The beginning of the article is the first content presented to the reader. A good beginning, or starting from scratch, guides readers to understand the content of the article from the shallow to the deep; Either outline and show the content framework of the article step by step; Or at least a little suspense, making people want to know the content.

The beginning of the article has several functions. First of all, it is the face of an article, which can be roughly understood from the beginning. The language style, logic and conception of the article will be reflected in the opening words; Secondly, the beginning is the beginning of an article, usually an introduction, which leads to the next topic; Thirdly, the beginning is the command of the article, just like a general commanding thousands of troops in a war, and the beginning determines the direction of the article content; Finally, the biggest unsolved mystery of an article often lurks at the beginning, waiting for readers to reveal the mystery in the following aspects.

Because it carries so many functions, we should pay special attention to the beginning of the article when writing. The core principle of designing the beginning of an article is to put the important words at the beginning, and throw out the most attractive, essence and eye-catching content of the article first, so as to firmly retain the readers and facilitate the author to find the narrative direction along the beginning.

Around the principle of putting important words at the beginning, there are some common methods to start with:

First, the beginning of the story

Telling stories is the easiest way to attract readers' attention. A good story can not only catch people's attention, but also set the clues of characters and conflicts at the beginning, paving the way for the following content.

How to write the beginning of a story? First, conceive a story according to the theme of the article, which can be true, heard and imagined; Second, try to tell the story in less than 200 words, including the cause, process and result; Third, at the end of the story, tell the relationship between the story and the article.

Second, summarize the beginning.

At the beginning of the article, the author directly gives opinions and conclusions to let readers know the position and main idea of the article. Then in the next paragraph, like peeling an onion, unfold it layer by layer and explain it clearly.

It is good for both the author and the reader to start with a summary and conclusion. For a writer, the conclusion hangs on his head, and he will always focus on this center in his writing; For readers, first of all, when they see the conclusion, their curiosity is stimulated. In the whole reading process, it is easy to peel the cocoon layer by layer along the author's analysis.

Third, the beginning of suspense.

Wen looks like a mountain and doesn't like peace. In fact, both the author and the reader want to find fun in the text, and the beginning is an excellent way to get started with fun, so many beginnings will? Present a broken structure-including a scene in the event at that time, a hypothesis of past time standing in the present, or the experience of the parties at a certain moment. For example, the first sentence written by Marquez in One Hundred Years of Solitude is: "Many years later, in the face of the firing squad, Colonel Aureliano skillfully disrupted the time order. Now let's see what will happen. This confusion alone makes readers curious-are some things destined to happen? Will there be some reaction? Is it still mixed with fatalism?

Suspense caused by time switching is a method at the beginning of suspense, and there is also suspense driven by plot; The suspense caused by violating common logic and the suspense of language structure, and so on.

There are three ways to write the beginning of suspense. The most common is the beginning of a hundred-year lonely suspense, which reverses the boundaries of time and space-"After many years, I really don't regret my decision at that time ..."; The second is to deliberately create an unreasonable scene-"At the moment of being caught, she struggled desperately. She is not afraid of death, and she is afraid that the money in her hand can no longer be given to the person she wants to thank ... "; The third is to ask questions and arouse suspense-"A person has accumulated 65,438+million fans in 15 days. What method did this terrible writing madman use? "

Fourthly, the beginning of natural narration.

Many people like to start with a natural narrative, that is, the first sentence that the author wants to tell readers. It seems that there is no deliberate design, but it may be more touching, because these simple beginnings without modification may be the most important words the author wants to say.

The trick of natural narration is to capture subtle emotions. There are three modules that can be applied: the first is the character template, I, you, and his name is+emotion. The second kind? It is called expressing meaning with things, which seems to write about scenery, but it is actually profound. The third kind is called dialogue template, which seems to be talking to itself, but in fact it is thinking dialogue.

In fact, no matter what kind of opening method, it is nothing more than to attract readers' attention and leave a deep impression on people. In the future, with the development of new media, more and more content will be presented to everyone, and correspondingly, the time for everyone to read an article will be reduced. If you can't firmly grasp the readers from the beginning, even the best content will not be displayed. This also requires writers to put important words at the beginning, so that readers can see at a glance and are interested in continuing reading.

2. Stick loose materials together

The patchwork of good articles, fascinating narration, thoughtful reasoning, impassioned lyricism and final summary are all like a wonderful journey of text construction.

