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"Electric vehicle technology started in the 1990s and developed rapidly under the impetus of the government and major automobile companies. Although it can't be compared with traditional internal combustion engine vehicles in terms of price and technical maturity, electric vehicles have deep development potential and will eventually replace traditional vehicles in the next 10-20 years. " Wan Gang, head of the special electric vehicle team of the National 863 Program, answered a reporter's question at the report meeting on the electric vehicle test recently organized by the Ministry of Science and Technology.
In 2002, China's automobile production and sales increased by more than 40%, so it was called "the first year of China automobile". Although automobile manufacturers are delighted by the large increase in sales and consumers have more choices because of the increase in varieties, the reality and future traffic congestion, crude oil imports and environmental pressure brought about by this are worrying. Statistics show that China has become a net oil importer since 1994. In 2000, 70 million tons of oil and 30 million tons of refined oil were imported, and the price of imported oil reached 2.5 billion US dollars. 200 1 year imports about 80 million tons of oil; The statistics of 2002 have not come out yet, but it is estimated that it will not be less than 90 million tons. According to the survey of the United Nations, seven of the 65,438+00 most polluted cities in the world are in China. In recent years, the number of cars in China has been increasing rapidly, and automobile exhaust has become the chief culprit of air pollution. It is predicted that by 20 10, the automobile exhaust emissions in many big cities in China will be doubled.
Facing the grim situation, China government, like other countries in the world, is also looking for a new way out for traditional internal combustion engines. 200 1 China's Ministry of science and technology launched a major science and technology project for electric vehicles, with matching funds from national and local governments and enterprises totaling about 2.4 billion yuan. An important measure in this special project is to establish the "National Electric Vehicle Experimental Demonstration Zone" in Shantou, Guangdong. In the following two years, the reporter interviewed the base twice.
The test results are not optimistic.
The "National Electric Vehicle Experimental Demonstration Zone" was officially opened in Shantou City, Guangdong Province on June 9, 1998. There are four main tasks in the experimental demonstration area: 1. Explore the social conditions and supporting environment for the popularization and application of electric vehicles in China; 2. Experience in notarization performance evaluation and development and application of newly developed electric vehicles; 3. Conduct experiments with foreign partners to provide a basis for further cooperation; 4. Provide decision-making basis for the development of electric vehicles in China.
The test vehicle runs in three modes: taxi, bus and official vehicle. ***24 vehicles, including 5 Toyota RAV4EV as taxis; Official vehicles use two EV 1 and three S-IOEVs of General Motors; There are five domestic vans as the shuttle bus between Shantou City and Caiwu Wharf. The remaining vehicles are all used for official vehicles. During the four and a half years (as of the end of June 2002, 10 1895700 km), the total operation was * * * 1065438.
There is no doubt that these four and a half years of experiments have obtained a lot of data, which has played a very important role in the formulation of technical standards for electric vehicles in China in the future. However, from the perspective of economic benefits, the report believes that "its operating economy cannot be compared with that of fuel vehicles."
Among all the tested models, Toyota's RAV4EV is recognized as a leader in electric vehicles. "It has outstanding technical characteristics and is a pure electric vehicle that has been successfully modified." But even so, its economic operation results are still not satisfactory. The reporter has two test reports, one was two years ago and the other was published at the end of last year. In contrast, the results are almost the same.
RAV4EV is a pure electric passenger and freight vehicle, known as 2 1 century environmental protection vehicle, driven by pure electricity. As the testing period is more than 4 years, the report only selects the testing data from May 199 to July 3 17, 2000. During1may, RAV4EV operated in the experimental area in the form of taxi, with an average of about 25 days per month, 8 hours/mileage 150- 180 km per day, and charged for 2-3 hours at noon.
The report calculated an account, in 15 months? Settlement result of operating income and expenditure: the total income of five taxis is 260,282.74 yuan, the average monthly income of each taxi is 3,470.44 yuan, the monthly expenditure is 949 1. 17 yuan, and the expenditure settlement loss is 6,020.73 yuan.
The conclusion of the report is that due to the short driving range and high cost of a single charge, the application fields of pure electric vehicles are limited, and they are more suitable for urban vehicles such as vans and buses. We should focus on the development of hybrid electric vehicles.
Electric cars will appear in the Beijing Olympic Games.
Two years ago, when the reporter interviewed this project for the first time, he asked a former person in charge of this work in the Ministry of Science and Technology about the loss. Under the repeated "coercion" of two reporters, the central meaning of his answer is that if we can develop our own electric vehicles, then we can have more chips in the negotiations with multinational companies by applying for patents and formulating technical standards, so as to crack down on multinational companies' "staking the land" in China and protect the legitimate rights and interests of the national automobile industry and China. Although the pilot project suffered losses, it accumulated valuable data and laid a foundation for the future development of China automobile industry. Especially in the field of electric vehicles, we may be on an equal footing with multinational companies.
