? Cao qigong
? Practical articles are articles that are biased towards practical work and are widely used in our lives. They are concise, popular and easy to understand, with distinctive times and practicality. Practical writing reading test is an indispensable part of each set of Chinese test paper for senior high school entrance examination, either for expository reading or argumentative reading. Under the general trend of the reform of the senior high school entrance examination in various places and the background of the implementation of the core literacy of the subject, the direction of the proposition is from knowledge to ability and then to the present literacy. As far as the Chinese examination paper for senior high school entrance examination is concerned, we should highlight the core literacy of Chinese subject, that is, take four aspects as the core and focus of examination: language construction and application, thinking development and promotion, aesthetic appreciation and creation, and cultural inheritance and understanding.
? From the perspective of literacy, how to prepare for the practical reading of senior high school entrance examination around the core literacy of Chinese subject?
? First, the preparation of explanatory reading.
? Practical writing generally refers to biographies, news, reports, popular science articles and other styles. In the examination papers of senior high school entrance examinations all over the country, it mainly refers to the reading of expository texts and argumentative texts. Explanatory texts mostly introduce natural science or social science, that is, popular science texts.
? Explanatory reading focuses on content understanding, information extraction, sequencing, skill identification, language analysis and so on. These contents mainly involve the language and thinking ability of Chinese core literacy. Only by reading, extracting, understanding and analyzing the language materials of the text can we effectively answer content understanding, information extraction, sequencing and technical discrimination. Therefore, language ability is the basis, and it is the basis of all examination contents. Linguistic analysis of text directly examines the construction and application of language. In these exams, especially in order sorting, students' thinking ability, especially logical thinking ability, is actually emphasized. As for aesthetics and culture, it will also permeate this series of exams.
1. Understand the content. Understanding, analyzing, inferring and exploring the content is a key point in the expository examination. Traditional multiple-choice questions, such as "the following understanding and analysis of the original content is correct", are the understanding and analysis of the selected content or whole, or part, or concept, or words. This kind of topic examines the understanding and analysis of the selected text content, in fact, it examines the understanding and analysis of the accuracy of the original language expression. This requires careful reading of the selected text, especially the places related to the options, in-depth understanding of the original meaning, careful verification of the differences between the original expression and the option expression, and then screening out the options that meet the requirements. 20 19 Anhui Volume 12: "Do you think that the ability of machines will surpass human beings by combining the above materials? Please explain the reason. " 20 17 Shaanxi VolumeNo. 1 1 Title: "What foreign practices have made the city's public bicycle system perfect day by day? Please organize the summary. " This kind of question is an open question, and it is inferred and explored according to the original content. First of all, we must have an accurate understanding of the original text, and then we can make reasonable inference and exploration according to the original intention. Therefore, the key to preparing for this kind of test questions is to read carefully, grasp the explanatory object of the selected text and accurately understand the original intention.
2. Extract information. The extraction and integration of text information is also the content that expository texts often examine. For example, 20 19 Hebei VolumeNo. 13: "Please talk about why He Zun is called a national treasure in combination with the full text?" It is to examine students' ability to sort out and screen text information. This paper introduces He Zun from three aspects, and it is necessary to sort out and integrate the text content from these three aspects. 20 17 Shanghai VolumeNo. 17: "According to the content of the article, summarize the advantages and disadvantages of UAV in use." This is also the case. When preparing such topics, it is necessary to repeatedly train the ability to grasp key sentences and summarize paragraphs, and be good at grasping the beginning, summary and key paragraphs of the text, or extracting or summarizing key points, so as to sort out and integrate the text information according to the requirements of the topic.
3. Sort out the order. It is the key to examine students' thinking ability to sort out the writing ideas and interpretation order and analyze the text structure, which is particularly important in the context of core literacy. 20 19 Shandong Weifang Volume 25: "What are the characteristics of the arrangement of the interpretation order in the fourth paragraph of the article? Please briefly analyze the specific content. "20 19 Guizhou Anshun Volume 23:" Read the full text to see if the second paragraph and the third paragraph can be reversed. Why? " Both questions examine the logical order from the main to the secondary, which is not as simple as the chronological order or spatial order. First of all, we should understand the basic knowledge of logical order. Logical order refers to explaining things or things one by one according to their inherent logical relationship, or from individual to general, or from concrete to abstract, or from main to secondary, or from phenomenon to essence, or from cause to result, or from concept to application. Secondly, to understand the content of written description, what to say first, what to say later, think more, and summarize from the perspective of logical thinking. Finally, according to these logical orders, the interpretation order of this paper is determined. 20 18 Baotou Volume, Inner Mongolia 19: "Briefly describe the thinking of this article." It also checks the logical order of explanatory texts.
? 4. Discrimination method. The analysis of explanation method and its function is one of the common questions in the explanation reading test. For example, 20 19 Yancheng, Jiangsu, No.1 16: "What are the two ways to explain the underlined sentence in the third paragraph? What is the role? " Question 14 Hunan Hengyang Volume 20 18: "What is the main explanation method of the underlined sentence in the second paragraph of the article? What is the role? " This kind of questions, first of all, should be familiar with various interpretation methods, and be able to distinguish their functions one by one. Then combined with the specific content of the selected text, like this question, the sentences with interpretation methods are underlined, and some are not. You need to find the specific sentences yourself, and then determine which interpretation method to use in combination with the context, analyze its function here and explain what it is. The answer is this, and so is preparing for the exam.
