Ceng Gong was an essayist in the Northern Song Dynasty. One of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. The word is solid. Jianchangjun was from Nanfeng (now Jiangxi). Jiayou was a scholar for two years (1057). He has served as a collator, a talent-gathering proofreader, and a proofreader of records, and has been an official in Chinese books. Ceng Gong, who came from Ouyang Xiu School, fully accepted Ouyang Xiu's thought of writing ancient prose after Taoism, and paid more attention to Taoism than Ouyang Xiu. Therefore, Ceng Gong's prose is relatively unemotional and literary among the Eight Masters. But Zeng Wen is good at discussing. His political essays are simple in language, incisive in argument and tortuous in reasoning. For example, Book of Sheren by Shang Ouyang Xiu, Book of Bachelor by Shang Cai, Preface to Ang Lee's Second Life and Preface to Wang Pingfu's Collected Works were all compiled by Xu Wei, which is similar to Ouyang Xiuwen's. Narrative texts are often discussed, such as Crystal's Blood Donation and Mochi, which all talk about the past and the present in narrative. Ceng Gong can also write poems, and now there are more than 400 poems, of which the Seven Wonders are the most successful. Today, there are 50 volumes of Yuanfeng manuscripts and 4 series of movies.

Yuan Feng's manuscript contains more than 90 ancient poems/kloc-0 and 2 regular poems/kloc-0. As for Ceng Gong's poems, his students Qin Shaoyou and Chen Houshan think that his poems: those with rhyme don't write "Dongpo Inscription", and Peng Yuancai also quotes himself as saying: Fifth, he hates Ceng Zi's poems: Cold Zhai Night Talk; Now Mr. Qian Zhongshu's views are quite different from those of the ancients. He pointed out that his poems were far better than those of Sumo and his son, and his seven-character quatrains were more inspired by Wang Anshi. Ceng Gong made great achievements both academically and administratively in his life. His poems are engraved with words, endowed with scenery, and the scenery is full of affection; , against delicate; Meticulous style, detached style; Use the past to satirize the present and pay attention to people's livelihood. This paper intends to investigate and discuss Ceng Gong's poems in order to fully understand his literary achievements.

First, refined words are rigorous and skillful.

There are more than 400 poems in Ceng Gong, most of which are simple, just like their works. Among his various poems, The West Building, South of the City, and Singing Willow are the highest achievements, which are profound, dense and vivid, and can be called masterpieces of scenery writing in modern poetry in the Song Dynasty. As far as the "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties" are concerned, their poems are not as good as those of Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi and Wang Anshi, but they are better than those of Su Xun and Su Zhe. Ceng Gong's poems are exquisite, neat, gorgeous and beautiful, and they have a wonderful taste to read.

Wind and rain: "flying flowers are inexhaustible with the wind, and wild water is inexhaustible with the rain." (Group building)

Green trees and green hills are right: "Birds sing, green trees wear flowers and shadows, and wind sends water to green hills." (idling)

Cangsongji: "Cangsongcuizhu Southeast Road, stepping on the rocky peak before the moon." ("Shushan")

The essence of all opponents lies in the choice of one or two keywords. Ceng Gong is well-read and has a deep literary accomplishment. He is particularly good at refining words, being clever, vivid and appropriate, and often reaching the realm of Excellence. This is also the reason why Fang called the poem "strange words". Another example is the West Building written by Ceng Gong: "The waves go like clouds and come again, and the north wind blows a few thunder. Zhu Lou is hooked with thin foil on all sides, lying and watching the torrential rain in Qian Shan. " In the first sentence, there is a tendency to splash ink, and the contrast between clouds and waves shows that the trend of waves is unstoppable. In the second sentence, the thunder was taken away by the hurricane. Lift it with a pen. In particular, the word "blowing" refers to thunder as caused by the wind, which increases the strength of the storm. Between the water and the sky, the wind is surging and the thunder is rolling, which vividly and audibly describes the waves, clouds and wind and thunder. The poet played up an atmosphere and momentum of "the rain is coming." This is a magnificent overture. When the thunder is heavy and the rain is small, he didn't close the heavy door to keep out the wind and rain, but simply hung up the curtains around him and lay down to observe the rainstorm sweeping Qianshan. The word "lie" expresses the poet's graceful and open-minded tolerance, which is suitable for both movement and static, and the turbulent environment is in sharp contrast with the quiet characters. The refreshing feeling is self-evident. On the one hand, the sudden heavy rain in Qian Shan is overwhelming; On the one hand, lying and watching, but super idle. The former is a portrayal of the state of the Song Dynasty characterized by poverty, internal troubles and foreign invasion, and constant party struggles, while the latter shows the negative mentality and personality of the literati in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Second, the brushwork is exquisite and the style is superb.

