Liu Zongyuan advocated "Ming Dow as a writer" (a reply to Wei Zhongli's book "Teacher's Way"), and combined the article with practice. Although he is "extremely sensitive" (Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Volume 168), he is useless to the world, and his feelings of depression and resentment are very strong. After being demoted, he was in sin and slander, and was in adversity, so the metaphor was obscure; And strong feelings are hard to control, so the article is very sharp and sharp. His fable is the result of careful observation and deep thinking on social life, which has strong reality and profound philosophy.
There is a small preface at the beginning of the three commandments, which explains the author's writing intention and warns those who "don't know how to push themselves and others, but show off things" Chang 'an thinks: "Elks don't know each other, donkeys don't know their friends, and when they steal, they are violent, and they are also rats" (Volume 14 of "Ancient prose covered with gold").
However, after reading Elk by the River, it is difficult for us to regard Elk as an "alien" animal, but a naive, naive and simple-minded image of "the dog is kind to my friend". When he was a child, he was adopted by the "people by the river" and has been friends with the domestic dog for a long time. He is a little older. It makes sense to be a "selfless elk". How can an uneducated elk know its enemies and friends? Therefore, he is an idiot who lacks the consciousness of good and evil, does not argue with enemies and friends, and does not distinguish right from wrong. At the same time, it is a very servile image, and only the owner listens. It is completely friendly to get along with dogs, and we can't see "dry" (dry, guilty). -"Shuowen") behavior, but an incarnation fooled by the owner. It is difficult for us to associate elk with "guiding the situation", and it is more appropriate to say that it "does not know how to push others". "Ignorance" shows its theme. In other words, its behavior is caused by the local protection of its owner, so that its awareness of prevention is indifferent and it does not understand the law of the jungle of nature. As Lin Shu said: "The love of elk is naive." (Chinese research method). In a word, elk gives us the image of an ignorant idiot, who knows neither each other nor his confidant. Its death makes us feel sorry for it.
In the article Donkey of Guizhou, it is also a good thing to be a "busybody". Putting a good farm animal at the foot of the mountain is "useless", which makes the donkey who is determined to farm in the field have a unique talent and can't display it, making the donkey a "waste". It's really useless for heroes! This "meddlesome" can be seen in his "donkey" way. I think, here, Lv Qian's sorrow is no less than that of a swift horse "humiliated by a slave and died in a ditch" (Miscellanies of Han Yu). I don't know if Liu Zongyuan is right, but we vaguely see Liu Zongyuan's shadow, "Things are useless to the world, and Tao is out of keeping with the times" (Liu Zihou) No one appreciates the talent of Maxima, which is the ignorance of others. The "good guy" thinks that the donkey is useless because it is the ignorance of the "good guy" when it first sees the tiger. It must be ignorant of its opponents: its past environment may be a peaceful pastoral life environment, without struggle and competition. This kind donkey doesn't know that there are carnivores who don't do farm work in this world. The donkey's singing is like a swift horse "singing without understanding its meaning" (Han Yu's Miscellanies). Perhaps just like Liu Zongyuan's "taking a stranger as his own responsibility", he is determined to reform graft. We know that donkeys are naturally kind and hardworking; Its ambition is not the competition between animals, but the fields, farming and transportation. If we say, "the donkey is exhausted", it is that the donkey is exhausted. The tiger depicted by Liu Zongyuan represents monarchical power, eunuch power and dark social system, such as Snake Catcher. Liu Zongyuan's "I don't know who is stupid, I can't be strong ... I'm young and smart, I don't know if I'm honest or dishonest, but I want to be outspoken and fall into the criminal law ("A Letter to Xu Jingzhao and Meng ") just like Guizhou donkey. At the end of the article: "If you can't show your skills, although the tiger is fierce and suspicious, the pawn dare not take it." This sentence is exactly the same as "When Zi Hou was in Taiwan Province, he was self-controlled and could attack history like Sima". Eunuchs are powerful and angry with "officials" for their skills, which makes them be demoted and even unforgivable for life; Perhaps, this just shows his complex psychological process after the failure of political struggle: depression, regret and even despair. In Yuxi Dui, the wise man "skillfully grasps the handle of the son of heaven, and has a department to give birth to the world", while the fool "is ashamed of ignorance when he touches the crime". These profound satires contain complaints and sarcasm, and they condemn this world where right and wrong are indistinguishable and virtuous and foolish are upside down. Who can say that Donkey of Guizhou has no objection?
