1. Dating: It is to identify the relative firing age of an ancient porcelain. It is also called "dating by stages" and "queuing objects". In ancient porcelain, most of the artifacts have no dating, and some have dating. The former first solves the problem of dating, while the latter has the problem of distinguishing the authenticity from the imitation age of fake goods. The determination of Jingdezhen ancient porcelain generally requires the following time division: the Five Dynasties, the early, middle and late Song Dynasty, the first half of the Yuan Dynasty, and the Ming and Qing Dynasties. However, staging according to the emperor's year number is for the convenience of expression. It is by no means that the characteristics of products change with the change of emperors, but with the emergence of new technologies and new materials, the change of people's aesthetic and living habits, and the renewal of generations of potters, which changes gradually along the artistic development routine of inheritance, innovation, re-inheritance and re-innovation. So when we are dating, it is very important to grasp the general trend of product evolution.
With the extensive application of modern natural science research results in archaeology, the "TL" method has been used to determine the firing age of ancient porcelain in recent ten years, and the error can reach within 65438 00%. However, this method often requires drilling to take out a small number of specimens, which is harmful to cultural relics. In addition, it is not suitable for those "post-painted" or "post-burned" vessels, or vessels that have been exposed to sun and heat. At present, it is still very important to use visual inspection, that is, to use scientific instruments to promote the dating of ancient porcelain, and it must also be combined with people's actual identification experience, just as advanced diagnostic instruments in medicine can not completely replace doctors' clinical diagnosis.
2. Distinction between authenticity and falsehood: The products of famous kilns affect the production of other kilns, which is a common thing in commodity production. For example, the "crab shell" celadon produced by Jingdezhen in the Five Dynasties was deeply influenced by Yueyao celadon in terms of tires, glazes and shapes, but it was not antique. From the perspective of ancient porcelain identification, it belongs to the kiln mouth, not the content of authenticity. Distinguishing between authenticity and falsehood is to distinguish fakes that intentionally copy the previous generation products. That is to say, "antiques" and "real goods" were identified. Jingdezhen Chenghua Imperial Kiln Factory in Ming Dynasty is very similar to Longquan Ge Kiln pattern porcelain in Song Dynasty. During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, there were many small workshops specializing in making antiques, some of which reached the level of confusing the real with the fake. At this time, foreign barter almost became an antique trade. After liberation, antique porcelain production is still a part of porcelain production. In this way, the "ancient porcelain" handed down from generation to generation is full of fakes. When we identify ancient porcelain, we should conscientiously do a good job of "removing the false and retaining the true".
3. Judgment of advantages and disadvantages: that is, to identify the quality and value of ancient porcelain. Quality refers to whether the ancient porcelain itself has various defects caused by firing or use, such as deformation, cracks, perforation, yellowing, glaze sticking, glaze grinding, glaze shrinkage, glaze stripping, decoloration, discoloration and color filling. Value-refers to the historical, technical and artistic value of an ancient porcelain. Historical value means that the product has an absolute or relative firing age, which can be used as a basis for dating; Can prove the age of creation or decline of a variety; It can confirm the exchange of skills between China and foreign countries or reflect a historical fact. Scientific and technological value means that this product can reflect the development process of ancient porcelain-making technology and the scientific and technological achievements of porcelain-making industry; It can reflect the innovation, creation and superb skills of porcelain industry. The artistic value depends on the three basic elements that constitute the beauty of products: whether the artistic treatment of porcelain, porcelain and decoration is high, whether it is harmonious and unified, and whether it can represent the artistic level and style of ceramics in a certain period. In addition, rare products at home and abroad are often precious.
4, broken kiln mouth: that is, identify the origin of the product. In Tang Dynasty Tea Classic, Lu Yu also evaluated the tea bowls in different porcelain producing areas, saying, "Bowl, Yuezhou, Dingzhou, Wuzhou, Yuezhou, Shouzhou and Hongzhou ...". Xing porcelain is silver, the more porcelain is jade, and Xing is not as good as Yue. If porcelain flourishes like snow, the colder it is, the less prosperous it is than the moon. Xing porcelain is white, the more porcelain is green and tan green, and Xing is not as good as Yue San ... "This is the name of the kiln mouth that praised the product earlier in ancient literature. With the development of porcelain industry, there are more and more naming methods for kiln mouths, which can be summarized into four main ways.
(1) is named after the burning place. Such as Longquan kiln in Zhejiang, Dehua kiln in Fujian, Jizhou kiln in Jiangxi and Hutian kiln in Jingdezhen. , this naming method is more common.
