(1) commodity: the meaning of commodity and commodity economy; Basic attributes of commodities; The value of goods.
(2) Money: the generation of money and the function of essential money. The emergence and development of paper currency inflation and deflation.
(3) Law of value: the content, manifestation and function of the law of value.
2. The economic system in the primary stage of socialism and the socialist market economy
(1) the economic system in the primary stage of socialism: public ownership is the foundation of the socialist economic system. Consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy, encourage, support and guide the development of the non-public sector of the economy with distribution according to work as the main body and multiple modes of distribution coexisting, and establish the principle that production factors participate in distribution according to contribution. Citizens' legitimate private property is inviolable.
(2) The basic characteristics of the socialist market economy: the general characteristics of the market economy, the objectives and means of national macro-control, and the basic characteristics of the socialist market economy.
3. Enterprises and operators
(1) Enterprises are the main body of the market: enterprises and their role companies are an important form of enterprises. Large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises are the pillars of the national economy, and the shareholding system is the main form of public ownership to improve the economic benefits of enterprises.
(2) Business operators: the status of state-owned business operators and the quality of business operators.
4. Industry and workers
(1) Three major industries: agriculture is the basic industry and the leading industry of the national economy, and the tertiary industry is actively developed.
(2) Workers' rights and obligations: The basic rights and obligations of workers expand employment and create more jobs. The labor contract system is China's social security system.
5. Fiscal revenue and taxpayers
(1) National income distribution and finance: the distribution of national income and the great role of fiscal revenue and expenditure.
(2) Taxes and taxpayers: Taxes and their basic characteristics The nature and role of taxation in China is the basic obligation of citizens to pay taxes according to law.
6. Banks and depositors
(1) Banks in China: emergence of banks, classification and functions of banks, business and functions of banks, establishment and perfection of social credit system.
(2) Citizens' savings: deposit savings and its functions, bonds and commercial insurance.
7. Commodity service market and consumers
(1) Commodity service market: the content and characteristics of the commodity service market, and the principles of market transactions.
(2) Family consumption and consumers' legitimate rights and interests: The content of family consumption establishes a correct consumption concept and protects consumers' legitimate rights and interests according to law.
8. Contemporary world market and China's foreign trade.
(1) Contemporary world market: the formation and development of world market; World Trade and Finance Organization; Economic globalization; Foreign exchange and exchange rate; China's socialist market economy must face the world.
(2) Foreign trade: the basic meaning and main content of foreign trade. The mode and function of China's foreign trade are the basic principles of China's foreign trade.
Part II Philosophical Common Sense
1. materialism
Marxist philosophy is a scientific world outlook and methodology.
(1) The world is an objective material world: the existence and development of material nature and society are objective. People's activities to transform nature and society should be based on the recognition of the objectivity of nature and society.
(2) Human consciousness is a reflection of objective existence: consciousness can react to objective things, and different consciousness has different reactions to the development of objective things. The reflection of consciousness on objective things is restricted by many factors.
(3) People have subjective initiative: objective regularity and people's subjective initiative. Proceed from reality, seek truth from facts, understand the national conditions and base ourselves on the national conditions.
(4) the relationship between matter and consciousness
The relationship between matter and consciousness is the basic problem of philosophy.
Starting from reality is the fundamental foothold for people to correctly understand and effectively transform the world.
Proceed from reality and build socialism with China characteristics.
2. Dialectics
(1) Universality of connection: The connection of things is a universal and objective dialectical relationship that grasps the importance, diversity and complexity of causal connection between things.
(2) Movement and development: Movement is the fundamental attribute of matter. The universality of movement and development correctly understands the essence of development.
We should look at problems from a developmental perspective, be innovative, keep pace with the times, and learn creative thinking.
(3) Law: the universality and objectivity of law; Understand and apply the law, persist in seeking truth from facts, and act according to objective laws.
(4) Adhere to the contradiction analysis method: adhere to the dichotomy to prevent one-sided recognition of the universality and objectivity of contradictions, which is the premise of correctly treating contradictions.