"Sad husband!" Lv Qian is miserable because it didn't learn to "fight". If the donkey learned to fight, it wouldn't be called a donkey. The donkey is sad because it can't go back to the field. If the "nosy person" puts the "donkey" back in the field, then the donkey must be the farmer's right-hand man; As for sadness, it is the ignorance and boredom of "busybodies". Qian Donkey: Qu Yuan, an ancient man, followed by Yue Fei. They are determined to serve their country, but the monarch thinks it useless to put them at the foot of the mountain. Qu Yuan also had a hit "Li Sao"; However, Yue Fei didn't have "one skill", so he was accused of "unwarranted" and was finally harmed by "tiger". Isn't his death sad?
Visible, donkey meets tiger, if there is no "human lift" ("Liu Zihou Epitaph"), the donkey will die.
Different people have different understandings of an article: Lin Shu thinks "The Donkeys in Guizhou": "Donkeys are safe, but they are dead. Only when you are angry will you die soon ... Therefore, it is better for a gentleman not to try his best in troubled times "(Han Liu Wen Research Law and Liu Wen Research Law). I can't agree here: "I won't make a skill". When will I make a skill? Don't try again when you meet the weak? Do nothing in the face of powerful evil forces? We should advocate "the way of doing things in the world" ... unyielding "(Mencius Teng Wengong II). "Newborn calves are not afraid of tigers" is a kind of spirit after all.
Yongmou's mouse successfully created a typical "character" in a typical environment-the first generation of rats;
In a normal living environment, no one will raise mice to "avoid the sun"; However, in the normal living environment, there are too many powerful people, and for various reasons, they love to appoint some incompetent "rats" as officials, which leads to the growing influence of rats, which can be described as "small people succeed." Eunuch's autocratic power, the reversal of right and wrong, and no hesitation are the goals of Liu Zongyuan and others to eradicate the drawbacks.
Yong's family is an image of morbid personality, "afraid of the sun, taboo big differences", its wrong world outlook, and its way of maintaining the family must be wrong. A word "ban" shows its great power; Although he is ignorant, he is still the "master" of the family. Maybe he is one of us. In his jurisdiction, "because he loves mice, he doesn't care about cats and dogs." He is good or bad, and his friends and enemies don't argue. Far from being a gentleman, he loves villains, which shows his master's fatuity. So his way of employing people must be cronyism, not meritocracy. In Yong's view, the behavior of mice is normal, and he provides a good social environment for mice. So they have status and privileges. Rats take this opportunity to wantonly commit atrocities and take advantage of profits, just like the behavior of a group of corrupt officials, which really harms the country and the people. "Walking with people during the day", during the day, they swarmed and swaggered through the city; Even at night, "stealing and beating" disturbs the people, so "Tong" has no right to kill rats. The reality is the same, and the people have no right to punish corrupt officials. I think there are a lot of belongings in the mouse hole, all of which are "human cream", but because of the shelter of the owner, "it doesn't hurt to be full", so it is more appropriate to describe Yong's family and mice as birds of a feather.
More than a thousand years later, you can still see the "Yong's mouse". All kinds of corruption in society are concentrated in the author's pen. With a few strokes, the author vividly outlines the image of a corrupt official, whose shape is visible and his voice is audible.
Through reading the full text, we can see that a typical pedantic, overbearing and ignorant psychopath, because he has mastered the rights of a family, has formed a specific typical environment, in which people and mice were born, filled with smoke. Yongmou's morbid psychology is the premise of rats' rampage. It can be said that the existence of mice has its contingency and inevitability. In the final analysis, it is the corruption of employing people forever. It is encouraging that the clever "offspring will come back to life" to fake cats, buy kittens and kill mice.
In "Yong's House Mouse", the author's attitude is positive, and there are not many pens at the end, but it reveals the philosophy of life: extremes meet, and fortunes depend on each other. This is a sign that people should not show their arrogance and violent theft. In short, Yongmou's mouse is like a sharp dagger, stabbing at social corruption, alert and profound, and still satirizing some social phenomena.
