With the development of international economy and trade, the communication between countries is extremely active and frequent, and the signing and performance of international trade contracts occur from time to time. However, due to various practical reasons, performance problems in the performance of international trade contracts occur from time to time. Therefore, the problem of breach of contract in international trade and related relief measures are very worthy of our discussion.
I. Types of breach of contract in contract performance
(1) New fundamental breach of contract and non-fundamental breach of contract
The so-called fundamental breach of contract, according to the provisions of Article 25 of the Convention, refers to one party's breach of contract, which makes the purpose of the contract impossible to achieve, thus causing fundamental damage to the other party, that is, the expected interests of the other party based on the contract are damaged due to one party's breach of contract. However, there is one exception, that is, in the case of force majeure, the breaching party can defend on this ground. Force majeure refers to an objective situation that cannot be foreseen, avoided and overcome. In this case, no ordinary natural person can predict the occurrence of this situation. Therefore, the breaching party can claim exemption on the grounds of force majeure. According to the above discussion, it is not difficult to see the constituent elements of fundamental breach of contract: first, there is a causal relationship between breach of contract and damage; Second, the breach of contract completely loses the reasonable expectation interest of the other party, that is, the damage result is serious; Third, there is no force majeure.
(2) Expected default and actual default
According to the time of default, default can be divided into expected default and actual default.
Case analysis of anticipatory breach of contract
For example,1June, 1999, Company A in China sold 3,000 tons of manganese ore to Company B in Japan, and the latest shipment date stipulated in the contract was1August 26th, 1999. The agreed payment method is letter of credit, and the chosen international trade term is CIF. After the contract is established, Company A will transport 3,000 tons of manganese ore to the designated port for shipment by Company B, and Company B will also open a letter of credit. However, Company B decided to postpone the shipment due to financial problems. Then the manganese ore market was weak and the price dropped sharply. In this case, Company B demands to reduce the price of manganese ore. By June 1999 1 1, the negotiations between the two sides were still going on. At this time, the price of manganese ore has dropped by 30%, and Party B has not revised the delivery date of the letter of credit. Company A of China announced the termination of the contract and demanded that Company B compensate the losses according to law. Analyze whether China A Company advocates anticipatory breach of contract.
Using the theory of anticipatory breach of contract, we can see that Japanese company A constitutes anticipatory breach of contract. First, Party B requires Party A to postpone the shipment, which shows that its financial situation is deteriorating, its economic situation is not good, and its ability to fulfill its contractual obligations has changed. Secondly, due to the sharp drop in the steel market price, Party B repeatedly asked the goods to reduce the price before amending the L/C.. On the surface, it is unwilling to fulfill the payment obligation according to the price agreed in the previous contract.
(3) Seller's default and Buyer's default
According to the different subjects of default, the types of default are divided into seller's default and buyer's default. Seller's breach of contract includes default caused by non-delivery, short delivery, late delivery and delivery, default caused by unqualified delivery, default caused by seller's fundamental breach of contract or default caused by seller's failure to deliver within grace period. The buyer's breach of contract includes the default caused by the buyer's non-payment, late payment, non-receipt and late receipt, as well as the default caused by the buyer's fundamental breach of contract or the buyer's non-performance or declaration of non-performance within the grace period.
Second, the remedies for breach of contract in the performance of international trade contracts
(A) the seller's breach of contract, the buyer's relief measures
1, asking the seller to actually perform it.
According to Article 46 of the Convention, when the seller breaches the contract, the buyer may choose to ask the seller to continue to perform the contract, but ask the buyer not to take remedial measures to prevent the seller from continuing to perform. The convention will continue to perform as the main remedy for breach of contract, expressing the legislative purpose of ensuring the stability of transactions.
2. Ask the seller to deliver the substitute.
Asking the seller to deliver the substitute means that the seller has delivered the goods according to the quantity agreed in the contract, but the content or quality of the delivered goods are not in conformity with the contract, which is a relief measure for the buyer to choose and apply. In other words, the seller must deliver the goods in conformity with the contract.
