal policies, we should follow the industrial policy of implementing necessary and moderate protection, promote the adjustment of industrial structure, develop national brands, adjust automobile sales and financing policies and automobile tax and fee policies, and strengthen infrastructure construction.
1. Problems in China's automobile industry at present.
1. 1 economic scale
1. 1.l automobile industrial enterprises can't reach the critical point of economies of scale.
Enterprises can only make profits if they reach a certain production scale. The critical point of economies of scale of all kinds of automobiles is that the national automobile industry produces more than 2 million automobiles; 200,000-300,000 car companies; The number of light truck enterprises is 654.38+ 10,000 -654.38+0.2 million; The number of heavy truck enterprises is 6.5438+0-80,000. At present, there are 124 assembly plants, 52 refitting plants and 2,000 automobile engine and parts enterprises in China, and the annual output of five enterprises including FAW Group alone exceeds 654.38+10,000 vehicles. According to the critical point of international economic scale of 250,000-300,000 vehicles, at present, no domestic automobile enterprise can reach it, and even the "Santana" car of Shanghai Volkswagen Co., Ltd. only reaches the scale of 230,000 vehicles. China's automobile industry is far from meeting the requirement of 2 million cars, and it has the ability to develop a variety of products.
The automobile production of the three major American automobile companies accounts for 90% of domestic automobile production; The automobile production of the three major Japanese automobile companies accounts for 80% of the domestic automobile production, and the automobile production concentration is extremely high. The number of automobile manufacturers in China exceeds that of the United States, Japan and Western Europe combined. On the contrary, the annual output is only equivalent to the output of a large foreign automobile company for several months, which reflects the backward state of China's automobile industry organization.
1. 1.2 The investment in the automobile industry is small and the effect is slow.
The existing fixed assets of China automobile industry are less than 40 billion yuan; The fixed assets of General Motors of the United States amounted to $36 billion. The construction period of key projects in China is about 10 year; South Korea invested/KLOC-0.8 billion USD Hyundai Motor Company,/KLOC-0.8 months was completed, and all the investment was recovered in 4 years. China's automobile industry is small in scale and low in productivity, which leads to high cost.
1. 1.3 The automobile industry is scattered, multi-headed and closed, lacking specialized division of labor and cooperation.
Local protectionism is serious in all provinces, cities and regions. In order to ensure local economic interests and taxes, all provinces and cities give special preferential policies to local enterprises and set cross-regional access thresholds for foreign enterprises. As a result, small scale, high cost, chaotic management and outdated products still depend on them, and they are not enterprising. At the same time, they also hinder the expansion of domestic enterprises' economic scale and professional division of labor and cooperation, and lead to the phenomenon that most domestic enterprises are mutually exclusive and secretive about cooperation, preferring joint ventures with foreign companies rather than domestic enterprises in the same industry.
1.2 backward technology and development level.
At present, most of the equipment of China's automobile industry enterprises are products from the 1950s and 1960s. Even the national super-large enterprises such as FAW Group and Dongfeng Motor Company only have 20%-30% mechanical equipment of the 1980s level, and their technology, monitoring and testing level are far from the international advanced level. In terms of product types, the technical level of China's automobile products can only reach the international level in the 1970s, and the localization degree of imported new automobile products is not high. The researchers in China's automobile industry are scarce and scattered, with little investment in scientific research. For example, after Changchun Automobile Research Institute was merged into FAW Group, the research funds only accounted for 1% of FAW Group's sales. The proportion of research expenses of Italian GM, Ford and Fiat is several times that of FAW Group. At present, only FAW Group has the ability to independently develop cars, but some key parts have to be imported, and almost all previous car projects rely on imports.
1.3 Extremely unbalanced import and export
China's automobile imports totaled US$ 26,543.8 billion, and its exports totaled US$ 65,438.0 billion. There is a considerable trade deficit between import and export. At present, China's automobile tariff is still set at 80%- 100%. If tariffs fall again, this deficit will continue to rise. At present, China has begun to limit the production and sales of automobile products to the domestic market, mainly to solve the problem of import substitution, which makes it difficult for China's automobile industry to go abroad for a while.