As a scientist, Wan Gang, head of the overall team of China Electric Vehicle Science and Technology Major Project, has realized the more important significance of developing electric vehicles in China through years of research and practice on electric vehicles.
Wan Gang said that the fundamental significance of developing electric vehicles lies in the diversification of energy structure. American Freedom Automobile Company proposed that all developing countries should consider reducing their dependence on a single oil resource and changing the current situation of excessive consumption of oil resources because of the uneven distribution of oil resources and unbalanced demand for oil in various countries. Secondly, due to different levels of economic development, the number of cars varies greatly among countries. At present, the United States has reached 750 cars per thousand people, while the current number of cars in China is only 14. By 2050, it will reach 0/88 vehicles per thousand people. By then, the population of China will reach 65.438+47.8 million, and the number of cars will exceed 400 million. The increase in automobile demand will bring about an increase in oil imports, so this is a problem that the automobile industry must consider and solve now; Third, electricity, as a carrier of secondary energy, can be generated by solar energy, hydropower, wind power, coal power and nuclear power, and transported to thousands of households through the power grid for industrial, agricultural and residential use. According to the distribution of domestic resources, countries can focus on developing corresponding power technology to form a balance between supply and demand; Fourthly, hydrogen is also a carrier of secondary energy, and water, natural gas, coal, oil and methanol can also be obtained by electrolysis. Through the hydrogen energy supply network, the unsolved problem of motor vehicle energy supply in the power grid can be solved, thus forming a hydrogen energy structure.
Wan Gang also admitted that in order to reduce the pollution of exhaust gas to the atmosphere, countries have successively issued stricter emission regulations, and automobile manufacturers have carried out complex technical transformation on traditional internal combustion engines to reduce exhaust gas pollution, which has led to the rising cost of traditional automobiles and smaller and smaller profit margins. In the long run, it is obviously not only unfavorable to the development of the automobile industry, but also unfavorable to the popularization of automobiles. Developing electric vehicles is not only an urgent need to safeguard national energy security and ensure the sustainable development of society, but also an important strategic measure to enhance the international competitiveness of national automobile industry.
However, we know that some powerful foreign automobile manufacturers started the research and development of electric vehicles very early, but so far there has been no substantial results. Compared with the international first-class automobile industry, the level of China lags behind for nearly 20 years. Can you make a breakthrough in electric vehicles?
Wan Gang is confident in this: "In the past five years, China's Ministry of Science and Technology has made great efforts in the research and development and demonstration operation of key technologies, key components and pure electric vehicles, and has made remarkable progress."
Wan Gang said that in major electric vehicle projects, our goal is to establish a "three horizontals and three verticals" research and development model. "Three horizontals" refers to the complete vehicles of pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles, and "three horizontals" refers to key components such as batteries, motors and control systems.
On the basis of the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" research and development of the Ministry of Science and Technology, pure electric vehicles will launch small batch products in 2003, and carry out commercial demonstration operation in specific areas; The focus of hybrid electric vehicles is to develop large buses and improve the fuel economy of buses for public transportation and long-distance intercity transportation. It is planned to complete product development in 2005 and put them on the market in 2006. Fuel cell vehicle is the focus of research and development of major automobile companies in the world, and it is also the research focus of major projects in China.
Wan Gang said that in the next five years, the state plans to focus on the research and development of fuel cell buses, automotive power systems and prototype vehicles, and demonstrate their operation at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
The development of electric vehicles needs strong policy support.
For the problems of electric vehicles, such as large investment, high price, short trip, poor economic benefits and immature technology, the test report believes that the government still lacks more effective measures in the operation mechanism and more support in policy.
The report appeals that although electric vehicles have great social benefits, after all, they will have good economic benefits only if they are put into production in large quantities. In this case, it is necessary to give play to the leading role of government behavior and mobilize all sectors of society to support the cause of electric vehicles;
Due to the large investment in electric vehicles, it is difficult for any enterprise to bear it alone. For example, General Motors has invested billions of dollars in developing electric vehicles, with a profit of 56 billion dollars a year, but it still feels inadequate. It still needs hundreds of millions of dollars of government support, and cooperates with Toyota Motor Corporation and Bp Oil Company to develop electric vehicles. China is a developing country with small economic strength. It is even more necessary to give full play to the advantage that the country can concentrate its financial resources on major events and increase economic support for the electric vehicle industry.