Ceng Gong's career is bumpy. He often moves, so he can't stay in the office for long. Especially when he is old and sick, his ambition has never been rewarded, which inevitably makes him feel sad for the world. After experiencing the ups and downs in the world, Ceng Gong is full of great interest and fun in returning to nature. "If you want to live for a thousand years, you can only live with Xishan." ? He should fully enjoy the fresh feeling of nature, deeply intoxicated by the tranquility and vitality of nature, or live in seclusion in the mountains, or live in huts and enjoy himself. The poem "Mao Ting lives in seclusion" describes seclusion in the mountains: "Jingmen often hides in the sun, so there is no need for deep clouds. I dare to be lonely, I can accept my heart. " Among them, "the grass is sprouting in the distance and birds are singing in the bridge village", which describes the natural scenery particularly beautifully and vividly, and a kind of love for water is beyond words.

Ceng Gong's meticulous observation of nature can often sensitively capture very subtle changes in nature, such as Ceng Gong's "Singing Willow": "Chaos is still yellow, and I am crazy about the east wind. I wonder if there is frost in heaven and earth. " This poem vividly describes the scenery of catkins and flying flowers. With the help of the east wind, catkins dance wildly, unstoppable, as if the whole world belongs to them. The author grasps the characteristics of things, makes them personalized, makes people see a crazy image when they succeed, and integrates things with philosophy, which is profound and thought-provoking. Another example is to write flowers: "Camellia has not returned in spring, and the spring is just when it blooms" ("Seven Stars fir"); Write an ancient tree: "The ancient Chinese fir is green and the trunk is shaded" ("Seven Star Chinese fir"), and write a waterfall: "The flying spring rises from the sky and the cold shadow sinks into the dragon cave" ("Waterfall Spring"). Every scene is colorful and beautiful, mostly a scene. "south of the city" is particularly prominent: "the rain overflows the pond and fills the embankment, and the mountains are chaotic and the roads are high. Some peaches and plums bloom and the green grass is full of color. " "The pond is full of water, and a piece of red scenery flies. Sending spring is infinitely sentimental, and I have not returned to the end of the world. " Two "South of the City" describe the scene of Shan Ye after the heavy rain in late spring. The style is smooth and beautiful, and it is pleasing to read. In particular, the phrase "only the green grass is full of color" shows that the grass dripping with water is bright green, indicating that nature is still full of vitality after the rain. This is the author's ingenious pen. Love at the scene, scene blending, style detachment, fresh and meaningful.

Gong relaxed and relaxed, and changed his tune. In the early days of Li Qing, Song Renzong, Ceng Gong was just in his twenties. When he was studying in imperial academy, Shi Jing, he presented the article "An E and Ouyang Xiu, a literary master", which was greatly appreciated. "The north wind Wan Li wormwood, landscape threatening waves. I didn't see it until I tasted it. My eyes were tight and my spirit was strong. ..... the smell of wine begins to smell the sigh of a strong man, and you should taste it! " At the beginning of the poem, a devastating momentum is rendered for the appearance of the stork. The strong north wind swept away the rotten chrysanthemum, and the roaring mountain forest was like a raging wave. This is the season when fragile creatures wither and shrink, but it is a good opportunity for powerful storks to show their vitality. The phrase "taste and smell" expresses the poet's yearning for storks. The word "tight eyes" describes the sharp eyes and fierce posture of storks, which can be called a vivid pen. In five or six sentences, the flying trend of storks is extremely written. It's dark and it's snowing. Under such a heavy and cloudy background, storks fly like lightning in the Wan Li. The sun curtain is still in the East China Sea, and it has reached Lintao in the northwest in the morning, showing its flying speed. The following sentences describe the spectacular scene of storks killing foxes and cunning rabbits. At the end of the four sentences, the poet came back from hunting and was very excited. The box is full of spilled vegetables, just for it to drink a large glass. "The wine is hot, the strong man sighs, and the husband should taste it." The end of the song is elegant and points out the theme. A strong man is a poet who compares himself to a stork. He is eager to soar in the sky like a stork, sweep away ugliness and build immortal achievements, killing two birds with one stone. However, looking around the reality, the future is bleak and I can't help but sigh. At this point in the poem, the impassioned and unrestrained style has become gloomy and sad, falling from the ideal sky to the real land. However, the sound of lamentation can't hide the true colors of heroes. The poet's swagger and self-esteem and his spirit of taking responsibility for the rest of the world have penetrated between the lines and remained in the reader's impression.

