1 Problems in project cost management
At present, China's project cost management aims at dealing with the project settlement price, and only pays attention to the cost control in the construction process, ignoring the cost control in the investment decision-making stage before the project starts. Investment estimation in investment decision-making stage is an important basis for construction project decision-making, which directly affects the reliability and accuracy of national economic and financial analysis results. Because this stage is the preliminary work of the project, all kinds of data are insufficient, which is less than that of the project or accumulated data, and the estimation method is imperfect and unscientific, which makes it difficult for the project cost management department and cost workers to make a difference at this stage.
Project cost management is mainly to passively budget and calculate the project cost according to the design drawings, ignoring the application of project cost management in the design stage to optimize the design and effectively control the cost. According to relevant statistical data, the possibility of influencing the project investment in the design stage is more than 75%, but at present, most domestic designers pursue high safety and design fees, and do not consider economic factors when designing, resulting in a lot of material waste in many projects.
The various stages of project cost management are out of touch with each other. Investment estimation, design budget, construction drawing budget, contract price, settlement price and final settlement price are managed by the construction unit and its competent department, design unit and construction enterprise respectively. There is no effective project cost management system in which the former controls the latter and the latter affects the former.
At present, the collection and arrangement system of engineering cost management data in China is not perfect. The collection, arrangement and analysis of the project cost of completed projects are of great reference value to cost engineers. At present, this part of data in China is very limited, and most of them are owned by cost engineers, so they can't enjoy the data. Cost engineers can't exchange needed goods and learn from each other, resulting in a great waste of resources.
2 the principle of effective control of project cost
Cost control of the whole construction process with emphasis on planning stage and design stage. Project cost control runs through the whole process of project construction, but it must be emphasized. Obviously, the key to project cost control lies in the investment decision-making and design stage before project implementation, and the key to project cost control lies in the design after investment decision-making. According to the analysis of some western countries, the design cost generally only accounts for less than 1% of the whole life cost of a construction project, but the cost within 1% has more than 75% impact on the construction project cost, which shows the importance of the design stage. However, for a long time, China has generally neglected the cost control in the early stage of the project, and often focused on the construction stage-auditing the construction drawing budget and reasonably settling the project cost. Although this practice also has an effect, it is "better late than never" and get twice the result with half the effort. In order to effectively control the project cost, it is necessary to shift the focus of control to the early stage of project construction-planning stage and design stage.
Active control to achieve satisfactory results. Since the early 1970s, people have applied the research results of system theory and cybernetics to project management, and established their control on the basis of taking active decision-making measures in advance to minimize or even avoid the deviation between the target value and the actual value. This is an active control method, so it is called active control. In other words, project cost control should not only be reflected in investment decision-making, design, contracting and construction, but also passively control the project cost. More importantly, it should actively influence investment decision-making, design, contracting and construction and actively control the project cost. The determination and control of project cost are interdependent and mutually restrictive, and the determination of project cost is the basis and carrier of project cost control. At the same time, cost control exists in the whole process of project cost determination, and the process of cost determination is also the process of cost control
The combination of technology and economy is the most effective means to control the project cost. In the process of engineering construction, we should organically combine technology and economy, correctly handle the unity of opposites between technological advancement and economic strength through technical comparison, economic analysis and effect evaluation, achieve the economic rationality of advanced technical conditions and advanced technology on the basis of economic rationality, and infiltrate the concept of controlling engineering cost into various design and construction technical measures.
Project supervision is an effective way to control project cost. The construction supervision system is the product of the highly developed market economy and the increasing specialization and socialization of construction project management. The task of construction supervision is to take scientific measures from the perspective of organization and management, ensure the reasonable realization of project cost objectives, time limit objectives and quality objectives, and seek the best input and output for the owners. Practice has proved that project supervision is an effective way to control project cost.
Cost control in each stage of the project; Project cost control in decision-making stage. Many owners have a wrong understanding of the cost in the project planning stage, thinking that the lower the cost, the better. Cost control is not a unilateral problem, but a multi-factor problem, which should be considered comprehensively in combination with engineering practice. In the investment decision-making stage of a construction project, the technical and economic decision-making of the project plays a decisive role in the project cost and the economic benefits after the project is completed, which is an important stage of project cost control. Reasonably determining and controlling the cost has a guiding role in accurately positioning the project direction and optimizing the construction scheme.