Electric vehicles are a sunrise industry that benefits the country and the people. It needs to concentrate financial and material resources to accelerate development. It is not enough to rely solely on government input. We should not only attract enterprises, especially those with strong economic strength, but also attract the participation of automobile industry departments to become the lead units. They play a special role in ensuring the improvement of electric vehicle technology and after-sales service;
Electric vehicle is a multi-disciplinary and socialized industry, which needs the cooperation of talents from all walks of life. At present, the combination of politics and Industry-University-Research formed by the "863" project is a good model for developing the electric vehicle industry. In order to better promote electric vehicles, it is necessary to speed up the improvement and maturity of technical performance and give play to the guarantee role of technology;
The common practice of developing high-tech industries all over the world is to support them with preferential industrial policies. In the promotion of electric vehicles, the preferential policies implemented by China Municipal Government should include providing free parking lots, issuing official operating licenses for electric vehicles, providing power transmission and transformation websites, exempting road maintenance fees, exempting purchase tax and import tax on electric vehicles, etc.
In this regard, Wan Gang said that the government has been considering and implementing some specific programs.
In terms of capital investment, the total investment of the state is about 654.38 billion yuan, and local and enterprises also have matching funds, with a total scale of about 2.4 billion yuan. The input mode is divided into product scheme stage, product reliability and durability stage and product engineering stage. The investment required for these stages will increase exponentially. In the next three years, we will increase investment to ensure the industrialization of R&D achievements.
In the form of R&D, the whole vehicle development unit takes the lead to coordinate the cooperation of parts enterprises. In order to form an optimization team, it is allowed to select 2-3 R&D units with different technical characteristics for each key component to undertake the supporting projects of the same key component.
In the development of parts, it is necessary to carry out strong alliance on the basis of competition, promote the establishment of partnership alliance between vehicle enterprises and parts enterprises in vehicle research and development, and promote the strategic cooperation of large vehicle enterprises in test methods and technical standards.
In terms of vehicle development, North Vehicle Factory and Beijing Institute of Technology develop buses on the chassis of neoplan; FAW and Dongfeng develop hybrid buses and buses on the original chassis; SAIC Chery, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Tianqi and China Automotive Industry Research Institute are responsible for the development of pure electric vehicles; Dongfeng Electric Vehicle Company is responsible for developing hybrid vehicles; The fuel cell bus is jointly developed by Tsinghua University and Beijing Bus General Factory. This fuel cell vehicle is undertaken by a new company jointly invested by SAIC, Tongji University and the Institute of Electronic Machinery of the Ministry of Information Industry.
China has many advantages in developing electric vehicles.
Some auto experts believe that China does have many advantages in developing electric vehicles.
At present, the development trend of fuel cell engine in China is very good, which has developed from single reactor research in the past to fuel cell engine system research and development capability with support system and control system. At present, four fuel cell research institutes and high-tech enterprises participating in the research have completed the first generation of prototypes. At the same time, a fuel cell laboratory and a fuel cell engine laboratory were established.
The development of high-power power batteries in China is also very rapid. Compared with foreign countries, the achievements at this stage have a greater price advantage. At present, the relevant departments are organizing efforts to carry out centralized testing of power batteries, and on the basis of further research on reliability and durability, a relatively complete supply system of power batteries for automobiles can be formed.
The research of motor and drive system has also made corresponding progress. Our government focuses on encouraging the development of rare earth permanent magnet motors, because China has resource advantages in the above-mentioned basic materials, which can reduce the cost of vehicles in the future industrialization.
The four-wheel drive of electric vehicles has also made some progress. Over the years, major automobile companies and universities around the world have made many attempts in the innovation of hub motor and four-wheel drive technology. Shanghai Fuel Cell Vehicle Power System Company and Tongji University New Energy Vehicle Engineering Center also successfully trial-produced a four-wheel drive mini-car in May 2002. The car integrates motor drive, braking, speed measurement and suspension into four identical independent modules, and adopts domestic fuel cell engine, hub motor and lithium ion battery. The vehicle control strategy and its corresponding software and hardware are developed by ourselves to realize the closed-loop control of speed and electronic differential, and form an electric-electric hybrid drive form powered by lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells. On this basis, the company will independently research and develop electric wheel drive module, independent suspension and vehicle central control block integrating driving, braking, speed measurement and steering to form micro electric vehicles with different costs and prices, which can be configured as battery drive, battery-engine and battery-fuel cell hybrid drive.
Wan Gang said, "My students and I have also developed a four-wheel drive mini-car. The four-wheeled vehicle adopts frame structure, and four wheels are suspended independently, which can form pure battery drive, battery+generator hybrid power and fuel cell+storage.