1.4 consumption policy issues
First, at present, the import tariff of automobiles in China is 80%- 100%, that is, the prices of automobiles produced by China itself do not have substantial advantages.
Secondly, at present, the phenomenon of out-of-price charging in China automobile market is very serious. According to the investigation on the collection of automobile purchase tax in a province, there are 22 items that can be found. In addition to the vehicle purchase surcharge approved by the State Council which accounts for 10% of the vehicle price, there is also a road capacity increase fee which accounts for 3% of the vehicle price. Car inspection fee, license plate fee, driver's license fee. Anti-theft lock and typing fee, household treatment fee, waste gas detection fee, etc. After the owner is on the road, there are various burdens such as vehicle insurance and road maintenance fees. On the way to Beijing, you need a motor vehicle parking permit, which costs 1000-3,000 yuan. According to the survey, in addition to about 4000 yuan, owning a private car costs at least 9000-10000 yuan a year.
1.5 backward service and management
Compared with international practice, China's automobile sales behavior is far behind, and its service level is also backward. At present, the automobile market in China is basically cash sales, lacking of credit, automobile savings, installment payment and lease sales. At the same time, automobile sales, warranty maintenance, spare parts supply, information consultation and other service functions are also very imperfect.
The per capita wage in China is 1/20 in Europe and America, but the car price is not cheaper than others. One of the reasons is low management level and low labor productivity. China enterprises have not formed a modern enterprise system, and their management level needs to be further improved. 2 development strategies to improve the competitiveness of China's automobile industry
2. and opening up.
Internationalization will be the general trend of automobile industry development. If China wants to develop its automobile industry, it should not only focus on the domestic market, but also open its doors. On the one hand, we must go out; On the one hand, it must bear the impact from the world. After China's entry into WTO, we can no longer protect domestic industries through various barriers as before, and we must adjust the general direction of automobile industry development during the protection period.
2. 1.l internationalization strategy
For China automobile industry, in order to meet the challenge of globalization of automobile industry, enterprises must take the road of internationalization. The essence of international competition is the struggle for living space and development space. At present, the global automobile market has become saturated, and multinational automobile groups have launched fierce competition in the limited world automobile market. After China's entry into WTO, China automobile enterprises will lose part of their domestic market share because of their strong competitors. In the process of global operation, the interference of national industrial policies will be weakened, and enterprises themselves cannot survive. In order to expand the living space and development space, forming an alliance with competitors is a strategic choice to reduce risks and costs and improve the overall competitiveness of enterprises. Since the reform and opening up, successful cases of China automobile enterprises participating in international strategic alliances have emerged one after another. For example, Shanghai Volkswagen Company, jiangling motors Company and the alliance between Shanghai automobile system parts enterprises and some world-class suppliers have accumulated rich experience for forming and participating in strategic alliances in the future.
The participation of China automobile enterprises in internationalization does not mean that China automobile industry loses its independence. Facing the internationalization and localization strategy of multinational automobile groups, China automobile enterprises should be multidimensional and changeable. The key is to coordinate the strategy of multinational automobile groups with the development strategic objectives of China automobile enterprises.
First of all, China automobile enterprises should unite with each other according to the principle of market economy to form two or three domestic groups with certain competitiveness, and then establish international strategic alliances with multinational automobile groups to enhance the competitiveness of the groups.
Secondly, China Automobile Group should gradually abandon the traditional idea of self-sufficiency in parts, establish several parts groups with economies of scale, and establish strategic alliances with some world-class suppliers to become regional strategic partners of these world-class suppliers.
2. 1.2 independent strategy
In order to achieve the strategic goal of independence, it is no longer possible to establish joint ventures between uncompetitive enterprises and large foreign enterprises, and joint ventures can only become subsidiaries or merger targets of large foreign enterprises. The only way for developing countries to realize the internationalization of enterprises is to choose suitable strategic partners to form alliances, which is the so-called Korean model. If China enterprises want to have complementary advantages with foreign countries or have certain international competitiveness, that is, to have certain independent development capabilities and intellectual property rights, they must first carry out strong alliances at home. Only in this way can we achieve the goal of internationalization of domestic enterprises and form a strategic partnership alliance. At the same time, this will not only have more autonomy, but also strengthen the competitiveness of entering the international automobile market.