Engineering cost control in design stage. The design stage is the key stage for investors to turn their construction intentions from imagination into reality, so the design stage is the key link of project cost control. We can control the project cost from the following aspects: implementing the design bidding system, strengthening the supervision in the design stage, determining the reasonable design scheme and mature technology, and reducing the occurrence of major design changes and scheme changes in the construction stage, which will play a certain role in effectively controlling the project cost. In the design of a project, 80% error can generally be eliminated if the project supervisor participates and eliminates unfavorable factors. In the cost control of the whole construction process, only 20% of the investment can be saved after construction, and the key lies in the cost determination and control during construction. The supervision work in the design stage includes: according to the design drawings and instructions provided by the design institute, assisting the owner to review different design schemes for economic comparison, and making a preliminary capital expenditure estimation plan to ensure the most effective use of investment; Cooperate with the owner's supervision work, including: according to the design drawings and instructions provided by the design institute, assist the owner to review different design schemes, make economic comparison, and make a preliminary capital expenditure estimation scheme to ensure the most effective use of investment; Cooperate with the owner to carry out different design schemes, work out the materials and equipment they need for cost analysis and research, and put forward cost suggestions to designers to help them design within the investment limit and save investment. Seek a design scheme with less one-time investment and good economy, and obtain the most reasonable economic index.
Using the value principle to optimize the design. Applying value engineering in the design stage can reduce the cost by 25%-40%, and the effect is remarkable. Value engineering, also known as value analysis, is a modern scientific management technology, a new technical and economic analysis method, and an effective method to save resources and reduce costs by analyzing the functions of products. It makes up for the deficiency that traditional cost management only emphasizes reducing cost and quality management only emphasizes improving quality, and is conducive to solving the long-standing problems of long construction period, great waste, poor quality and high cost in the construction industry. The value engineering method is generally divided into three steps: evaluating the technical score and economic score of each design object; Calculate the technical indicators and economic indicators of each design object; Calculate the geometric average of each design object, compare them and choose the best design scheme.
Project cost control in construction bidding stage. The project cost control in the construction bidding stage should accurately grasp the design drawings, prepare the bidding documents and determine the pre-tender price of the project through the analysis of the specific situation of the construction project and the pre-qualification of the bidding unit; Select the winning bidder and determine the contract price through bid evaluation and calibration. Reasonable determination of the pre-tender price is an important method to control the project cost in the construction bidding stage. Because the design drawings are incomplete, the materials change or the market price changes constantly, it is often difficult to have an accurate value when determining the pre-tender estimate price.
Project cost control in construction stage. The project cost control in the project implementation stage can start from the following points: carefully examine the contract price, bill of quantities, basic unit price and other related documents; According to the progress and quality of the project, correctly measure the project, check the project payment, and settle the project price according to the regulations; Correctly understand the design intent, strictly control the design changes, and correct improper design in time; Strengthen the control of engineering claims and implement all-round contract management; Clever use of budget quota and reasonable on-site visa; Review the construction organization design, use the technical and economic comparison method for comprehensive evaluation, use value engineering to optimize the selection of materials and construction schemes in the construction stage, and choose a reasonable construction scheme; Strengthen the supervision of engineering construction.
Project cost control in completion settlement stage. For a long time, the completion settlement exceeding the construction drawing budget is an urgent problem in cost management. For the project cost control in the completion stage, the following points should be done carefully: check the terms of the contract and review the compilation scope of the completion settlement. The compilation scope refers to the compilation of the project scope and cost of completion settlement. Review whether the completed content meets the requirements of the contract, whether the acceptance is qualified, and whether the settlement method, pricing method and preferential terms meet the contract; Audit the quantities according to the as-built drawings. During the audit, check the quantities item by item according to the as-built drawings, design changes, on-site visas, etc. As well as the calculation rules of engineering quantity stipulated by the state; Strictly implement the valuation basis and valuation method; Strictly examine the design change visa; Check the charging standard. The tax rate and price index may be different in different regions. Therefore, the project charging standard must be formulated in accordance with the requirements stipulated in the contract and according to the qualification level and project category of the construction unit. (Stone Paper reminds you that when writing, you should also pay attention to the logic of the outline. )