Ask the seller to repair it.
According to Article 46 of the Convention, the remedy of repair is aimed at the situation that the goods delivered by the seller are defective and the goods have the possibility of repair. You can request to repair, repair or adjust the defective parts of the goods to make them conform to the contract. However, the notice for repair shall be submitted within a reasonable time limit stipulated in this Convention.
4. Ask the seller to reduce the price
According to Article 50 of the Convention, when the goods delivered by the seller are not in conformity with the contract, or there are defects, that is, the value of the delivered goods is lower than that agreed in the contract, the buyer may ask the seller to reduce the price. The amount of price reduction shall be based on the difference between the value of the goods delivered at the time of delivery and the qualified goods.
5. Give the seller a reasonable time to fulfill its contractual obligations.
According to Article 49 of the Convention, in case of non-delivery, if the seller fails to perform its obligations within a reasonable time, the buyer may declare the contract null and void. At this time, it is both forbearing and legal to declare the contract invalid.
(2) Remedial measures that the seller can take when the buyer breaches the contract.
(1) Require the buyer to perform its obligations;
(2) Require the buyer to continue to perform the contractual obligations within a reasonable period;
(3) Declare the contract invalid.
Third, the conclusion prospect
Under the economic background of economic globalization, the perfection and development of China's international trade contract breach system should be based on the inherent legal framework, combined with China's local economic and trade habits and culture, and draw lessons from relevant international legal systems, dispute relief measures and institutional settings, so as to promote the rapid development of China's international trade contract breach system on the basis of local characteristics, thus safeguarding the economic interests of China's foreign trade subjects. Promote the rule of law construction of China's international trade contract breach system and consolidate China's status as a big country in the international economic field.
Part II of International Trade Contract Seller: (hereinafter referred to as Party A) Legal Representative:
Place of purchase: Party A: (hereinafter referred to as Party B) Legal representative:
Address:
According to the Contract Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), Party A and Party B agree to sign this contract through friendly negotiation, and reach an agreement on the following terms:
1. Commodity:
1. 1 Party B agrees to purchase from Party A, and Party A agrees to sell _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (hereinafter referred to as the contract goods) to Party B for its project. For details of the contract equipment provided by Party A, please refer to Appendix 1 (please list the external name and itemized price of the goods in Appendix 1).
1.2 Party A is responsible for all the work of the contract goods, and Party B shall provide necessary cooperation.
1.3 Both parties agree that the clauses in the annex are an integral part of this contract. If the annex is inconsistent with the contract text, the contract text shall prevail.
2. Price
2. 1 The price of the contract goods (hereinafter referred to as the total contract price) is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Annex I.
2.2 The total contract price is fixed.
transport
3. 1 time of shipment:
3.2 Place of shipment:
3.3 Destination:
3.4 freight mode:
4. Terms of payment
The total contract price determined in Article 2. 1 of this contract shall be paid by Party B to Party A in the following ways:
4. 1 advance payment: Party B shall pay% of the total contract price to Party A within 5 working days after the contract comes into effect, that is, RMB invoice.
4.2 Payment for delivery: Party B shall pay% of the total contract price to Party A within 5 working days after the delivery of the contract goods, that is, RMB. Party A shall also provide Party B with an invoice of the same amount.
4.3 Acceptance payment: Party B shall pay Party A% of the total contract price, that is, RMB, within 5 working days after the acceptance of the contract goods. Party A shall also provide Party B with an invoice of the same amount.
5. Delivery of contract equipment
5. 1 All contract goods shall be delivered to the delivery place within _ _ _ _ _ weeks after the contract comes into effect (this week is the latest delivery date). After the seller delivers the goods to the carrier, the ownership and risk of the delivery place are transferred to the buyer.
5.2 Party A shall notify Party B by express mail or fax before the delivery date of 14, including the contract number, the name, quantity, estimated total weight and volume of the contract goods, and the estimated delivery date. After receiving the notice from Party A, Party B shall confirm the delivery place and date to Party B as soon as possible.