(5) Concrete analysis of specific problems: universality and particularity of contradictions, major and minor aspects of major and minor contradictions.
(6) Internal cause and external cause: Internal cause and external cause adhere to the viewpoint of combining internal cause and external cause.
(7) Quantitative change and qualitative change: quantitative change, qualitative change and their relationship. The reason why quantitative change causes qualitative change is to look at the problem and adhere to the principle of moderation.
(8) The development trend of things: The general trend of things is forward, and new things will definitely overcome old things. The development of things is the unity of progress and stumbling.
(9) The opposition between dialectics and metaphysics: the fundamental view of materialist dialectics is to admit contradictions, while the fundamental view of metaphysics is to deny contradictions and treat problems in an isolated, static and one-sided way.
3. Epistemology
(1) Give play to subjective initiative: Give full play to subjective initiative, and understanding and transforming the world are restricted by subjective and objective factors.
(2) Looking at the essence through phenomena: perceptual knowledge of phenomena and essence and rational knowledge of truth are people's correct understanding of the essence of things and its development law. The fundamental task is to upgrade perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge, and grasp the role of creative thinking and rational imagination in cognition through phenomena.
(3) Practicality: the basic feature of practice. Practice plays a decisive role in understanding, and understanding reacts to practice.
4. Outlook on life and values
(1) The relationship between social existence and social consciousness: social existence determines social consciousness, and social consciousness reacts on social existence.
(2) Establish correct values
(3) Individual interests and collective interests, individual and society: the dialectical unity of individual interests and collective interests. The development of socialist market economy requires the adjustment of collectivism. Personal activities and social development restrict and interact with each other and oppose extreme individualism. In order to protect the legitimate interests of individuals, honesty should be advocated in social life and economic activities.
(4) Life value: Life value includes two aspects: individual's responsibility and contribution to society, and society's respect and satisfaction to individuals. The condition and way to realize the value of life is to get out of the misunderstanding of life values and oppose hedonism and money worship.
(5) Ideal and reality: set up lofty ideals and correctly handle the relationship between ideal and reality.
(6) Social practice: People are the subject of practice and the creator of history. They trust and rely on the masses, and their interests are above everything else. In social practice, the subjective world is transforming the objective world at the same time, realizing the unity of subjectivity and objectivity, individual and society.
Part III Political Common Sense
1. China's national system
(1) China's state system: the nature and function of the state, the people's democratic dictatorship in China and the state function in China.
(2) China's fundamental political system: the organizational form of state power; China's people's congress system; The legal status, rights and obligations of people's deputies; The meaning, content and significance of "one country, two systems" in China's national structure.
(III) State institutions in China: State institutions and their organizational systems The establishment of state institutions in China The organization and activities of state institutions in China are based on the principle of governing the country according to law.
(4) China citizens and the state: the state protects citizens' political rights and freedoms according to law, and citizens should fulfill their obligations to safeguard national interests. All citizens are equal before the law, their rights and obligations are unified, and the relationship between personal interests and national interests is unified.
2. Political parties and political party system in China.
(1) political party and political power: the characteristics of political parties, the relationship between political parties and state power, the types and functions of contemporary political party system, and the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of China's * * * production party.
(2) The nature and position of China's * * * production party: the nature of China's * * * production party, the leading position of China's * * * production party, and the way China's * * * production party leads the country.
(3) Strengthening and improving Party leadership: comprehensively strengthening and improving Party building, adhering to the Party's basic line and implementing Theory of Three Represents.
3. Nationalities and religions in China
(1) China is a unified multi-ethnic country: the basic characteristics of ethnic groups, the basic principles of handling ethnic relations in China, and the system of regional ethnic autonomy in China.
(2) China's religious policy: the essence and social function of religion. China's religious policy has established a scientific world outlook and opposed feudal superstitions.