2. 1.3 independent development strategy
2. 1.3.l Pay attention to absorbing and digesting foreign advanced technologies and management methods.
The key point of opening to the outside world should be to absorb and digest foreign advanced technology and management, and finally make China automobile enterprises embark on the road of independent development and self-development. Realize the transformation from focusing only on imported technology to focusing on independent development and innovation, and from introducing foreign models to independently developing their own models.
A. Increase funds for scientific research and development
The R&D expenses of enterprises in China only account for 1% or less of sales, which is far less than that of the same industry abroad, and should be adjusted to more than 3%, so as to ensure the development of better standard products and meet the needs of consumers.
B. Establish and improve the computer application system
Computer technology is another productivity of enterprises. Especially in the development of new products, the integrated system of modeling CAS, designing CAD, engineering analysis CAE, testing CAT and manufacturing CAM is a key technology. Its application can not only save manpower and material resources, but also improve efficiency and develop new products as soon as possible.
C. Accelerate personnel training and construction
Accelerate the training of talents in the development and testing of cars, buses and trucks, talents in computer application technology of CASCAD, CAE, CAT and CAM, and talents in engine, key components and electronic technology.
2. 1.3.2 product development direction
A. Develop in a more comfortable, safe and applicable direction
The survey shows that in the future, small middle and low-grade cars with good quality and low price will be the main target for most private car consumers to buy. Therefore, the world's major automobile manufacturers are making every effort to develop and seize market share. Another insider said that the Volkswagen market has great potential, but high-end cars are the golden signboard for manufacturers to win the trust of users. Whether it is a Volkswagen car or a high-end car, consumers have a unified requirement when buying, both comfortable and safe. Convenient and durable. This demand feature can be seen in both international and domestic automobile markets.
B. environmentally friendly and energy-saving cars are the development direction.
All countries in the world have realized the importance of environmental protection and energy saving, and formulated and promulgated various automobile emission standards to encourage the development and use of new energy sources. Therefore, if the future cars want to drive on the roads all over the world, they must meet the standards of various places. Japan, Europe and the United States are actively preparing to formulate an international agreement aimed at integrating automobile standards and restrictions currently applicable to different places. After the international agreement comes into effect, the same day. The United States and Europe may set the most stringent specific standards. In this way, it will affect other countries and regions.
National research center
Problems and Development Countermeasures of Automobile Industry (Part Two)
2.2 Domestic policies
2.2.l Promote the adjustment of industrial structure and develop national brands
The automobile industry is a typical scale economy industry, and its scale can not meet the requirements of effective batch, which directly leads to high cost. Cars are expensive, which is far from the market competitiveness. Since 1998. The world automobile industry has started a new wave of mergers and acquisitions, but China automobile industry is still in a "scattered, chaotic and poor" situation, which makes the limited resources scattered and fails to form scale advantages, which is an important reason why China automobile industry is increasingly backward. Therefore, in the period of economic adjustment, the focus of capital management of China automobile industry is no longer blind expansion, but internal integration, focusing on adjusting and optimizing the structure and implementing capital reorganization.
The main measures are: to support large enterprise groups and key backbone enterprises, concentrate investment, speed up integration and improve industrial concentration; Don't set up stalls indiscriminately, develop to a high starting point, in large quantities and professionally; Continue to control unreasonable structure, close inefficient small and medium-sized enterprises and bring them into specialized production system, forming a pyramid-shaped multi-level vertical division of labor and cooperation model; Increase the scale of enterprises and replace market regulation with relatively stable intra-group transactions. According to Shanghai Automobile Industry Corporation, Shanghai General Motors intends to restructure and transform into a joint venture with Guangxi Wuling Automobile Company, and increase the production of Wuling mini-cars from the current 80,000 to 200,000. Pass the second stage. In the third phase of construction, the scale will be gradually expanded to 400,000 vehicles and 6,543,800+vehicles, thus accelerating regional development and economies of scale.
After reorganization, enterprises should vigorously develop national brands and establish famous brand enterprises. Independent development of new products to meet the needs of consumers. The government should also formulate appropriate industrial policies and correctly grasp the development direction of enterprises. At the same time, it is necessary to formulate a reasonable national unified charging and taxation policy to avoid the rise of local protectionism.