No matter how ups and downs the article is, no matter how to use writing skills, the article must be logical, so that all the materials can become a whole, rather than separate and scattered existence.

How to ensure the integrity of the internal logic of the article? The most common method is overview. Think about the structure and response of the article before you start writing. Especially when writing complex articles, you must make an outline first, and think clearly about how to write at the beginning, what points are there in the middle, what materials to quote, what data to provide, and so on. Then fill in the supporting materials needed for the outline.

In the process of writing, we should also pay attention to four kinds of coherence in specific writing, namely semantic coherence, structural coherence, formal coherence and citation coherence.

First, semantic coherence

An article often uses more than one writing skill, such as narration, discussion, comment and even fiction. Emotion may appear in an article at the same time, combined with various writing techniques.

A variety of expressions of the article can be expressed by deviating from the story, or even telling another thing by escaping, but all expressions should be coherent, no matter how far they jump out, they will eventually return to the main line.

Second, the structure is coherent.

In Chinese class, the teacher always asked everyone to divide the articles into layers. At that time, many people didn't understand the significance of this connection. Why should the article be layered? The sense of hierarchy is actually to see how the author combines scattered content into a whole.

When writing, in order to tell a complex topic, people will construct the internal structure of the article. A long article can't be finished in one breath. People will divide it into chapters, sections, levels and paragraphs, which will help the writer to better connect the content. Therefore, whether it is the layered practice of the article or the discovery of the hierarchical structure hidden in the article, it is the same thing, that is, how to make the article structure coherent.

Third, the form is coherent.

When writing, in order to better express the meaning, the author can design many special forms to make the article more like a whole. For example, if you want to introduce some form of expression into an article, but you can't quote the whole article due to the limitation of space, you can use the form of "appendix" or "index" and only mention it in the article without showing it in full. What is needed can be found at the end of the article.

Fourth, the quotation is coherent.

Nowadays, writing is becoming more and more accustomed to using various means of expression other than words, including tables, structure charts, Gantt charts and other auxiliary tools. With the help of these tools, some figures, trends, laws and structures will be expressed more clearly than just words. The combination of words and auxiliary tools can also help readers to grasp the overall structure of the article more easily.

The content of writing logically tests the writer's ability to arrange materials. Especially in complex writing, such as writing large reports or novellas, once the relationship between stories and characters becomes complicated, the problem of writing integrity will become more prominent.

To solve this problem, in addition to the above five methods, we must constantly read through the words written before, ponder the outline repeatedly, and adjust as we write. In fact, even a professional writer, it is not easy to complete a large article at one time.

3. Turn isolated content into a whole

Writing an article is like building a house, not all building materials can be used. Originally, four pillars can support a house instead of five fortresses, which is not only unsightly, but also destroys the overall structure of the building. The same is true for writing articles. It is not that the more materials piled up, the better. The content of the article needs to be organized according to a certain structure, which content should be taken, which content should be discarded, and which content will not only help but also hold the article back. These are all issues that need to be considered when constructing the structure of the article.

The purpose of the article structure is to construct a reasonable relationship between the contents of the article, turn the isolated contents into a whole, and simply put, find the main line that runs through the contents of the article. An article is a whole, which should have consistent values, progressive reasoning and consistent writing goals. Some articles may have a good beginning, a full middle and a distinctive ending, but if there is no main line, each paragraph is fragmented, which will make others feel confused.

The structure of the article varies widely, and it is difficult to say which structure is better, and it is also difficult to sum up an accurate formula. However, the problems that often appear in the structure of the article have rules to follow, and there are four main symptoms, namely, local edema, paying attention to this and that, and taking it for granted, digressing from Wan Li.

First, local swelling

Local swelling means that the place that should be emphasized is not emphasized, but the place that should not be emphasized is aggravated. For example, the proposition composition "One thing that impressed me today" clearly focuses on one thing that impressed me, but many people will follow their feelings and leave the focus on "today", so don't continue to write like this.

All places where excessive ink should not be used delay time, which is easy to cause local swelling. Is it too much? Environmental description has delayed the introduction of characters; For example, there are too many personal opinions and comments at the end, leaving no room for readers to aftertaste; For example, the dialogue in the article is too detailed and wordy, which dilutes the personality of the characters, and so on. All these will lead to unsmooth articles, stagnant writing and language, and edema.