The essence of fable is its implication, which should be of educational significance. After reading it, people's souls will be shocked, wake up like a dream, take a warning, and its main purpose should be positive.
Although the donkey in Guizhou is widely circulated, it will always make people feel depressed after reading it. Maybe it's a little pathetic to use the donkey as a metaphor. I wonder how farmers feel after reading it. Animal metaphors should be appropriate to make people understand what they are doing. If the eternal "mouse" is replaced by a dove symbolizing peace, it will inevitably lead to ambiguity, which shows the importance of metaphor. The author's description of "mouse" and the image of both form and spirit are just right, which makes people feel disgusted. Both elk and donkeys are kind animals, and it is difficult for people to be malicious, which may be an obstacle for us to fully understand their true meaning. Rats make people scoff at it, which is disgusting, and at the same time, the "rat generation" itself has a disgraceful meaning; Having said that, we can't help thinking of "saying", which has become the code name of corrupt officials. Therefore, Yong's metaphor of "mouse" is just right. In short, after reading three fables, I know that the elk is pitiful, the donkey is pitiful and the mouse is hateful.
The three stories have strong artistic appeal, vividly depicting the unique forms of six animals, as if people were there.
Through the use of exaggeration, the article adds a sense of humor; Personalized description enhances the interest of the story: "forgetting that you are an elk and thinking that dogs are good friends" is a completely personalized psychological activity; Another example is: "the tiger is happy, so he says' stop this ear'", as if the tiger were talking to himself there; "Tell each other because of the mouse (never kill the mouse)", as if the mouse understood the human language.
In a word, Liu Zongyuan's three fables mainly tell stories, and there is a note at the end to show his meaning, such as "Elk by the River". What to understand, let readers think for themselves, or lead to his meaning: "He is full and harmless!"
The language is concise and sharp, and the word "spit" vividly describes the image of the dog, which not only shows the dog's greed, but also shows the dog's helplessness. "Peeping into the Woods" shows the tiger's timidity and its caution. The word "forbidden" shows the power of the master. "Walking with people during the day", a short sentence, let us see the mice jumping up and down across the street swimming happily in the crowd. If corrupt officials see this, they must be ashamed, right?
There is no doubt that the value of a literary work depends on the content and form, and the content occupies a major position in it. As the central idea, the evaluation should change with the change of society, because social existence determines social consciousness. Donkeys in Guizhou warns us not to "get angry with skills" to avoid getting into trouble. In fact, whether there is a skill or not may be the same result, but the key is to have spirit and not bully the weak and fear the hard. Aren't Qu Yuan and Yue Fei always our role models? Qian's Donkey is slightly inferior in theme because it is not suitable for metaphor of animals. Therefore, as far as its ideological content and warning are concerned, I respect the warning of the article "The Mouse of Yong", which has profound implications, criticizes the current disadvantages, reveals the objective law of the interdependence and mutual transformation of fortunes, and warns the world not to do bad things at will to avoid disasters; Yong's Mouse sounded the alarm for us, asking us to cultivate and respect morality.
Based on Liu Zongyuan's life, this paper analyzes and evaluates his fable "Three Commandments": the behavior of elk is never "different", it is an idiot who knows neither each other nor friends; Donkey is a powerful animal aiming at the field, just like the incarnation of Liu Zongyuan. "Things are not for the world, and Tao is not suitable for the times." The sorrow of the donkey is no less than a journey of a thousand miles; "Rat" is the image of vicious corrupt officials. In a word, the pity of the elk, the pity of the donkey and the abomination of the mouse! As far as its ideology, warning and understanding are concerned, yongmou's mouse ranks first among the three fables, while Guizhou's donkey and Linjiang's elk are slightly inferior because of improper metaphors.