This poem, like Li Bai's "Dapeng Song" and Du Fu's "Painting Eagle", is not an ordinary poem about objects. The stork in the poem is the poet's own situation, and all other foxes, rabbits and birds are also symbolic. This poem is bold in style and extraordinary in momentum. Rhetorically, it may be a bit blunt, but it is the lack of roundness that shows strength. Compared with Ceng Gong's prose or other poems, this poem can be called an abnormal tone.

Third, emotions are mixed in the scene.

Most of Ceng Gong's quatrains are graceful and fluent, which is quite close to Wang Anshi's poetic style in his later years. He constructed an interesting poetic picture with simple and exquisite words, which has always been the best and most precious part of Ceng Gong's poetry. For example, the book "Night Gate" is more prominent: "The red gauze cage candle crosses the oblique bridge, and eight fights fly again. When painting a boat, people are still asleep, and the embankment is full of moon and a stream. " This poem "Crossing the Gate at Night" describes the poetry of red light covering the bridge water, bright moon shining on the water and people painting boats. The beauty lies in three or four sentences. Zhang Ji, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem "a night-mooring near maple bridge", such as "Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City, and the midnight bell goes to the passenger ship". Both of them described the feeling of a Nightcrawler sleeping on a passenger ship at night. Zhang Ji expressed it from the perspective of hearing, while Ceng Gong focused on the perspective of vision. Both achieved the same goal, much like God. Ceng Gong described the distant realm in this poem, and for example, Ceng Gong described the scenery on the lake: "The lake is flat and the reed bank, and the blue sky falls in the clear light"; Poems such as "A fish is full of flowers, a hundred birds crow a thousand paces" describe the lush reeds on the lake, the reflection of the blue sky, the fish playing in the cruise ship and the birds singing in the shade. How elegant and pleasant this image is! In the meantime, the poet eulogized "Why bother to seek heaven, there is a fairy town in the water town" and compared Daming Lake to a paradise fairyland. Ceng Gong's poems about famous springs, such as Baotu Spring (Ceng Gong Collection, Volume 7);

Those who stay away from jade and moisture are covered with dust in the dark.

Winter is often warm early, and moist spring tea tastes more real.

I feel that the road is like a mirror, and the sand is the most pitiful.

He once became the Qilu Fengjiang Association, and the situation entrusted Hubei and Britain to the world.

This poem is about Baotu Spring, which draws water from clean groundwater, spreads all over the earth, nourishes winter grass, makes spring tea delicious, makes the roadside clean as a mirror, and makes Shabian Spring like a wheel, making Qilu a metropolis. And the amazing legends of E Huang and Nv Ying. The whole poem is written from the water quality and function of the mountain spring to its clear and spewing weather. At the end of the poem, it is drawn from the broad space-time perspective of Shandong's whole territory and long culture, and there are profound cultural implications between the lines.

Among the six or seven counties where he worked in Ceng Gong, he has the deepest feelings for the mountains and rivers in Jinan and has a special liking for them. The poems about Jeju in the collection are also the most colorful. "If you throw a nymph around the house, you will lie in Jinan for many years" (Ceng Gong Collection, Volume 7, rewards the strong and rewards a few saints). "How can you stay in the chic mountain city and drink clear songs to help the water?" (Same as above, Peony Pavilion). Singing like this reflects his relaxed and carefree mood during his stay in Jeju. The following spring, Lai Ji visited the countryside and was very happy to see idle silkworms sleeping in a field full of wheat and mulberries. Because he was afraid to separate this treasure-house, he once uttered an inner monologue of "Afraid of being full of officials and staying on the shore every time" (the same as "One Year in the County"). Sure enough, before long, he was transferred to Xiangzhou. On his way out of office, he wrote a set of farewell poems to express his reluctance. For example:

Wen shua shua wears bamboo shoots, green fields and water hibiscus.

It's summer in Xiting, but it's going to send a wave of hate.

It is difficult for a general to swim in Xichi for ten hectares of autumn.

From then on, on the windy and moonlit night of the Seven Bridges, the dream soul grew to the Mulan boat.