2.2.2 Industrial and consumption policies
Industrial policy refers to the policy that the state plans, intervenes and guides the formation and development of industry. Its purpose is to guide the optimal allocation of social resources between industrial sectors and within industries, so as to establish an efficient and balanced industrial structure and promote the sustained and healthy development of industries. The industrial policy of automobile industry promulgated in China from 65438 to 0994 is actually a medium-and long-term development plan of automobile industry and a necessary supporting policy to ensure the development of automobile industry. First of all, the industrial policy of the automobile industry clearly shows that the China government attaches great importance to and is determined to develop and protect the automobile industry. Secondly, it is stipulated that "the proportion of Chinese shares in Sino-foreign joint ventures and cooperative enterprises that produce automobiles, motorcycles and engine products shall not be less than 50%", which reflects China's attitude towards the capital structure, production and management rights and interest distribution in the Sino-foreign mixed economy, and also reflects the determination of the China government to establish its own automobile industry.
After the promulgation of "Industrial Policy of Automobile Industry", large multinational companies in the world automobile industry visited in succession, seeking opportunities to enter the automobile industry market in China. At the same time, the quantity and quality of foreign investment in China's automobile industry have also advanced by leaps and bounds. However, due to the lack of strong operation in the implementation of industrial policies, it still looks pale and powerless.
China's automobile enterprises have different subordinate relations, and objectively there are different interest relations and interest-driven segmentation protection modes. This division and protection not only seriously restricts the horizontal flow of capital resources, but also makes the optimal allocation of the national unified market seriously unbalanced, resulting in a large number of unreasonable repeated investments, repeated introduction, repeated construction and repeated production, which makes the products, enterprises and industrial structures converge.
Japan and South Korea's protection, support and development of domestic automobile industry have given China great enlightenment: First, a country's industrial policy must give its own automobile enterprises a clear development direction and provide a good environment for their development; Second, there should be corresponding policy guidance in different periods. Support the development of enterprises and have strong operational means; Third, encourage the automobile industry to take the road of collectivization and promote the independent development of enterprises.
Industrial policy
China still needs to implement the necessary industrial policy of moderate protection for the automobile industry. China's automobile industry grew up under the strong protection of the state. Even now, the tariff level of China automobile industry is still between 80% and 100%. Coupled with the protection of various non-tariff barriers and local protection, China's automobile industry can compete with foreign products in the domestic market even if it is "enterprising". As a result, the average profit rate in the field of automobile production in China is 20%, while that in developed countries is only 3%-5%. Even so, in addition to Shanghai Automobile Industry Corporation and Tianjin Automobile Industry Corporation, there are many enterprises in China that are losing money.
China's automobile production enterprises have a weak foundation and no experience in competing with international enterprises. After China's entry into WTO, the degree of protection has been greatly reduced. I wonder if domestic cars can withstand this impact. Therefore, China's automobile industry still needs proper protection. Moderate protection can make the automobile industry have both pressure and confidence.
The main protection measure is still to impose high tariffs on imported cars. Since automobile tariff is the peak of import tariff, the country will cut its peak if it reduces import tariff. In recent years, in order to accept the basic requirements of the world as soon as possible, the average level of automobile tariffs has gradually decreased and stabilized at 80%- 100%. If it is reduced to 60%-80% in turn and reduced to 25% after five years, the impact can be alleviated and avoided. In addition, some hidden barriers and exceptions can be adopted to protect the automobile industry, such as planned management. Catalogue management and project management, tariff quota system, differential tariffs, technical standard restrictions and anti-dumping laws can all play a protective role to some extent.
2.2.2.2's consumption policy
The purpose of formulating consumption policy is to regulate the market, guide consumption and promote demand. In line with China's national conditions, policies related to automobile consumption mainly refer to automobile sales and automobile tax and fee policies.
A. automobile sales financing policy
In foreign countries, especially in western developed countries, in order to cultivate the consumer market of durable goods, such as buying a car and buying a house, banks generally provide loans, and the proportion is very high (up to 70% of the purchase price). A large part of foreign new car sales are realized by installment payment. Banks lend money to car buyers, users use the loans to buy cars, and car manufacturers can recover all the loans when they sell cars to ensure the normal operation of funds.
