Since 1980s, the transportation department has adopted modern technology to improve work efficiency and quality. At the same time, environmental protection, sustainable economic development and other major issues affecting the quality of life and living space of human beings are becoming increasingly severe, and problems such as environmental pollution and traffic congestion caused by traffic are gradually recognized by people. Interdisciplinary and multi-level cooperative research has become the basic way to solve traffic and related problems.
With the progress of society and the continuous improvement of social and economic level, people's lives are becoming more and more affluent, and the transportation system composed of roads, waterways, railways, aviation and pipelines is becoming more and more complicated. There are many unprecedented problems in traffic planning, design and management. The appearance of GIS-T provides a brand-new technical platform and means for transportation in the new period.
GIS-T is based on modern computer science, geography, information science, management science and surveying and mapping science, closely combined with traditional traffic information analysis and processing technology, and uses the latest technologies such as database, computer graphics and multimedia to process traffic geographic information, which can accurately collect, modify and update geospatial data and attribute information in real time and provide visual support for decision makers. GIS-T provides a new idea for the development of transportation industry in the new period.
The Outline of the National Medium-and Long-Term Scientific and Technological Development Plan (2006-2020) issued by the State Council pointed out that one of the development ideas of the transportation industry is to "focus on providing smooth and convenient humanized transportation services, strengthen overall planning, develop information and intelligent technology of transportation system, improve safe and high-speed transportation technology, improve transportation network capacity and transportation efficiency, realize effective connection between traffic information and various modes of transportation, and improve traffic operation management. One of the foundations of intelligence and informatization is GIS-T.
The Outline of Long-term Scientific and Technological Development Plan for Highway and Waterway Transportation (2006-2020) issued by the Ministry of Communications gives one of the goals of highway and waterway transportation science and technology development: "By 20 10, the practical degree of digital transportation technology and the informatization level of industry management will be significantly improved, container multimodal transport and comprehensive transportation technology will be significantly broken through, and traffic decision-making technology will be significantly improved. By 2020, intelligent digital traffic management technology, comprehensive traffic technology and decision support technology will reach the international advanced level as a whole, and traffic management technology can meet the requirements of traffic modernization and fully realize the digitalization and scientificity of decision-making. "
The Outline of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development promulgated by the State Council pointed out that it is necessary to "promote the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure" and "persist in promoting industrialization with informationization, promote informationization with industrialization, and improve the level of economic and social informationization". The research, development and application of GIS-T are the necessary means and ways to promote the informationization of transportation industry, thus improving the development mode of transportation industry and ensuring the scientific development and sustainable development of transportation industry.
Second, the development of foreign countries.
The United States is one of the first countries to use computer technology to establish traffic and planning databases. In the mid-1980s, the United States Federal Highway Administration began to develop a comprehensive highway database, and established a practical GIS-T in 1988. The system contains 45,000 roads, with a total length of 595,456 kilometers covering the American highway network, and has attribute information related to each road, such as highway grade, ownership, quantity, length, road width form, median, intersection type, number of lanes, pavement type, bridge, state traffic volume, state boundary and so on. At the 20th PLARC meeting of 1995, the Federal Highway Administration of the United States provided a comprehensive highway database V2.0 CD, which was suitable for traffic network planning, analysis and modeling, and was one of the largest highway databases in the world at that time.
Under the advocacy of the American Highway Administration, the state transportation bureaus have successively carried out a series of GIS-T studies, including traffic modeling problems suitable for GIS-T, data storage methods, data format conversion, application scope of GIS-T, software platform selection, and feasibility study of GIS-T projects. Wisconsin Transportation Bureau is the pioneer of GIS-T development and data integration, and the pavement management system based on GIS has been put into operation. At the same time, the geographic information system for bridge management and maintenance, traffic signs and road facilities management system and traffic accident analysis system based on geographic information system have also been developed. In order to reduce the cost of data construction and realize resource sharing, the state transportation bureaus cooperate closely with the surveying and mapping departments to take charge of data collection, and at the same time introduce GPS technology into data collection to establish a reference framework and standard for spatial information collection and integration. The American Transportation Organization has set up a GIS-T working group to study the data model, linear reference system design, data quality control and error propagation of GIS-T and ITS.