How to avoid local swelling of the article? You can use the following swelling exercises. Before writing, plan the proportion of each part of the article and make clear the distribution of key and non-key points.

Subject of the article: My wonderful experience

? The characters are introduced at the beginning of the story, accounting for 20%

? Story development and events, accounting for 30%.

? The end of the story, accounting for 10%

? 20% relevance and emotion to the story

? Reflection accounts for 20%

At the beginning, 20% of the stories developed into 30%. At the end, 10% felt 20%, reflecting 20%.

Second, take care of this and that.

Take care of this and that because of the confusion of views, saying one thing in front and overthrowing yourself in the back. Or there is a key point in front and another key point behind.

Writing an article requires overall logic to write, and you can't write while thinking. It is easy to constantly deny your own views and cause inconsistencies.

Third, of course.

Of course, it only presents the content related to the theme, and there is no reasoning process. In writing, we can't trust natural reasoning, so we must find the connection between materials and conclusions. Otherwise, readers will be very confused and can't find the direction.

Fourth, digress from Wan Li.

A digression is a digression. The content of the article is inconsistent with the main idea. Common ways to deviate from the theme can be summarized as follows; The running account is off topic, and the core is not clear, that is, off topic, jumping topic and all kinds of new off topic.

The digression of the running account shows that the narrative is too scattered and has no focus. It seems that all the contents are listed, but others can't grasp the focus when reading it.

The ambiguous digression lies in the fact that the content is too scattered and there is no focus. It seems that every part has logic, but an article has no logic.

Skipping the topic, manifested as the deviation of the writing center, an article recalling the teacher, because a certain part mentioned the classmates, and began to talk about the development of classmates in recent years, completely deviating from the tonality of the previous article.

Multicentric digression means that the article presents polycentricity. An article entitled "Women can't be poor" first said that women should be rich in material and spiritual. Finally, the article began to entangle. What if the material is rich but the spirit is poor? What about spiritual wealth and material poverty? The center of the article is no longer clear from the beginning, but it is incomprehensible.

In writing, if you are worried about digression, limit the key words at the beginning, find the key words, grasp the key words and make the problem clear.

Three methods help the author to clear his mind quickly and find a reasonable way to construct the structure of the article:

1. central principle method

Writing must have a center, a truth, an artistic conception and a theme. If you find that the text has nothing to do with the center, it means that the writing is biased.

The center is sometimes called the "point" of writing. Writing characters, personalities, and even a certain aspect of personality is a point; Describing things, a certain feature of things or a certain part of details is a point; Writing a comment, an opinion, or an interpretation of an opinion is to grasp this point and extend the branch, and the article will be very convincing; When writing a novel or story, the potential dramatic conflict of characters is a point. Repeated emphasis and development around this point will create an impressive paragraph.

2. The principle of unity

An article is a whole, and to achieve the overall effect, it needs three unifications, namely, unity of viewpoint, unity of theme and unity of writing style. The unity of views is very simple and cannot be inconsistent; Unified theme means not to jump to another thing easily before making it clear; The unity of writing style means that the expression should be coherent, so that readers can more easily accept the literal logic presented by your language.

3. Support principle and method

Logic seems to be a very elusive thing, but "logical structure" has a routine to follow. What is a logical structure? Simply put, it is a necessary part of logic. For example, the logical structure of "example+conclusion", the example is in the front and the summary is in the back; For example, the logical structure of "story+sublimation", in which the story is told in front and the sublimation is realized through perception in the back. The logical structure shows the way to quickly straighten out the structure of the article-if the first half is a display, the second half must be accompanied by special content.

There is a center, a beginning and an end, and a supporting system. These are the three key words for writing articles and rationalizing logic.

4. Let all the bedding be the end.

Writing should revolve around a center, and all contents should serve the main idea. From the logic of writing, there is a sentence that can sum up the relationship between the parts of the article-all the bedding is for the end. The beginning, central content and narrative logic of the article are not simple displays. All the previous settings are for the end.

Why is the ending so important? This involves people's reading and cognitive habits. People's cognition is usually from the beginning to the end, from simple to complex, from unfamiliar to familiar. We read a book, learn a knowledge and read an article. Although the media we contact are different, the cognitive model is exactly the same, from the initial introduction to the in-depth understanding, and finally to the results.