4. The international community and China's foreign policy
(1) Contemporary international society: international relations and their determinants; Sovereign countries and their rights; Concepts and functions of international law of the United Nations and other international organizations
(2) Theme of the present era: Peace and development are the themes of the present era. Multi-polarization of the world is the essence of the tortuous development of contemporary international competition.
(3) China's foreign policy: an independent foreign policy of peace. The basic goal of China's foreign policy is the Five Principles of Peace. It is China's basic national policy to persist in opening to the outside world and strengthen international exchanges.
Part IV Current Affairs and Politics
1. Major current events at home and abroad (April 2007 to March 2008)
2. At this stage, the basic line and main policies of the China * * * production party and the China government.
Common sense of Chinese literature in senior high school
First, China ancient literature
(1). Pre-Qin literature
1. Ancient myth
China's famous ancient myth is:
Nu Wa (wā) fills the sky, Hou Yi (yì) shoots the sun, Jingwei fills the sea, (Pangu) opens the world, and the Yellow Emperor defends the enemy (chī) (Liu An: Huai Nanzi, etc. )
2. Pre-Qin prose
First, Confucian classics
"Four Books" refers to the Analects of Confucius, Mencius, the University and the Doctrine of the Mean.
The Five Classics refer to The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Book of Rites, Yijing and Chunqiu.
"Six Classics" is also called Six Arts (Music).
B. historical prose.
Zuozhuan (Chronological Style), Warring States Policy (National Style) and Guoyu (National Style).
Three biographies of Spring and Autumn Annals, Zuo Zhuan, Gu Liang Zhuan and Ram Zhuan.
C. essays of a hundred schools of thought contend with:
(1) Lao zi, Li Er, the word forever (dān), the founder of the Taoist school, the author of the Tao Te Ching.
(2) Kong Qiu, Zhong Ni. He is the founder of Confucianism, and The Analects of Confucius is a book for Confucius disciples to record the words and deeds of Confucius and his students. ("Saving the World" and "Congratulations")
(3) Mozi Zhai (dí), the founder of Mohism. Mozi 53 articles.
(4) Mencius name, word Yu Zi. The successor of Confucian school. Mencius is a book in which Mencius students record Mencius' words and deeds. The more help you get from the Tao, the less help you get from the Tao. ) Born in sorrow, died in happiness. )
⑤ Zhuangzi, named Zhou, wrote Zhuangzi by Taoism during the Warring States Period. ("My Skillful Hands Help Cattle")
⑥ Xunzi, a Confucian in the Warring States Period, wrote 32 articles of Xunzi. ("Persuade to Learn")
All landowners Han Feizi, legalist. Everything is wrong. Bian Que meets Cai Huangong and Wu Zhu, and Naoko suspects his neighbor. )
⑧ Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, also known as Lu Lan, is a collective creation of Prime Minister Qin and his disciples. ("Check in")
Pet-name ruby Reese's masterpiece is the prose "Persuade and expel guests".
③ Pre-Qin poetry
A. the book of songs The Book of Songs is China's first poetry collection, with 305 poems in total. It is divided into three categories: wind, elegance and praise. Wind is a folk song, elegance is a music song, and ode is a sacrifice song. The performance of The Book of Songs is Bi Xing Fu. "Bi" is a metaphor, which is compared with other things. "Xing" says something else first to arouse the words to be sung, and "Fu" goes straight.
B. "Chu ci". Liu Xiang, a scholar in the Western Han Dynasty, edited the works of Qu Yuan, Song Yu and others into a book, and named it Chu Ci. Qu Yuan (before 340? -Top 277? Ping Ming, a great patriotic poet in China, was a left disciple in Chu State, such as Dr. San Lv. His representative works include Li Sao, Nine Songs and Nine Chapters.
(2). Han literature
Prose of Han dynasty
(1) Jia Yi, known as Jia Sheng. Also known as Jia Changsha, Jia Taifu. The author of the ten-volume New Book. "On Qin" and "On Accumulation and Sparse Storage" are his representative works.