With the extensive research and development of GIS-T, the United States has held many academic seminars and published corresponding papers since 1992. The characteristic of GIS-T research in the United States is to closely combine the reality of traffic development and solve the key technical and strategic problems that need to be solved urgently.
Germany is one of the countries that used GIS-T in highway route selection earlier. In the process of highway construction around Oraninburg, Brandenburg, the environmental coordination research and route planning of the project were carried out by GIS-T technology. Tokyo Gas Company of Japan has developed a vehicle navigation system based on GIS-T. The system consists of CD-ROM database and real-time communication system, which is used for emergency repair, vehicle dispatching and field command. Alberta, Canada has established a provincial highway maintenance system, which realizes the decision support of GIS-T for highway maintenance. Indiana Department of Transportation uses GIS-T to manage the traffic information of highways, thousands of bridges, railways, waterways and civil aviation airports in the whole state.
In developed countries, GIS-T has penetrated into almost every field of transportation. Used in traffic planning: traffic demand analysis and prediction, road network scheme evaluation, project selection and optimization, traffic engineering facilities planning, dangerous goods transportation route planning, emergency evacuation planning, bus route planning, bus stop location, etc. It is used in road design: road corridor selection, road right acquisition, road alignment simulation and so on. Applications in traffic management and service include: planned maintenance management, pavement management system, bridge management system, auxiliary decision-making system, traffic control, traffic accident analysis, traffic dynamic simulation, automobile transportation scheduling, traffic disaster prevention, over-limit truck route selection, vehicle navigation system, etc. It is applied to ports: port infrastructure management, automatic ship identification technology, loading and unloading management, etc. It is applied to waterway dredging and navigation mark management. The technical means of these applications take GIS-T as the core and integrate global positioning system, remote sensing, network and multimedia technology.
Third, domestic development and current situation analysis
China is a developing country, and its economy is still in the development stage. The current situation in China makes traffic planning and management very important. In order to fundamentally solve traffic problems, learn from the experience and lessons of western developed countries in traffic management planning, enhance the scientificity and rationality of planning decision-making and management, and gradually popularize and apply GIS-T technology in traffic planning and management, it is of great theoretical significance and practical value to study the theory and application of GIS-T.
Since 1980s, the highway management department of China has established some highway condition databases by using various database systems, and the Ministry of Communications has organized a series of application systems to improve the level of highway planning and management, including pavement management system CPMS and bridge management system CBMS. These systems have the characteristics of simple and quick query, but they only have highway attribute data, and do not establish spatial databases of highways at all levels, which can not meet the needs of spatial analysis and are not competent for all-round dynamic management of highway information and highway planning, construction and maintenance. In order to improve the level of highway information management in China as a whole and shorten the gap between China and developed countries, the Ministry of Communications decided to establish its own highway database system, and issued the task of provincial and municipal highway database construction in 199 1, and completed the development of Trans-GIS. During the period of 1995, the Science and Technology Department of the Ministry of Communications declared the national key scientific and technological project "Application Research and Development of GIS in Highway Information System", and began to study the application of GIS-T technology in highway construction and management, and constructed a geographic information system based on highway traffic. 1998 The 863 project "Software Development of Urban Traffic Demand Analysis System Supported by GIS" undertaken by China Urban Planning Institute combines urban geographic information system and traffic demand model, introduces GIS spatial data analysis model and spatial technology analysis into traffic demand analysis, and supports traffic demand analysis from aspects of traffic data collection, management, traffic analysis process and result performance. The research of GIS-T is booming in China.
The main reasons for the vigorous development of GIS-T are as follows: First, with the development of information technology, the cost performance of related information technologies has increased sharply, the threshold of funds for developing related systems has been greatly reduced, and the cost of system development has been reduced from several million to several hundred thousand RMB. Secondly, at present, in the field of software development, component technology has improved the productivity of software in an unprecedented way, and the object-oriented technology that has emerged in the past two decades has also entered a mature and practical stage. In order to adapt to the trend of component software technology, GIS software, like other software, has changed from all systems provided by manufacturers or software with secondary development function in the past to providing components for users to carry out secondary development, which greatly reduces the technical threshold for developing related systems. Thirdly, the importance attached to logistics caused by the expressway construction, Internet and e-commerce in China has formed a strong demand for the research and application of 3S (Satellite Positioning System GPS, Geographic Information System GIS and Remote Sensing System RS) technology with GIS-T as the core.