Keywords: Liu Zongyuan's "Three Commandments"
Liu Zongyuan's Three Commandments is the masterpiece of his fable. The title comes from The Analects of Confucius Ji Shi: "A gentleman has three precepts", which means vigilance. Admonish: admonish yourself and others; Therefore, we should analyze and evaluate its meaning, and then we can listen to its warning to prevent others from following suit. Among the three commandments, the donkey of money is widely read by later generations, but little is known about the other two commandments. The understanding of money donkey is nothing more than "money donkey skill" and "money donkey skill is poor" In fact, the author's true meaning is often not literal, but contains the author's life experience and philosophy. It is said that Lin Shu commented on Liu's fable in "A Paper on Spring Juezhai": "Calligraphy skills are beyond words." Combining Liu Zongyuan's life and reading his three commandments, we can taste: the pity of elk, the pity of donkey and the abomination of eternal mouse!
Liu Zongyuan advocated "Ming Dow as a writer" (a reply to Wei Zhongli's book "Teacher's Way"), and combined the article with practice. Although he is "extremely sensitive" (Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Volume 168), he is useless to the world, and his feelings of depression and resentment are very strong. After being demoted, he was in sin and slander, and was in adversity, so the metaphor was obscure; And strong feelings are hard to control, so the article is very sharp and sharp. His fable is the result of careful observation and deep thinking on social life, which has strong reality and profound philosophy.
There is a small preface at the beginning of the three commandments, which explains the author's writing intention and warns those who "don't know how to push themselves and others, but show off things" Chang 'an thinks: "Elks don't know each other, donkeys don't know their friends, and when they steal, they are violent, and they are also rats" (Volume 14 of "Ancient prose covered with gold").
However, after reading Elk by the River, it is difficult for us to regard Elk as an "alien" animal, but a naive, naive and simple-minded image of "the dog is kind to my friend". When he was a child, he was adopted by the "people by the river" and has been friends with the domestic dog for a long time. He is a little older. It makes sense to be a "selfless elk". How can an uneducated elk know its enemies and friends? Therefore, he is an idiot who lacks the consciousness of good and evil, does not argue with enemies and friends, and does not distinguish right from wrong. At the same time, it is a very servile image, and only the owner listens. It is completely friendly to get along with dogs, and we can't see "dry" (dry, guilty). -"Shuowen") behavior, but an incarnation fooled by the owner. It is difficult for us to associate elk with "guiding the situation", and it is more appropriate to say that it "does not know how to push others". "Ignorance" shows its theme. In other words, its behavior is caused by the local protection of its owner, so that its awareness of prevention is indifferent and it does not understand the law of the jungle of nature. As Lin Shu said: "The love of elk is naive." (Chinese research method). In a word, elk gives us the image of an ignorant idiot, who knows neither each other nor his confidant. Its death makes us feel sorry for it.
In the article Donkey of Guizhou, it is also a good thing to be a "busybody". Putting a good farm animal at the foot of the mountain is "useless", which makes the donkey who is determined to farm in the field have a unique talent and can't display it, making the donkey a "waste". It's really useless for heroes! This "meddlesome" can be seen in his "donkey" way. I think, here, Lv Qian's sorrow is no less than that of a swift horse "humiliated by a slave and died in a ditch" (Miscellanies of Han Yu). I don't know if Liu Zongyuan is right, but we vaguely see Liu Zongyuan's shadow, "Things are useless to the world, and Tao is out of keeping with the times" (Liu Zihou) No one appreciates the talent of Maxima, which is the ignorance of others. The "good guy" thinks that the donkey is useless because it is the ignorance of the "good guy" when it first sees the tiger. It must be ignorant of its opponents: its past environment may be a peaceful pastoral life environment, without struggle and competition. This kind donkey doesn't know that there are carnivores who don't do farm work in this world. The donkey's singing is like a swift horse "singing without understanding its meaning" (Han Yu's Miscellanies). Perhaps just like Liu Zongyuan's "taking a stranger as his own responsibility", he is determined to reform graft. We know that donkeys are naturally kind and hardworking; Its ambition is not the competition between animals, but the fields, farming and transportation. If we say, "the donkey is exhausted", it is that the donkey is exhausted. The tiger depicted by Liu Zongyuan represents monarchical power, eunuch power and dark social system, such as Snake Catcher. Liu Zongyuan's "I don't know who is stupid, I can't be strong ... I'm young and smart, I don't know if I'm honest or dishonest, but I want to be outspoken and fall into the criminal law ("A Letter to Xu Jingzhao and Meng ") just like Guizhou donkey. At the end of the article: "If you can't show your skills, although the tiger is fierce and suspicious, the pawn dare not take it." This sentence is exactly the same as "When Zi Hou was in Taiwan Province, he was self-controlled and could attack history like Sima". Eunuchs are powerful and angry with "officials" for their skills, which makes them be demoted and even unforgivable for life; Perhaps, this just shows his complex psychological process after the failure of political struggle: depression, regret and even despair. In Yuxi Dui, the wise man "skillfully grasps the handle of the son of heaven, and has a department to give birth to the world", while the fool "is ashamed of ignorance when he touches the crime". These profound satires contain complaints and sarcasm, and they condemn this world where right and wrong are indistinguishable and virtuous and foolish are upside down. Who can say that Donkey of Guizhou has no objection?