? 5. Analyze the language. The analysis and grasp of word usage and language characteristics is also the content of explaining common writing questions and the basis of core literacy. For example, Shanghai Volume 20 19, question 15: "Can the word' main' added in paragraph 4 be deleted, and why?" 20 18 No.21of Shenyang Volume, Liaoning Province: "Analyze the beauty of adding the word' small upstart' in the ninth paragraph of the selected text, and summarize the language characteristics of the selected text." They are all about the characteristics of explanatory language. When we analyze a word, we should look at its meaning, its contextual description, the role of modification and restriction expressed by the word, so as to show the accuracy of the words used in the text. If we summarize the linguistic features of individual paragraphs or full texts, we should also summarize their linguistic features such as accuracy, strictness, conciseness and vividness from specific words, sentences and overall language style.
? Explanatory writing should be understood, analyzed, summarized, summarized and generalized from the specific text reading.
? Second, the preparation of argumentative reading
? Throughout the country, only some local papers have argumentative reading exams. Because argumentative reading is not the focus of junior high school teaching after all, the exam is relatively simple and easy to understand. Argumentative reading mainly examines the ability of logical thinking and language application, that is, the examination of text arguments, arguments, arguments and structures.
? 1. Summarize the point. To read an argumentative essay, we must first know what the central argument and the sub-argument are. When reading argumentative essays in the senior high school entrance examination, it is often to test the arguments first. For example, 20 17 Yunnan Qujing VolumeNo. 16: What is the central argument of Selected Works? 20 19 Jiangxi Volume No.1 17: "Looking at the whole text, what two viewpoints does the author emphasize when talking about the use of language?" This topic needs to be treated separately. Some articles have clear arguments, from which we can find that they are basically at the beginning or end of the article, and even the title itself is the central argument; The views of some articles need to be summarized by readers according to the content, which requires readers to grasp the key sentences and the central issues discussed according to the full text or part, and make appropriate summaries according to the requirements of the topic.
? 2. Analyze the argument. To prove an argument, you need to have certain arguments, which is also clear when reading. For example, Sichuan Panzhihua Volume No.3 (20 18): "The author used four examples to discuss the view that' great discoveries are made slowly'. Please point out these four examples in concise language. " 20 19 Shenzhen VolumeNo. 12: "Please add factual arguments according to the fifth paragraph of the article." The former is to find out and summarize the arguments, that is, to find out and summarize the arguments used in the article. This basically examines whether you can understand the text. As long as you read it carefully, you can sort it out clearly. The latter is based on the relevant content of the text, adding an argument, which is an extension. First of all, we should make clear the relevant issues discussed in the text, and then we can choose the arguments. Supplementary arguments must be appropriate and can prove the point required by the topic. This requires both a certain amount of material accumulation and a clear understanding of the relationship between arguments and arguments.
? 3. Model law. Argumentative writing method is the focus of argumentative writing style knowledge, which is often examined. For example, 20 18 Xinjiang Volume No.22: "What is the main argumentation method used in the article? Briefly analyze its function. 20 17 Changzhou Problem in Jiangsu 12: "Please analyze the argumentation method used in paragraph 5 of the article and its function." It is necessary to know the commonly used argumentation methods, such as fact argumentation (example argumentation), reason argumentation (quotation argumentation), contrast argumentation, metaphor argumentation, etc. , master the role of different argumentation methods. Then, according to the requirements of the topic, the related contents in this paper are analyzed and expounded in detail.
? 4. Thinking structure. The author's argumentation ideas and argumentation process constitute the argumentation structure of argumentative essays. This is the concrete expression of logical thinking form in the text. For example, Volume 20 18 in Jining, Shandong Province is titled (3): "Briefly analyze the argumentation ideas in paragraph 6." 20 17 Beijing VolumeNo. 18: "According to the argumentation process of the context, fill in the sentence at the horizontal line of the fourth paragraph, and the appropriate sentence is" 20 19 Shandong Zibo VolumeNo. 10 (1) ".Read the full text and fill in the blanks according to the prompts. This kind of questions is a test of logical thinking ability. It is necessary to sort out the reasoning ideas and processes of part or full text one by one, whether it is hierarchy, parallelism, comparison, total score, etc. It is necessary to master the characteristics of each structural form, analyze its argumentation structural form according to the reasoning idea and process, and complete the topic requirements.
? 5. Extend the discussion. On the basis of a complete understanding of the selected text, the content of the discussion is further extended. For example, the title (3) of Lianyungang Volume 20 18 in Jiangsu Province: "Please explain the meaning of" beauty and * * * "in the last paragraph in full text." 20 19 Sichuan Dazhou Volume No.24: "With the link materials, talk about your views on the' innocent' added in the underlined sentence at the end of the third paragraph." This requires a profound and thorough understanding of the issues discussed in the selected article, and on this basis, it is expounded to some extent according to the requirements of the topic. However, it should be noted that openness is based on the discussion of selected articles, and the scope of selected articles cannot be abandoned and it can be opened without restrictions. This is an effective test of students' critical thinking and innovative thinking.
? The scope and depth of argumentation are limited. In the process of reviewing for the exam, we should pay attention to mastering the basic knowledge of argumentative writing and be able to read relatively simple argumentative writing.
? Practical articles involve many contents and a wide range of examinations. When reviewing for the exam, you need to read more and practice more when you are familiar with the basic knowledge of the text. Through careful reading and repeated training, the quality and level of practical text reading can be improved.
? (Published in Modern Chinese in 2020, high score reading, published by Xuefa Newspaper)