Automobile manufacturers sometimes take the form of discount interest, in fact, they sell their cars at preferential prices, but only give them to banks in the form of discount interest, so that car buyers feel that individuals pay less interest because of the discount interest of automobile manufacturers, thus stimulating people's desire to buy cars and promoting the prosperity of the automobile market. It is understood that foreign regulations on installment payment are very detailed. For example, Japan has specially formulated the installment sales law.
B. Automobile tax and fee policy
Automobile tax policy is one of the important means for the state to regulate the automobile industry and the automobile market. Automobile taxes and fees mainly have two functions, namely, the composition and adjustment of national fiscal revenue. There are many kinds of automobile taxes and fees, but they can basically be divided into three stages.
Car purchase stage: the tax paid by the owner when he goes through various formalities to warn the legal ownership of the new car. It mainly includes value-added tax, consumption tax, purchase tax and registration tax that have a direct impact on automobile demand.
Car ownership stage: as long as the owner owns a car, whether it is a used car or not, he has to pay a certain fee monthly or annually, such as car tax. At first, the tax collection in the stage of car ownership was more for the needs of daily management of vehicles, while in advanced countries, the differentiated car tax was used as an economic lever to promote the production and use of energy-saving and environmentally-friendly cars.
Car use stage: the expenses incurred by the owner only when using the car. Such as fuel tax. According to statistics, at present, fuel tax has been levied in more than 30 countries and regions, accounting for 45%-80% of the total tax revenue of automobile life cycle. In other words, most countries and regions put the focus of automobile taxes and fees on the stage of automobile use. Its basic idea is to "encourage purchase and advocate economical use", that is, to limit unnecessary use. In this way, it is not only conducive to cultivating the market, prospering the economy and promoting the development of the automobile industry, but also conducive to regulating the demand for public transportation, saving resources and ensuring the construction and maintenance of roads, thus creating a favorable situation for the development of the automobile industry and the construction of transportation facilities. It is reported that since the late 1980s, Western European countries have shifted the highway tax to fuel tax, and imposed different tax rates on different quality fuels to encourage the use of low-pollution and high-quality fuels.
In Japan, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, the United States and China, the total tax of American cars in three stages is the lowest. China has the highest tax revenue at the stage of car purchase, and the tax revenue directly related to the frequency of car use accounts for the lowest proportion of the total tax revenue, which does not exceed 10%, which is obviously unscientific and does not conform to the objective law. The other five countries collect taxes and fees directly related to the frequency of car use, all of which exceed 45%, and Germany is about 75%. In addition, most countries and regions in the world no longer charge fees for crossing roads and bridges during driving.
2.2.2.3 strengthens infrastructure construction.
At present, China's highway construction is still relatively backward, which seriously restricts the development of the automobile industry. All countries with developed automobile industry in the world have advanced and smooth highway facilities. For example, the mileage of expressways in the United States has reached 6.24 million kilometers, ranking first in the world. Among them, there are 99,000 national and provincial trunk highways; The expressway is about 90,000 tri; ; The density of expressway is 96 fan/10,000 square kilometers. At present, China is known as the most potential automobile market in the world, but the expressway construction in China has seriously hindered the use of automobiles. Especially in rural areas, which account for the vast majority of China's population, especially in remote areas like the west, highway construction is even more backward.
With the continuous development of automobile socialization, parking difficulties in cities and towns, especially in big cities, have become a worldwide problem, which also restricts the growth of automobile market. For a long time, many big cities abroad have always regarded the construction of parking facilities as an important part of urban construction. Nowadays, the mechanical parking garage manufacturing industry has developed into a comprehensive and technologically advanced industry in western developed countries. The large three-dimensional parking lot can park 500-1000 cars at a time, all of which are controlled by computer and equipped with IC card charging system. The view of foreign experts is that the parking problem can only be alleviated if the number of urban public parking spaces reaches 15%-20% of the number of motor vehicles. Our country is still far from this standard. In order to solve the worries of developing the automobile industry, we should remove these obstacles as soon as possible.