The result is actually the ultimate goal of the article. Although all the contents of the article need to serve the theme, in the logical relationship of the contents, all the contents and bedding of the article serve the purpose. The ending may be a conclusion, an open-ended question, an expression of some feelings, a question or a retrospective summary. No matter what form, the ending is a natural product after a lot of preparation. If you write an article according to this logic, the purpose and pertinence of the article will be stronger and more like a whole.

There are thousands of forms at the end of Qian Qian's essay. It's hard to say which is the best, but the bad ending is clear, and the worst ending is called slogan ending. Many people write articles, and the whole article has no goal or center, so they can only shout slogans at the end. "Work hard for a better future", "Start today and act immediately", and so on. This kind of advertising language seems to push the mood of the article to a climax, but it makes people feel empty and false because of the lack of bedding. So, introduce several common ending ways.

First, the end of the epiphany

The most taboo story, you can guess the ending when you see the middle, which will make people feel boring. A good writer should not only learn to set the main line of the story, but also set an exciting ending. The so-called "reasonable, unexpected" refers to this ending.

Setting the end of all the foreshadowing before overthrowing in the article makes people suddenly realize that this is also a way for all the content to serve the end. The end of the epiphany will surprise people in content, but it is a complete closed loop in logic, that is to say, all the foreshadowing is for the reader's final "wow", so this form can be applied to writing novels and stories, and also to all articles that need to be finally solved. For example, many new media advertisements now talk about many things at will, and finally publish advertisements, giving people a feeling of epiphany. This logical relationship is due to the design of the epiphany ending.

Second, the open ending.

Generally, articles show the ending of the story at the end, or give the conclusion of discussing the topic, but many articles end in an open form.

For example, fictional novels and stories do not explain the ending of the story; For example, the description of characters in non-fiction writing does not give the prospect of the protagonist's future direction; Or in an argumentative or expository essay, only the facts are stated, and there is no summary and judgment.

In fact, an open ending means that readers finish the story together. Although readers may not necessarily write down the ending of their thoughts, they will remember or construct the story completely because they want to read it completely. On the one hand, this arrangement of ending can attract readers' attention, on the other hand, it can also leave readers room for imagination.

The open ending is a kind of ending logic, which presents all the facts, feelings and hastily in front of us, and finally comes to an abrupt end without giving a conclusion, leaving the reader with an incomplete ending. This kind of practice sometimes makes people unhappy and feel that the article is incomplete, but most of the time it will make people fall into thinking and take the initiative to invest in the article, which makes people feel meaningful.

Third, the secret ending.

A good author, in order to make the article interesting, will set up many small organs in the article, such as casually mentioning a sentence at the beginning, or arranging one or two seemingly abrupt bridges in the middle. These institutions will make readers feel uncomfortable before revealing the secret, which is precisely the purpose of the author's arrangement. Because of discomfort, readers always want to calm this discomfort, and then they will read further and even take the initiative to search for relevant answers. In writing, we often put the cracking of the organ at the end of the last part, and open the organ by echoing, giving examples, answering and other forms, so that readers can connect the whole content in series, thus discovering the pleasure of reading.

Common secret endings include revealing the identity of characters, revealing the plot, revealing the logic and so on.

Logically speaking, an enlightening ending can create surprises and leave a deep impression on people. There is a skill in writing called "praise first", which means that if you want to praise something, you don't have to express this feeling at the beginning, you can control it first, pretend that there is no bright spot first, and then give people an amazing dramatic effect. This is the advantage of the secret ending, which will give people unexpected surprises, and because the secret ending is generally very story-telling, the article is more readable, and finally the secret opening will push the end of the article to a climax.

Fourth, the ending of the scene.

Generally, the end of an article is a conclusion or expresses the most passionate feelings, but some articles end with stories or scenes. For example, writing an article about a character is not to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the character, but to present a scene of the character's work or life, bringing the reader into the real life environment of the character; Writing an article about an event, in the final analysis, is not a prospect, not a sentiment, but a small fragment of a thing to reproduce its style. This method of ending with graphic language is widely used because it can not only leave readers with ideas, but also be approachable and easy to accept.

To sum up, the end of the article has two attributes: in content, the end is an important part of the article, which undertakes the task of summarizing, inducing and provoking thinking; Formally, it is the goal of all previous preparations, and all previous preparations are for the purpose. These two points are isomorphic to construct the logic of writing-a good article must be a whole in form and content.