The pointed bamboo shoots on Daming Lake are like striped rhinoceros horns, and the delicate round face of lotus just came out of the water. Just as the summer in Xiting was over, I left in a hurry with hatred. The first one said: I want to move to Xiangzhou with my family (Xichi is in Xiangyang), but it is difficult to put down a school in Qiu Guang, West Lake. Since then, the beautiful scenery around the Seventh Bridge can only be pursued in the dream boat. Visible, Ceng Gong is infatuated with Jinan, and it is extremely difficult to give up. Until a long time apart, he will still dream about the scenery and human feelings of Jinan and miss it. As the poem "To Officials of the State of Qi" (Volume 7 of Ceng Gong Collection) says: "Who is interested in the Seven Bridges tonight? Love is thousands of miles away. " Seven bridges represent Daming Lake. There are seven colorful bridges by the lake. It is true that a glance at relevant writings and historical materials shows that this cultural superstar has a deep concern for Quancheng. Therefore, Ceng Gong's years in Jinan and his works during this period are remarkable anecdotes in the history of Qilu culture.

Fourth, pay attention to people's livelihood through irony.

A writer's literary style is not fixed and single, but often a variety of styles coexist, and Ceng Gong is no exception. In his poems, there are many romantic poems besides the realistic works of worrying about the country and the people, lashing out the disadvantages of the times and satirizing the present with reference to the past. In these poems, Ceng Gong climbs mountains and waters, or depicts steep scenery, or roams the sky, expressing lofty sentiments and ambitions, and his brushwork is full of lofty sentiments, revealing a very clear legacy between strokes.

Ceng Gong was also influenced by the social customs of the Song Dynasty. At that time, after the poetry innovation in the Northern Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty had formed its own practical style and main communication system. Ceng Gong's poems were deeply influenced by the poetic style and tradition of Song Dynasty. He tried to make his poems truly reflect history and society and put them into practice. There are many important themes related to the national economy and people's livelihood in his poems, such as "Hu Shi": "There are many scales in the south, and the commander in the north is Hu. Hu Shi came to the beam and there was no cold-headed archer. " This poem describes that the grain of the Song Dynasty was continuously transported to the northern border, but the army of the Song Dynasty was useless. As long as Hu Li comes, the Song army will be gone. These four sentences use narrative tactics, followed by two comments: "It is difficult to defeat the Prime Minister, but rely on him." It was up to you to defend the border, but these generals and officials were useless; Followed by four statements, and then two notes. Another example is "Chu Ze": "The desert is full of dew, and I ask Gan Kun where there is nothing left. In the year of insect's wrath, several households were silent. Who can talk about economy and health when thieves are afraid of many? You talk about Yuntai, and forbearance makes the people worry about it. " After years of drought, the area of Chuze has reached the point where few people can survive and thieves are everywhere. This is a narrative; The following discussion continued, showing a strong condemnation of the official history. Another example is the poem "Chasing Rent", which says that "the sun is burning in Wan Li" and "the grain is withered". "Hunger is better than grievances", "Death will be bound by moss". "Public officials are all rich, and all of them are deaf people." This means that people are starving because of drought, and the government has no sympathy. Ceng Gong is very interceding for the people here. Finally, he said, "Try to see the villages left behind. Haze will shake up the ruins." In the face of people's suffering, Ceng Gong is powerless. There are such poems, such as border generals.

When Ceng Gong writes historical poems, he often satirizes the present by borrowing from the past, such as "Ode to Historical Poems": "Zhong Ni is a traveler, and Wu Chu is located in the southeast. I don't know who has been noble for thousands of years? " In a skeptical tone, it expresses the vicissitudes of thousands of years of history. This poem was written in the era of Wang Anshi's political reform. At this time, Ceng Gong borrowed the words of the ancients to express his frustration. However, who will win or lose in the future is still inconclusive. In addition to this poem, there are poems by Hou Jing: "There are white-haired people in Yimen, Houying, and strange people in Yishui, Jingke. I invited courtesy to get on the bus so that I could temporarily fill the fish tank. Teacher returned to draw his sword regardless of his life, drank the wine and killed his clothes. Don't laugh today, and feed people for a long time. " Among them, there are two lines of Hou Jing, which are typical of "a scholar died for his bosom friend" in ancient times, but the poet didn't sing them, and the last two lines revealed the theme. The sentence "Don't laugh at today" is a kind of irony, which means that today's dignitaries will not pursue fame and fortune. They called friends and friends to form private parties and used the old relationship between students and friends to collude with each other. Although the author doesn't exactly refer to who or what, just look at the party struggle in the Northern Song Dynasty and you will know that this is emotional. "Feeding people for a long time" is a pun, which not only shows that Mr. and Mrs. Hou Jing are just accomplices of aristocratic feeding, but also shows that some people continue to do this kind of business.