"Sad husband!" Lv Qian is miserable because it didn't learn to "fight". If the donkey learned to fight, it wouldn't be called a donkey. The donkey is sad because it can't go back to the field. If the "nosy person" puts the "donkey" back in the field, then the donkey must be the farmer's right-hand man; As for sadness, it is the ignorance and boredom of "busybodies". Qian Donkey: Qu Yuan, an ancient man, followed by Yue Fei. They are determined to serve their country, but the monarch thinks it useless to put them at the foot of the mountain. Qu Yuan also had a hit "Li Sao"; However, Yue Fei didn't have "one skill", so he was accused of "unwarranted" and was finally harmed by "tiger". Isn't his death sad?
Visible, donkey meets tiger, if there is no "human lift" ("Liu Zihou Epitaph"), the donkey will die.
Different people have different understandings of an article: Lin Shu thinks "The Donkeys in Guizhou": "Donkeys are safe, but they are dead. Only when you are angry will you die soon ... Therefore, it is better for a gentleman not to try his best in troubled times "(Han Liu Wen Research Law and Liu Wen Research Law). I can't agree here: "I won't make a skill". When will I make a skill? Don't try again when you meet the weak? Do nothing in the face of powerful evil forces? We should advocate "the way of doing things in the world" ... unyielding "(Mencius Teng Wengong II). "Newborn calves are not afraid of tigers" is a kind of spirit after all.
Yongmou's mouse successfully created a typical "character" in a typical environment-the first generation of rats;
In a normal living environment, no one will raise mice to "avoid the sun"; However, in the normal living environment, there are too many powerful people, and for various reasons, they love to appoint some incompetent "rats" as officials, which leads to the growing influence of rats, which can be described as "small people succeed." Eunuch's autocratic power, the reversal of right and wrong, and no hesitation are the goals of Liu Zongyuan and others to eradicate the drawbacks.
Yong's family is an image of morbid personality, "afraid of the sun, taboo big differences", its wrong world outlook, and its way of maintaining the family must be wrong. A word "ban" shows its great power; Although he is ignorant, he is still the "master" of the family. Maybe he is one of us. In his jurisdiction, "because he loves mice, he doesn't care about cats and dogs." He is good or bad, and his friends and enemies don't argue. Far from being a gentleman, he loves villains, which shows his master's fatuity. So his way of employing people must be cronyism, not meritocracy. In Yong's view, the behavior of mice is normal, and he provides a good social environment for mice. So they have status and privileges. Rats take this opportunity to wantonly commit atrocities and take advantage of profits, just like the behavior of a group of corrupt officials, which really harms the country and the people. "Walking with people during the day", during the day, they swarmed and swaggered through the city; Even at night, "stealing and beating" disturbs the people, so "Tong" has no right to kill rats. The reality is the same, and the people have no right to punish corrupt officials. I think there are a lot of belongings in the mouse hole, all of which are "human cream", but because of the shelter of the owner, "it doesn't hurt to be full", so it is more appropriate to describe Yong's family and mice as birds of a feather.
More than a thousand years later, you can still see the "Yong's mouse". All kinds of corruption in society are concentrated in the author's pen. With a few strokes, the author vividly outlines the image of a corrupt official, whose shape is visible and his voice is audible.