② Sima Qian, with a long word, was a great historian and writer. The book "Historical Records" pioneered the "biographical style", which is divided into biographies, aristocratic families, biographies, famous watches and books. Lu Xun called "Historical Records" "A historian's swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme".
(3) Ban Gu's Hanshu and Liu Xiang's Warring States Policy are both famous in history.
B. Yuefu folk songs and fu.
1. Yuefu folk songs: music, folk music; Government, government. Yuefu was originally a poem collected by the music authorities in the Han Dynasty. Peacock Flying Southeast is the peak of narrative development in Han Yuefu. It was first seen in the New Yutai Fu compiled by Xu Ling in the Southern Dynasties.
2. Fu is a synthesis of China's ancient poetry and prose.
Sima Xiangru's son Xu Fu and Shang Fulin. Jia Yi's ode to Qu Yuan is very famous.
(3). Literature of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
A. Poetry and Prose in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
1 "Three Caos". "Three Caos" are Cao Shi's father and son Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi. Cao Cao's view of the sea, Cao Pi's vast journey, Cao Zhi's famous white horse and Luo Shenfu are all famous.
② Seven sons of Jian 'an refer to Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu (y incarnation), Angelababy (yáng) and Serina Liu. Wang Shen's seven-wound poem is his highest achievement.
(3) "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest" refers to seven authors such as Ji Kang, Ruan Ji and Xiang Embroidery.
(4) Tao Yuanming, whose real name is Qian and whose word is Ming, is known as Mr. Jingjie. Peach Blossom Garden, returning home, returning to the garden and drinking are all masterpieces handed down from generation to generation.
⑤ Besides, Zhuge Liang's Model, Ye Fan's History of the Later Han Dynasty, Chen Shou's History of the Three Kingdoms, Wang Xizhi's Preface to the Lanting Pavilion, Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long and Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics all go down in history.
B. novels of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. (the development period of the novel)
(1) Mysterious novels are represented by Gan Bao's Search for Ji Shen. Mo Xie.
② Anecdotal novels are represented by Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu. Zhou Chu.
(D) Literature of the Tang Dynasty
1. Tang poetry
① "Four Great Masters in Early Tang Dynasty": Yang Jiong, Lu and Luo. Wang Bo's Send Du Shaofu to Ren Shuchuan and Preface to Wang Tengting are both famous.
② "pastoral poets" Wang Wei and Meng Haoran. Wang is a great poet and a famous "painter and musician"; People say that he "has pictures in his poems and poems in his paintings". His representative works include Embattled, Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains and so on. Meng Haoran is a close friend of Wang Wei, and his famous work is Passing the Old People's Village.
Author: Kaka's wife replied to this remark 2008-1-1817: 46.
-
4 Reply: Common sense of high school literature
Second, modern literature (1840- 19 18)
Gong Zizhen, a thinker and writer in the Qing Dynasty, wrote "Jihai Miscellaneous Work", the main text of which is "Sick Plum Restaurant". Liang Qichao, whose real name is Zhuo Ru, is a public man, and he is the author of "Collected Works of Drinking Ice Room".
Wang Guowei, a modern scholar, is the author of "thorns on earth".
Lin Juemin, whose word means hole, wrote a famous book with his wife.
Sun Wen, also known as Sun Yat-sen, was the pioneer of China's democratic revolution. Author of The Complete Works of Sun Yat-sen (Preface of Seventy-two Martyrs in Huanghuagang).
Three. Modern literature (19 19- 1949)
Lu Xun was originally named Zhou Shuren. He is the author of the novel Scream (including Diary of a Madman, Medicine, The True Story of Ah Q, Hometown, etc. ), wandering (including praying and mourning the past, etc. ) and new stories.
Mao Dun's original name was Shen Dehong, and his name was Yan Bing. The masterpiece novel Midnight, his "rural trilogy" is Spring Silkworm, Autumn Harvest and Can Winter.