Ceng Gong's research has a deep foundation, and he is good at using historical stories to clarify practical problems. His work "On the gains and losses of chaos in ancient and modern times, regardless of success or failure" widely quoted the energy of life and was thoroughly seen in mediocrity. The above poem "Houjing" also has the spirit of "Spring and Autumn Annals", and its words and sentences imply praise and criticism. For example, the words "Ping" and "Pro" point out the vanity of Wei Gongzi and Yan Wang, and the word "money" also has the meaning of praise and criticism. Therefore, if we look at the "white-haired man" and "strange man" at the beginning, we will see their sarcasm more and more.

There are many poems about history in Ceng Gong's poems. Many people rely on the ancients to express their sighs about life. These poems are generous and tragic, with deep and dignified feelings and profound meanings. For example, "Gaixia": "The three outstanding men all belong to Han Daoxing and spare no effort to pull out the mountains. I am a true son and daughter and I didn't realize that I should be Fan Zeng. " The ancients said: He who knows the times is a hero, and the poem expresses his nostalgia for Xiang Yu, a historical hero who doesn't know the times. Another example is Kongming: "Wu Shuo is divided into Wei, and the west of Wei River is the only Han minister. On weekdays, the generals don't care, and the people take it in the fields. " This poem, on the other hand, has a strong flavor of satirizing the present by borrowing from the past. This poem was written in Xiangzhou. In this year, Zongshen wrote to Lv Huiqing to participate in political affairs. After Lv Huiqing took office, he tried to find out Ceng Gong's fault, but failed. Ceng Gong used the poem Kongming to satirize the present: it means that immortals can't know gold with their eyes. Unfortunately, because they are knowledgeable and skilled, they can't give full play to their talents and express their feelings that their talents are not satisfied.

Ceng Gong's epic poem was written in the sixth year of Xining (1073). This year, he was sent to Xiangzhou, which has always been a battleground for military strategists, and celebrities such as Zhuge Liang and Pang Tong were born here. In addition, he was not reused, which stimulated his creative desire, such as Qu, Longzhong Dui, Liu Jingsheng Temple, Han Guangting and so on. Ceng Gong's poems all express their feelings through the mouth of the ancients, saying that they satirize the present with fresh words.

Through the above investigation and exploration, we have a general understanding of the artistic features of Ceng Gong's poems: Ceng Gong's poetic style was influenced by the poetic style of the Song Dynasty, especially his landscape poems scored high. As one of the "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties", Ceng Gong was influenced by Confucian classics since childhood, and the theories of "heart" and "goodness" had the deepest influence on his thoughts. The artistic characteristics of his poems and essays are: natural and simple; Words must contain reason, and words must reach the Tao; Borrowing the ancient to satirize the present, the words are refreshing. Today, when we read Ceng Gong's poems, we can not only appreciate the essence of China's literary treasure house, but also increase our ability to know people and discuss the world and cultivate eternal integrity. We can also improve our writing level by carefully pondering and chewing the composition, skills and artistic features of Ceng Gong's poems.

Examination questions in Hangzhou in 2009:

South of the city

Song Ceng Gong

The spring rain is swift, the pond is full, and the mountains are high and low, east and west, and the mountain roads are rugged.

The hot and lively peach blossoms and plum blossoms have been blooming for a while, but now it has passed, only the grass in spring grows bigger and greener.

[Note] East-west road: two-way flow.

(1) What are the characteristics of "rain" in the first and second sentences?

(2) Three or four sentences in the poem and Bai Juyi's "wildfire never quite consumes them, the spring breeze blows high" are all cursive, which have the same effect. Please enjoy this.

Answer:

(1) The rainfall is heavy and the rain is fierce. (2 points. Just right)

(2) Bai Juyi's poems set off the tenacious vitality of grass with "wildfire"; Compared with "Peach Blossom and Plum Blossom", Ceng Gong's poems highlight the spirit of indestructible grass. (3 points. White Poetry Analysis 1, Zeng Poetry Analysis 2. Meaning can be satisfied, lack of discretion)