Through reading the full text, we can see that a typical pedantic, overbearing and ignorant psychopath, because he has mastered the rights of a family, has formed a specific typical environment, in which people and mice were born, filled with smoke. Yongmou's morbid psychology is the premise of rats' rampage. It can be said that the existence of mice has its contingency and inevitability. In the final analysis, it is the corruption of employing people forever. It is encouraging that the clever "offspring will come back to life" to fake cats, buy kittens and kill mice.
In "Yong's House Mouse", the author's attitude is positive, and there are not many pens at the end, but it reveals the philosophy of life: extremes meet, and fortunes depend on each other. This is a sign that people should not show their arrogance and violent theft. In short, Yongmou's mouse is like a sharp dagger, stabbing at social corruption, alert and profound, and still satirizing some social phenomena.
The essence of fable is its implication, which should be of educational significance. After reading it, people's souls will be shocked, wake up like a dream, take a warning, and its main purpose should be positive.
Although the donkey in Guizhou is widely circulated, it will always make people feel depressed after reading it. Maybe it's a little pathetic to use the donkey as a metaphor. I wonder how farmers feel after reading it. Animal metaphors should be appropriate to make people understand what they are doing. If the eternal "mouse" is replaced by a dove symbolizing peace, it will inevitably lead to ambiguity, which shows the importance of metaphor. The author's description of "mouse" and the image of both form and spirit are just right, which makes people feel disgusted. Both elk and donkeys are kind animals, and it is difficult for people to be malicious, which may be an obstacle for us to fully understand their true meaning. Rats make people scoff at it, which is disgusting, and at the same time, the "rat generation" itself has a disgraceful meaning; Having said that, we can't help thinking of "saying", which has become the code name of corrupt officials. Therefore, Yong's metaphor of "mouse" is just right. In short, after reading three fables, I know that the elk is pitiful, the donkey is pitiful and the mouse is hateful.
The three stories have strong artistic appeal, vividly depicting the unique forms of six animals, as if people were there.
Through the use of exaggeration, the article adds a sense of humor; Personalized description enhances the interest of the story: "forgetting that you are an elk and thinking that dogs are good friends" is a completely personalized psychological activity; Another example is: "the tiger is happy, so he says' stop this ear'", as if the tiger were talking to himself there; "Tell each other because of the mouse (never kill the mouse)", as if the mouse understood the human language.
In a word, Liu Zongyuan's three fables mainly tell stories, and there is a note at the end to show his meaning, such as "Elk by the River". What to understand, let readers think for themselves, or lead to his meaning: "He is full and harmless!"
The language is concise and sharp, and the word "spit" vividly describes the image of the dog, which not only shows the dog's greed, but also shows the dog's helplessness. "Peeping into the Woods" shows the tiger's timidity and its caution. The word "forbidden" shows the power of the master. "Walking with people during the day", a short sentence, let us see the mice jumping up and down across the street swimming happily in the crowd. If corrupt officials see this, they must be ashamed, right?
There is no doubt that the value of a literary work depends on the content and form, and the content occupies a major position in it. As the central idea, the evaluation should change with the change of society, because social existence determines social consciousness. Donkeys in Guizhou warns us not to "get angry with skills" to avoid getting into trouble. In fact, whether there is a skill or not may be the same result, but the key is to have spirit and not bully the weak and fear the hard. Aren't Qu Yuan and Yue Fei always our role models? Qian's Donkey is slightly inferior in theme because it is not suitable for metaphor of animals. Therefore, as far as its ideological content and warning are concerned, I respect the warning of the article "The Mouse of Yong", which has profound implications, criticizes the current disadvantages, reveals the objective law of the interdependence and mutual transformation of fortunes, and warns the world not to do bad things at will to avoid disasters; Yong's Mouse sounded the alarm for us, asking us to cultivate and respect morality.
Based on Liu Zongyuan's life, this paper analyzes and evaluates his fable "Three Commandments": the behavior of elk is never "different", it is an idiot who knows neither each other nor friends; Donkey is a powerful animal aiming at the field, just like the incarnation of Liu Zongyuan. "Things are not for the world, and Tao is not suitable for the times." The sorrow of the donkey is no less than a journey of a thousand miles; "Rat" is the image of vicious corrupt officials. In a word, the pity of the elk, the pity of the donkey and the abomination of the mouse! As far as its ideology, warning and understanding are concerned, yongmou's mouse ranks first among the three fables, while Guizhou's donkey and Linjiang's elk are slightly inferior because of improper metaphors.