(2) Named after the surname of a kiln master craftsman. For example, the pottery (jade) kiln and Huo (middle and early) kiln in Jingdezhen in the Tang Dynasty, Cuigong kiln and Zhou (Danquan) kiln in the Ming Dynasty, Lang (Tingji) kiln, Nian (Nian) kiln and Tang (Ying) kiln in the Qing Dynasty.
(3) Named according to the firing age. For example, the official kilns in Jingdezhen in Ming Dynasty are usually called Yongle Kiln, Xuande Kiln and Chenghua Kiln respectively.
(4) Named according to the identity of product users, such as official kiln, folk kiln, Shufu kiln, etc. The so-called official kiln is a kiln that produces all kinds of porcelain for the exclusive use of the imperial court and the royal family (including porcelain used by the emperor to reward tribute countries and envoys, or to reward ministers and relatives), also known as imperial kiln. For example, the Bianjing Palace in the Northern Song Dynasty, the official kiln in Hangzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty, the official kiln in Jingdezhen and the official kiln in the Yuan Dynasty, and the official kiln in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (also called official kiln and factory official kiln). The so-called folk kiln is a private handicraft workshop that produces folk porcelain to meet the needs of people at home and abroad.
At the same time, different kiln mouth products have obvious differences and similarities, which need us to distinguish. The local characteristics of products are mainly formed by different raw materials. Therefore, the broken kiln mouth mainly depends on the tire and glaze characteristics of the product, followed by factors such as technology, modeling and decoration.
Identification method of ancient porcelain
It can only be identified by comparison. Typological classification is a common method for visual identification of ancient materials. Generally, utensils are classified according to their shapes and ornamentation, or bowls of different times are systematically arranged, or multicolored, blue-and-white and monochromatic glazes of different times are systematically arranged respectively. In the comparison, we should make full use of the five points mentioned above to solve the four main contents of the appraisal.
In the case that the products of a certain era have not yet obtained the "standard", the method of "looking at both ends and confirming in the middle" is adopted. For example, when American Popper identified Hongwu blue and white flowers, he first looked at Yuan's "perfect" blue and white flowers, and then looked at the blue and white flowers of Yongle and Xuande in Ming Dynasty with official kiln years. Those blue-and-white porcelains that are similar to Yuan blue-and-white porcelains but have some characteristics of Ming Yongle and Xuande blue-and-white porcelains are Ming Hongwu blue-and-white porcelains. Because the products of any period will inevitably have many factors of "connecting the past with the future". When appraising, look forward, think backward, think left and right, and you will come to the correct conclusion.
When a product that needs to be identified is in front of us, how to analyze its firing age and kiln mouth? That is to say, what aspects of the utensils themselves can reflect their real firing age and kiln mouth? We call the factors that can reflect the firing time and kiln mouth the age factor.
General differences between ancient porcelain and new porcelain
1, the glaze surface of ancient porcelain has no dazzling floating light (dry light), and the luster is as quiet as jade; New porcelain has dazzling floating light, but antique porcelain is often treated to remove floating light. The main methods are: (1) coating or dipping in dilute acid, but the glaze is pale and scars can be seen under a magnifying glass. (2) Polished with animal skin, but countless parallel fine stripes are seen under the magnifying glass. (3) Tea leaves with a small amount of alkali are boiled or smoked for a long time, and the glaze color is not correct. (4) Long burial time.
2. The unearthed ancient porcelain rusts into the glaze, and the forger's soil rust adheres to the surface and is removed by washing with water.
3. Porcelain decoration, the real person's pen (knife) is smooth and natural, while the dummy is stiff, artificial, dull and lacking in vitality.
4. The golden color of ancient porcelain is easy to change color or leave only traces after being worn for a long time; The new porcelain is resplendent and dazzling.
5. The low-temperature lead glaze of ancient porcelain has a layer of silver on the glaze surface, and the green glaze of melon skin is more obvious, but the new porcelain does not.
6. Over-glazed porcelain (multicolored, pastel and antique) generally lasts 100 years, and there is a "rainbow" halo around the color under the illumination of light. Some glazed colored porcelain that are only 60 years apart will also have this phenomenon, but the older it is, the more obvious it is.
7. It has been common since Guangxu, but rarely after liberation. Whether it is a post-hanging color depends on the following aspects: (1) whether the glaze color has the color characteristics at that time; (2) Whether the layout, image and pen of the pattern have the style at that time. After adding color, the painting was stiff, stiff and slender, lacking the style of the time. (3) Whether the pattern is pressed on the glaze scar or not, it is inevitable to add color after this phenomenon appears; (4) After coloring, the gloss is generally strong. In addition, there are phenomena such as adding money, changing the bottom, changing the money, changing the mouth, supplementing the color, and incomplete repairs. Are often encountered in the identification, we must find it carefully.
Hope to adopt, thank you.