Ba Jin: Formerly known as Li Yaotang, his main works are Riptide Trilogy, Home, Spring and Autumn. Love trilogy, fog, rain, electricity.
Lao She was originally named Shu Qingchun. His main works are Camel Xiangzi, Four Generations under One Family, Crescent Moon, Longxugou, Teahouse after Liberation and so on.
In addition, Ye Shengtao's Ni Huanzhi, Qian Zhongshu's Fortress Besieged, Shen Congwen's Border Town and Yu Dafu's Sinking are all famous works.
Guo Moruo, formerly named Guo Kaizhen. Its representative is the poetry collection Goddess. Later, he wrote Qu Yuan, Khufu and Gao Jian Li.
Cao Yu's Thunderstorm is an outstanding realistic tragedy. He has also written famous works such as Peking Man, Sunrise and Wang Zhaojun.
In addition, there are contract workers in Xia Yan, such as Moonlight on the Lotus Pond by Zhu Ziqing and Back, Send a Little Scholar and Little Orange Lantern by Bing Xin, Dayan River by Ai Qing and My Nanny, and Flowers in the Morning and Weeds by Lu Xun are all masterpieces.
Author: Kaka's wife replied to this speech on 2008-1-1817: 48.
-
5 Reply: Common sense of high school literature
Four. Contemporary Literature (1949-2005)
1. Zhou Libo's The Tempest and Ding Ling's The Sun Shines on the Sanggan River won the Stalin Literature Prize.
Zhao Shuli's Marriage of Little Black Boys and Li Youcai's Banhua.
Chronology of Baiyangdian Lake and Lianhua Lake by Sun Li
Yang Mo's Song of Youth
Liu Qing's entrepreneurial history
Gu Hua's furong town are all masterpieces.
The novelists who have risen in the contemporary era include, Cong, Wang Meng, Lu Yao, Ke Yunlu, Zhang Hangxing, Wang Anyi and Jia Pingwa.
2. Contemporary poetry, prose and drama by Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang by Li Ji.
Premier Zhou of Ke Yan, where am I? 》
The White-haired Girl by He Jingzhi and Yi Ding
Polaris of Wu Boxiao.
Yang Shuo Camellia Fu
Flower City in Qin Mu
Liu's Three Gorges of the Yangtze River
Bi Ye Qing Tian Zhao Tianshan Mountain
Shu Ting's The Oak
Verb (abbreviation of verb) common sense of foreign literature
Prehistoric myth
1, Ancient Greek Myth: Homer's Epic (Iliad and Odyssey)
2. Ancient Hebrew Myth: Bible (Complete Works of John)
3. In Asia, there is Arabian Nights (also called Arabian Nights), which is a collection of ancient Arab folk stories.
(2) the Greek and Roman times
1, prose
Utopia (Plato) and Poetics (Aristotle)
2. Drama
Prometheus in slavery (Aeschylus)
3. Fable
Aesop's Fables is said to have been written by a slave named Aesop.
(Mosquito and Lion, Hermes and Statue Maker)
(3) Medieval literature
1, knight literature
2. Italian literature
Dante (1265- 132 1) divine comedy
(4) Renaissance
1, Italian short story writer Boccaccio, author of decameron.
2. rabelais, a Frenchman, wrote Biography of the Giant.
The Spaniard Cervantes wrote Don Quixote.
4. The great English playwright Shakespeare. He has written more than thirty plays. Among them, Hamlet, King Lear and Othello Macbeth are four great tragedies. Romeo and Zhu and The Merchant of Venice are enduring.
(5), classicism
Representative works of French writer Moliere: Miser (Abagon), Hypocrite (Eldorf) and Don Juan.
(6) Enlightenment literature
German: Goethe's Faust and Young Werther.
Schiller's Plot and Love (Script)
France: Montesquieu's Notes on Persians
Rousseau's Confessions
Author: Kaka's wife replied to this speech on 2008-1-1817: 48.
-
6 Reply: Common sense of high school literature
(7) Romantic literature
Britain:
Byron's Don Juan (poetic novel)
Defoe's Robinson Crusoe
Ode to the west wind of Shelley (poem) to lark.
