Editor's Note on the Types, Characteristics, Formats and Writing Skills of Sports Papers: In order to cooperate with the "2005 Sports Teaching Papers Appraisal" jointly organized by the Sports Professional Committee of China Teaching Society and our society, we specially invited Mr. Zhu Wanyin, who has rich experience in subject research, to write a special article for everyone, explaining the writing methods of sports papers, hoping to help front-line teachers write sports papers. 1. About sports papers: Using scientific and standardized methods, we creatively study and rationally understand some phenomena in sports teaching, consciously grasp the essence and general development law of this phenomenon, and express it in the form of papers, that is, sports teaching papers. Sports thesis is a written form to express this cognitive achievement. An article that can really be called a sports paper does not start with a pen, but must be based on a preliminary research process before writing, and the topic has been chosen. The quality of papers depends on the whole process of "thinking, doing and writing", and even teachers with limited writing ability will be promoted in the process of writing sports papers. Second, the types of sports papers. Different research methods in the early stage determine the corresponding genre form of sports papers in the later stage. The common forms are: (1) experimental reports and sports papers. When using experimental methods for research, it is necessary to explain the hypothesis, experimental factors, experimental objects, controlled interference factors, tests, statistics and hypothesis verification in the report. (2) Observe and report sports papers. When using observation method for research, it is necessary to explain the purpose, object, project and result of observation in the report. (3) Investigation report on sports papers. The purpose, object, sampling method, distribution and recovery of questionnaires and statistical arrangement of the research need to be explained in the investigation report. Among the above three research methods, the operating rules of natural science are mostly adopted, and the corresponding sports papers are also close to natural science papers. As the name implies, the text of the report should be practical and concise, and it is forbidden to render descriptions without spreading details. While affirming the above three methods and the height of their papers, the international academic circles have always believed that the methods of education, sports and other research contents are simple and abusing natural science are easy to lose their particularity, so we should pay special attention to the characteristics of education and sports when designing and writing arguments. (4) Historical sports papers on sports. On the figures, events, ideas, systems and methods in the history of sports, after collecting historical materials and analyzing them, I put forward my own new understanding. (5) Argumentative sports papers in physical education teaching. For a certain problem in physical education teaching practice or theory, we should re-examine, logically arrange and construct it with new values or new methods, make necessary arguments and establish new conclusions. (6) Empirical physical education papers in physical education teaching. For the successful experience in physical education teaching practice, through the process of screening and classification, the content reflecting the essential attributes and general laws is extracted. Experiential physical education thesis is a concern of many primary and secondary school physical education teachers. The specific analysis is as follows: 1. From the perspective of epistemology. Theoretical knowledge comes from practice. A theory can be called a theory because it contains ordinary and successful experiences from countless individuals. These experiences have been tested by practice and are the resources on which the theory depends. 2. From the perspective of methodology. The so-called experience means that from the individual process, the details of the individual are abandoned and many abstract processes are completed. The operation of physical education teaching, through the sublimation of rational understanding, naturally has a scientific flavor. If you just stay in a simple narrative process, it is not enough to call it a paper. 3. From the operational level. To distinguish the nature and function of experience summary, we should first avoid debriefing, that is, the purpose of writing is to describe how much work has been done and how much achievements have been made in order to get social affirmation and evaluation. Therefore, as a paper, experience summary should first express new understanding, and then enter the field of communication. Secondly, there must be certain rules to make strict differences. 4. Faced with most PE teachers writing sports papers, most of them sum up this reality by experience. In order to protect the author's enthusiasm, we should affirm and improve this form of scientific interest. Third, the characteristics of sports papers (1) credibility. The scientific nature of sports papers depends on the credibility and authenticity of the papers, which are mainly manifested in the following three points: 1. The factual basis. The data of various surveys, observations and measurements, as well as the statistical results based on these data, are convincing. These mathematical statistics can be based on the principles of sports statistics, computer statistics and other scientific methods, and can never be based on reasoning to explain the facts. 2. Theoretical basis. The theoretical achievements of predecessors' research have been tested by practice and history, and many theories, viewpoints and methods have been widely recognized by professional peers, and have been included in reference books, textbooks and classic works. Quoting these contents can also be used as the theoretical basis for the corresponding contents in sports papers, but it needs to be complete, accurate and appropriate. (2) logic. The style of sports papers should be standardized and the discussion should meet the logical requirements; The structure of the paper should be rigorous to avoid cross-confusion between titles; The order of papers should be clear and the ideas should be unified. (3) novelty. Only when sports papers express new understanding can they be read by professional peers, and the articles written can have dissemination value. Repetitive and reproducible content is difficult to become a paper by simple stacking. In order to avoid some problems, we must know what the previous research topics have said. So we need to collect the previous problem data. (1) The title of the sports paper is the name of the full text, which is general and should cover the contents of the full text. The topic should reflect the characteristics of sports papers and the special content to be expressed. The name of such a paper will be different from other similar papers. For example, it is difficult to reflect the particularity of sports papers such as "strengthening teacher training and improving teaching level" Even if there are some original ideas in the paper, unfortunately, they can't be reflected in the title. The topic selection of sports papers should be accurate and avoid being too broad. Don't use too many noun concepts in the topic. For example, the words "teaching quality" and "developing students' intelligence