Keywords: Liu Zongyuan's "Three Commandments"
Liu Zongyuan's Three Commandments is the masterpiece of his fable. The title comes from The Analects of Confucius Ji Shi: "A gentleman has three precepts", which means vigilance. Admonish: admonish yourself and others; Therefore, we should analyze and evaluate its meaning, and then we can listen to its warning to prevent others from following suit. Among the three commandments, the donkey of money is widely read by later generations, but little is known about the other two commandments. The understanding of money donkey is nothing more than "money donkey skill" and "money donkey skill is poor" In fact, the author's true meaning is often not literal, but contains the author's life experience and philosophy. It is said that Lin Shu commented on Liu's fable in "A Paper on Spring Juezhai": "Calligraphy skills are beyond words." Combining Liu Zongyuan's life and reading his three commandments, we can taste: the pity of elk, the pity of donkey and the abomination of eternal mouse!
Liu Zongyuan advocated "Ming Dow as a writer" (a reply to Wei Zhongli's book "Teacher's Way"), and combined the article with practice. Although he is "extremely sensitive" (Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Volume 168), he is useless to the world, and his feelings of depression and resentment are very strong. After being demoted, he was in sin and slander, and was in adversity, so the metaphor was obscure; And strong feelings are hard to control, so the article is very sharp and sharp. His fable is the result of careful observation and deep thinking on social life, which has strong reality and profound philosophy.
There is a small preface at the beginning of the three commandments, which explains the author's writing intention and warns those who "don't know how to push themselves and others, but show off things" Chang 'an thinks: "Elks don't know each other, donkeys don't know their friends, and when they steal, they are violent, and they are also rats" (Volume 14 of "Ancient prose covered with gold").
However, after reading Elk by the River, it is difficult for us to regard Elk as an "alien" animal, but a naive, naive and simple-minded image of "the dog is kind to my friend". When he was a child, he was adopted by the "people by the river" and has been friends with the domestic dog for a long time. He is a little older. It makes sense to be a "selfless elk". How can an uneducated elk know its enemies and friends? Therefore, he is an idiot who lacks the consciousness of good and evil, does not argue with enemies and friends, and does not distinguish right from wrong. At the same time, it is a very servile image, and only the owner listens. It is completely friendly to get along with dogs, and we can't see "dry" (dry, guilty). -"Shuowen") behavior, but an incarnation fooled by the owner. It is difficult for us to associate elk with "guiding the situation", and it is more appropriate to say that it "does not know how to push others". "Ignorance" shows its theme. In other words, its behavior is caused by the local protection of its owner, so that its awareness of prevention is indifferent and it does not understand the law of the jungle of nature. As Lin Shu said: "The love of elk is naive." (Chinese research method). In a word, elk gives us the image of an ignorant idiot, who knows neither each other nor his confidant. Its death makes us feel sorry for it.
In the article Donkey of Guizhou, it is also a good thing to be a "busybody". Putting a good farm animal at the foot of the mountain is "useless", which makes the donkey who is determined to farm in the field have a unique talent and can't display it, making the donkey a "waste". It's really useless for heroes! This "meddlesome" can be seen in his "donkey" way. I think, here, Lv Qian's sorrow is no less than that of a swift horse "humiliated by a slave and died in a ditch" (Miscellanies of Han Yu). I don't know if Liu Zongyuan is right, but we vaguely see Liu Zongyuan's shadow, "Things are useless to the world, and Tao is out of keeping with the times" (Liu Zihou) No one appreciates the talent of Maxima, which is the ignorance of others. The "good guy" thinks that the donkey is useless because it is the ignorance of the "good guy" when it first sees the tiger. It must be ignorant of its opponents: its past environment may be a peaceful pastoral life environment, without struggle and competition. This kind donkey doesn't know that there are carnivores who don't do farm work in this world. The donkey's singing is like a swift horse "singing without understanding its meaning" (Han Yu's Miscellanies). Perhaps just like Liu Zongyuan's "taking a stranger as his own responsibility", he is determined to reform graft. We know that donkeys are naturally kind and hardworking; Its ambition is not the intrigue between animals, but its