France:
Hugo Notre Dame de Paris, Les Miserables, 93
Flaubert's Madame Bovary
United States:
Whitman's Leaves of Grass (Poetry)
(8)19th century European and American critical realism writers name country.
Stendhal's Red and Black and Fanina Fagnini's Law
Balzac's Human Comedy and Eugenie Grandet's Law
Bel ami, boule de suif and Necklace Method in Mo Bosang
Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities and david copperfield
Pushkin's yevgeni onegin and Comfort Daughter.
Nicholas Nikolai Gogol's Dead Soul, Coat and Imperial Envoy
Tolstoy's War and Peace, Anna karenin and Resurrection.
Chekhov's The Sixth Ward and The Trapped and the Chameleon
O Henry's The Magi, the Police and the Gift of Hymns
Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Running for Governor
Author: Kaka's wife replied to this speech on 2008-1-1817: 48.
-
8 Reply: Common sense of high school literature
⑥ Yuefu New Yuefu
Yuefu, originally the official name in charge of music in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, later became a poetic name. Music songs collected and created by Yuefu government in Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties are called Yuefu for short. Xinle House was founded in the early Tang Dynasty. In the early Tang Dynasty, poets wrote Yuefu poems, except following the old poems of Yuefu in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, a few poets created new poems, which were different from the original rhyme, so they were called new Yuefu, and the name of the new Yuefu was determined by Bai Juyi.
⑦ Title inscription
There is a strict difference between the title of a word and the epigraph. The title of the word is the embodiment of the content of the word, and the epigraph is the name of the tune of the word. For example, in Niannujiao Nostalgia at Chibi, Niannujiao is a epigraph and Chibi Nostalgia is a word name, which reveals that the word is lyrical and the place is Chibi. A word must have a epigraph, but not necessarily a title. A word or paragraph is called "Que", and "Que" means the end of music.
⑧ Bold and graceful.
Bold school and graceful school are two major schools in Song Dynasty. Bold works are bold and unconstrained, full of lofty sentiments and ambitions, giving people a positive force. The representative poets are mainly Su Shi and Xin Qiji. Graceful and restrained works have beautiful and subtle language, lingering feelings, relaxed and lively artistic conception, deep parting sorrow or bitterness, fine carving and narrow subject matter. They often write about personal experiences, love between men and women, and occasionally write about the scenery, blending their feelings into the scenery. Representative poets are Liu Yong, Qin Guan and Li Qingzhao.
Pet-name ruby Sanqu
Sanqu is a kind of songs played in harmony, which rose in the Song and Yuan Dynasties and degenerated from words. Style is similar to writing but freer than writing, so you can add lines to the number of words. Use spoken English more. Sanqu includes two forms: poems and sets of numbers. There is only one tune in this poem, such as "Yue Diao Jing Tian Kill Qiu Si" and only one song "Jing Tian Kill". The number of sets is to combine multiple tunes in one tune into one set, which is a coherent set of tunes in traditional Chinese opera or Sanqu. The number of a set of songs is uncertain, ranging from two to more. Each set of numbers takes the name of the first song as the name of the whole set of songs; The whole song must be the same palace tune, with a beginning and an end, and the end rhymes; Use "sand" at the end, and there is no rule on how many times to use it. For example, The Return of Great Grandfather contains eight tunes belonging to Gongdiao, and Whispering is the name of this tune as well as the whole tune.