In this case, GIS-T has the following characteristics:
The application of (1) 3S technology in transportation system embodies the characteristics of integration and comprehensiveness. The Ministry of Communications put forward the concept of "digital transportation" to strengthen the comprehensive research and application of information technology with GIS-T as the core in the transportation field.
(2) The application of GIS-T technology has been widely promoted and implemented, which has improved the technical content of the development of the transportation industry.
(3) Not only develop related systems in infrastructure management units, but also gradually transfer to transportation service fields such as logistics and e-commerce, and establish key logistics technologies based on GIS-T platform.
(4) With the gradual application of ITS in China, some successful ITS take GIS-T as the system information platform and integrate other traffic information through GIS.
Judging from the current situation, GIS-T has a good application and development prospect in many fields of transportation industry.
Application in macro-decision and planning. For a long time to come, China's transportation will be in a period of rapid development. Traffic management construction has a large investment, many projects and long lines. It is a dynamic open system with large scale, high coupling and low transparency. Demand forecasting, development strategy, policy strategy and capital investment will all face a lot of complicated decision-making problems, such as macro-decision of construction projects, selection and optimization of construction and maintenance projects, construction management and project control. At present, highway construction and management planning, investment project optimization, macro decision-making and management are still in the manual operation stage, and computers are only used as tools for word and form processing. A large number of construction information is still stored on paper, which is scattered, inefficient, heavy in workload and time-consuming in information processing, and it is more difficult to provide comprehensive information reports for leaders or superior departments in real time and comprehensively. Using information technology such as geographic information system, we can provide an intuitive and clear multimedia road thematic map integrating point, line and area information, realize scientific traffic decision-making and management, and improve the efficiency and quality of decision-making.
Application in highway construction. In highway construction, we can make full use of traffic geographic information technology to serve highway survey and design. In the process of road route selection, the field survey data are obtained by GPS, RS and other measurement methods, and then the digital ground model is generated from the survey data as the basis of indoor data processing, and the road direction is selected. In the construction of digital terrain model, topographic map digitization or scanning vectorization is generally adopted. With the wide application of digital earth concept and technology, based on satellite images and aerial photos, digital terrain models can be generated quickly and accurately through GIS software. On this basis, input relevant technical, environmental and social data, and consider various restrictions, such as radius of curvature, maximum longitudinal slope, multi-layer geological structure and slope, existing lines (roads, rivers, railways, etc.). ), special areas (swamps, towns, environmental protection areas, etc. ) to optimize road selection. Using satellite image technology or aerial photogrammetry technology, terrain elevation and image can be accurately obtained, which greatly reduces the tedious and arduous preliminary work such as field survey. The operation and virtualization of GIS software on computer can save time and design time. By determining the best route scheme, the earthwork quantity of the project can be greatly reduced and balanced. Through the processing and saving of a large number of data in the process of route optimization, the itemized construction cost of each optimized route is calculated, which provides financial analysis and operating cost control for the project.
Application in highway maintenance. The business scope of road network maintenance and construction is relatively large, and the maintenance and management business is very complicated and numerous. But from the business process, there are information collection, maintenance scheme decision-making, maintenance project schedule management, completion management and other links. The different responsibilities of maintenance are also scattered in different business departments. Through GIS-T technology, we can make overall decision and dispatch, decide the maintenance scale and order according to traffic volume, traffic type and road surface condition at the road network level, decide the maintenance time according to traffic distribution to avoid traffic jam, directly manage maintenance projects, rationally allocate maintenance manpower and material resources, effectively arrange maintenance funds, track and evaluate the completion of maintenance projects, and realize the computerization of highway maintenance project planning management, schedule management, cost management and quality management.