through sports" are relatively broad. Such a big concept is difficult to explain clearly in an article of three or five thousand words. If it is smaller, "What are the ways to improve along the way?" "What kind of quality can be improved?" "What kind of intelligence has been developed? "With this kind of thinking and proposition, the topic may be more accurate and practical. The topic of the sports paper "Improving the Running Technique in Sprint" is smaller than the previous topic, and it is expressed more accurately. Moreover, only in this way can the paper be written easily and it is possible to write some real content. If the topic is big and inappropriate, the content will easily become blurred. On the other hand, the topic is too small to reflect the research value, such as shaving your head and improving swimming speed. The logical relationship of topics should be accurate, so as to avoid problems such as synonymous repetition and unclear concepts. For example, the topic of "strengthening aesthetic education in physical education teaching" in physical education paper is logically flawed, because physical education teaching itself is a kind of content and method of aesthetic education. When the topic is limited and the number of words is unclear, you can add a subtitle below to further remind the content of the article. (2) Signature of sports papers This is a sign of the ownership of sports papers, which also means that the author is responsible for the papers and enjoys rights and interests, so the full name and name of the author unit should be issued. Signature should conform to the actual situation of research and writing. If it is done in cooperation, the main partners should not miss it. If they contribute to magazines or participate in academic papers and discussions, they should indicate their mailing address, telephone number and e-mail. (3) Introduction of sports papers (also called auxiliary theory or auxiliary theory) The function of the introduction part is to guide readers to have a general understanding of the outline of sports papers, arouse readers' attention and interest in the following main contents, and make mental preparations for reading the full text. The introduction part includes the explanation of the topic, the origin of the topic, the achievements of similar sports papers and the practical significance of the research results. This part has the nature of self-evaluation, so it should be objective, fair and appropriate. Neither flattering nor artificial. The introduction text should not be too long, including keywords, and generally should not exceed110 or 1/8 of the full text. (4) The theory of sports papers (also called subject theory or empirical theory) is the substantive content of sports papers. Creative proposition is put forward as an argument, and a lot of space in succession fully demonstrates the correctness and rationality of the viewpoint. An excellent sports paper must put forward clear arguments and be more or less creative. Many sports papers are obviously insufficient in this respect, mainly because of vague arguments and lack of originality. Some empirical physical education teaching papers have not yet formed a clear form of proposition statement, but are scattered in the narrative of facts. For example, some papers emphasize the "three basics", while others emphasize strengthening physical fitness, but they have not put forward new arguments, so. Secondly, the argumentation ideas should be clear and orderly, the basis should be sufficient, and the argument should be proved with typical examples. (V) Conclusions and suggestions of sports papers In order to leave a deep impression on readers, we should pay special attention to the conclusions. Conclusion can be regarded as an independent part of sports papers, and it should be concise and generally shorter than the introduction. For example, whether it is successful or not, is it a large-scale promotion or a continuous experiment? Accurate and evaluative suggestions should also be made. (VI) References in sports papers The references cited in the writing process of sports papers are generally recorded at the end of the paper by the "sequential coding" system, that is, they are coded continuously according to the order of the cited documents in the paper, and the serial numbers are placed in square brackets. The description items and format of 1. monograph are: main author, title, edition, place of publication, publishing house and year of publication. Number of pages, such as [1] Sun Shaorong. Educational information theory. Shanghai: Shanghai Education Press. February, 2000, KLOC-0. February, 2000. The description items of serial publications are: author. Version: location in the original literature, for example: [1] Geng Peixin, Cao Weimin. Views on the development of school-based physical education textbooks. China School Physical Education, 2005 (4): 4 References are mainly indexes, which clearly indicate that academic thoughts, theories, achievements and data of others are cited, which not only reflects respect for others' labor, but also reflects academic inheritance and seriousness. V. Writing of sports papers (1) Topic selection. The topic selection of sports papers reflects the researcher's beliefs, knowledge, habits, interests and values, and we should consciously exert our subjective initiative through our own topic selection. (2) Conduct special research in combination with writing. Through learning, we can not only inherit the previous research results as the starting point of our own argument, but also collect the necessary information as the cited argument. So it is very necessary to actively reserve information. (3) Pay attention to the accuracy of the definition. The definitions of the main concepts involved in sports papers should be clearly stated in order to exchange discussions and avoid misunderstandings. (4) Write an outline at the beginning of the article and modify the outline. With a good outline, it is possible to write a good paper. The outline can be written in the form of two or three titles, and no major changes are needed after writing. (5) The data should be accurate. The quantitative content and data that sports papers hope to provide must be accurate, especially the original data of measurement and investigation, and the test conditions should be standardized and unified. The conclusive effect obtained by quantitative statistical analysis must be tested by sports statistics. (six) the text should strive to be plain. The scientific nature of the paper requires that the writing of the paper should use standardized written language as much as possible, and the style of writing should be plain and simple, without description, description and rendering, and avoid using vulgar language. The linguistic beauty of this paper lies in brevity and preciseness. (7) Pay attention to the particularity of physical education. Physical education teaching is different from scientific and technological behavior. This paper mainly studies the effects and laws of teacher education and students' learning and exercise behavior. Therefore, the writing of physical education teaching papers is one of the scientific research behaviors, and only the deeper the research on physical education teaching, can the ideal effect be achieved. (8) Write keywords. The key words that can best express the arguments in the text can be expressed before the "abstract" to attract readers' attention.