Attending Yuan Zaju
Zaju is a literary style developed on the basis of Zhu Gong dialect in Song and Jin Dynasties, and it is a traditional opera art form integrating singing, guest singing, dancing and acting. Generally, each book is 40% off (or 50% off or 60% off) in structure, and a "wedge" is added if necessary. Each fold consists of several tunes in the same palace tune (see 1 1 below). Zaju can be divided into Dan Ben (the lead singer of the heroine) and the last Ben (the lead singer of the hero). For example, Dou Eyuan is Ben Dan. The script of Yuan Zaju is composed of "Ke", "Singing" and "Bai", in which "Ke" is the regulation of main movements, expressions and stage effects. "Singing" is the lyrics; "White" is the guest white, which can be divided into dialogue (dialogue between characters), monologue (self-narration of characters), narration (self-narration behind other characters) and white dyeing (interruption in lyrics). The main roles of Yuan Zaju are: Dan (female role), the heroine is called, and the supporting roles are vice Dan, foreign Dan and so on. End (male role), the leading role is called the end, and the supporting role is the deputy end, the outer end and the small end. Outer (outer end), pretending to be an elderly person; Screen name, commonly known as big face, plays more roles with special personality and appearance (such as Zhang Fei and Li Kui JY); Ugliness, commonly known as small face, mostly plays a secondary role in men; Bo er who plays an old woman.
1 1 Gongdiao Qupai
Qupai, like epigraph, is a musical form of Qu. Different qupai are often different in word number, level tone and rhyme. For example, Rolling Hydrangea, Boring Preface, Happy Three, Sifangjing, Chao, Man and Five Shames in Farewell Pavilion are all Qupai. Each qupai must belong to a palace tune in rhyme; Some have several tunes under a palace tune; Gongdiao is a musical term, indicating the high and low voice. For example, Gong Zheng's Farewell to Changting is a kind of Gongdiao.
12 couplet
Words are equal and parts of speech are relative. The last word of the first couplet is generally a vowel, that is, the three or four tones of modern Chinese, and the last word of the second couplet is a flat vowel, that is, Yin Ping and Yang Ping, which people often say.
Other ancient literary genres
1 fu.
It is a style that emphasizes literary talent and rhythm and has the nature of poetry and prose. Its main characteristics are: "scenery-oriented, scenery to convey feelings." The one that first appeared in hundred schools of thought's essays is called "short fu"; The "Sao Style" represented by Qu Yuan is the transition from poetry to fu, and the fu at this time is called "Sao Fu"; The style of Fu was formally established in the Han Dynasty, which is called "Ci Fu". After Wei and Jin Dynasties, it developed in the direction of parallel prose, which was called "parallel prose". In the Tang dynasty, another parallel body was transferred to the legal body, which was called "fa fu"; Prose Fu from Tang Dynasty to Song Dynasty is called "Wen Fu". Such as Tu Mu's Epang Palace Fu.
Author: Kaka's wife replied to this speech on 2008-1-1817: 49.
-
9 Reply: Common sense of high school literature
(2) parallel prose.
It originated in the Han and Wei Dynasties, formed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and prevailed in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. It is composed of four characters and six characters alternately, which is also called "Si Liu Wen". Parallel prose often affects its content expression because of accommodating sentence patterns. After Han and Liu advocated the ancient prose movement in Tang Dynasty, parallel prose gradually declined. K#+
(3) debate. Debate is to distinguish right from wrong, not true and false. Its characteristic is to express one's views by refuting wrong arguments or discriminating certain facts. For example, Liu Zongyuan's Debate on Tung Leaves.
4 original text.
Originally, it means to study the origin, which is an ancient argumentative style. This style is a fundamental investigation and discussion of a certain theory, proposition, political system or social custom, so as to put forward one's own views. For example, Yuan Jun by Huang Zongxi.
5] theory.
Theory is a prose style. "Selected Works of Zhaoming" said: "There are two kinds of theories. One is the theory of history, which is the judgment of good and evil made by loyal ministers at the end of biographies. For example, after Historical Records,' Tai Shigong said ...'. Second, the correct theory, bachelor's and doctor's comments on ancient and modern figures or comments on classics and history are correct, such as The Six Kingdoms and The Qin Dynasty. "
[6] said.
It is also a style of ancient argument explanation, similar to theory. The preface of the article holds that "the speaker, that is, the interpreter, explains the meaning and explains it in his own mind." Such as Teacher's Talk and Snake Catcher's Talk. Some of these articles focus on discussion, while others focus on narration and narration. Some are close to the "theory" of literary prose, and generally do not use "theory", such as "Ailian Theory"; Some argumentative papers can use "say" or "discuss".
(7) commemoration.
It is the general name of the memorial presented by the ancient courtiers to the emperor. Including play, discussion, reconciliation, expression, countermeasures and so on. "Sparse" is the meaning expressed in different articles, such as Jia Yi's On Accumulation; "Table" is a statement of some opinions or things, such as Chen Qingbiao by Shi Mi; "Countermeasures" means that in ancient examinations, the topic was written on strategies, and the candidates were asked to answer the strategies. The articles answered by the candidates were called countermeasures, such as Su Shi's "Teaching War and Defending Strategies".
As a preface and postscript.
Foreword, also known as preface or introduction, is the preface of a book, and its nature is just like today's foreword and preface written in front of a book or an article are generally called preface, while those listed at the back of the book are generally called postscript or postscript. This kind of article, which explains the writing purpose, introduces the writing style and content, belongs to explanatory articles; Comments on the author's works or explanations are argumentative. For example, we have studied Preface to Lanting Collection, Preface to Yuxi Poetry, Preface to Wang Tengting and Preface to Lingguan.
Pet-name ruby gift sequence. In ancient times, poetry was used to bid farewell, which was called the preface of giving and answering; Later, any farewell words that were not attached to the poem were also called preface. There are many words of praise, praise or encouragement. For example, Song Lian's Preface to Sending Ma Sheng to Dongyang.
⑽ Ming.
In ancient times, words carved on objects to warn themselves or describe merits were called "Ming". Inscriptions carved on the tablet and placed on the right side of the case are called "mottos", such as Liu Yuxi's "Humble Room Inscription". Engraved on stone tablets, describing the life of the deceased and praising the memory are called "epitaphs", such as Han Yu's "Liu Zihou Epitaph".
⑾ eulogy.
Articles read when offering sacrifices to the dead or gods such as heaven, earth, mountains and rivers. There are two kinds of verse and prose. The content is to remember the main experiences of the deceased before his death, to praise his main moral character and achievements, to mourn and to inspire the living. Such as Han Yu's "Sacrifice to Twelve Lang Wen".
⑿ Notes.
A kind of article characterized by notes and short length. Its content is rich, or historical anecdotes, or anecdotes, or literary essays, or character comments, or scientific sketches, or textual research, or reading miscellaneous notes. Such as Shi Shuo Xin Yu.
[13] fable.
This is a story with warning or irony. "Accommodation" is sustenance. It usually puts profound truth into simple stories to compare with each other, borrow the small to compare the big, borrow the ancient to compare the present, and is used to using anthropomorphic methods. Such as "Zheng Ren buys shoes".
[14] Legend.
One of the novel genres. Named for its bizarre and magical plot. Generally, it refers to short stories written in classical Chinese in Tang and Song Dynasties, such as Liu Yichuan. Later, because most of the "legends" were based on rap and opera, Song and Yuan operas, Yuan zaju operas and Ming and Qing operas were also called "legends". Rukong's Peach Blossom Fan.
Sixth, the style of history books
⑴ Chronological style: arranging related historical events with time as a clue, such as Zuo Zhuan.
(2) Country style: Historical events are described by country, such as Mandarin and Warring States Policy.
⑶ Biography: Reflect historical events by describing the activities of characters, such as Historical Records.
⑷ Chronicle: Focusing on events, collecting relevant special materials, such as Yuan Shu's Zi Zhi Tong Jian.
5. General history: describe the historical events of several dynasties continuously, such as Historical Records.
(6) Chronicle: Describe the history of a certain period or dynasty, such as Hanshu.
Note: A history book can often be classified into different styles at the same time. For example, Historical Records belongs to biographical style and general history, while The History of the Three Kingdoms belongs to biographical style, national style and dynastic history.