6. Inspection of contract goods
5. 1 The inspection of the contract goods shall be carried out within _ _ _ _ _ days after the goods are delivered to the place of delivery. Both parties shall appoint representatives to participate in the inspection.
5.2 After the equipment has passed the unpacking inspection, both parties shall sign the inspection certificate.
5.3 If the minor defects of the contract goods recognized by both parties do not affect the performance of the goods, both parties shall still sign the inspection certificate, but Party A shall take immediate measures to repair the defects.
5.4 If any defects are found in the joint unpacking inspection, or the goods are not in conformity with the contract, it shall be doubled.
The representative of Party A will sign a detailed report, which will serve as effective evidence that Party B requires Party A to replace, repair or supplement the delivery. If the confirmation is Party A's responsibility, Party A shall obtain supplementary or replacement equipment at its own expense. If the confirmation is Party B's responsibility, Party A shall supplement or replace the equipment to Party B as soon as possible after receiving Party B's notice.
7. Force majeure
7. 1 If either party is forced to stop or postpone the execution of the contract due to force majeure, such as war, fire, typhoon, flood, earthquake or other reasons that both parties do not think are force majeure, the execution of the contract will be delayed accordingly, and the delay time is equal to the time when the force majeure takes effect.
7.2 The affected party shall notify the other party of the occurrence of force majeure by express mail or fax as soon as possible.
7.3 The affected party shall notify the other party by express mail or fax as soon as possible after the force majeure is terminated or eliminated, and notify the other party by registered airmail that the force majeure has been terminated or eliminated.
8. Guarantee and compensation
8. 1 Party A guarantees that the goods it provides to Party B are brand-new and unused.
8.2 The free warranty period of the contract goods provided by Party A is the same as that provided by the original manufacturer. The details are shown in the Annex.
8.3 During the warranty period, after receiving the defective goods delivered by Party B to the designated place, Party A shall deliver the replacement goods to Party B at its own expense as soon as possible (the expenses shall be borne by the buyer).
8.4 If the goods cannot be delivered on time according to the requirements of Article 4 of this contract due to Party A's reasons, Party B has the right to claim compensation from Party A in the following ways: from the third week of late delivery, 0.5% (0.5%) of the total price of the delayed goods shall be calculated every week, and less than one week shall be counted as one week. The total compensation mentioned above shall not exceed 5% (five percent) of the total contract price. The above compensation cannot exempt Party B from the delivery responsibility. The payment of compensation will be regarded as a complete compensation for all losses of Party A (including indirect losses that Party A may lodge with Party B due to the delayed delivery).
8.5 If Party B fails to pay the contract price on time according to Article 4 of the contract. Party B shall pay Party A the overdue fine. Payment method of overdue fine: from the day after the specified payment date, the overdue fine shall be calculated at 0.5‰ (0.5 ‰) of the unpaid contract amount every day, and the total amount of overdue fine shall not exceed 5% of the total contract amount.
8.6 If the execution of the contract is delayed due to reasons other than Party A's, the delivery date shall be postponed accordingly.
9. Arbitration clause
9. 1 All disputes related to this contract and its execution shall be settled by both parties through friendly negotiation. If no settlement can be reached through friendly negotiation, the dispute shall be submitted to the Arbitration Commission for arbitration.
9.2 The arbitral award is final and binding on both parties. No party may apply to the court or any other institution to change the arbitral award.
9.3 The arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party.
9.4 During the arbitration, both parties will continue to perform the contract, except for the arbitration part.
10. Effectiveness, dissolution and termination of the contract
10. 1 The effective date of this contract is the date when the authorized representatives of both parties sign and seal this contract. 10.2 this contract can be regarded as dissolution or termination under the following circumstances:
(1) One party enters the stage of disintegration or bankruptcy;
(2) One party is declared bankrupt or insolvent for other reasons;
(3) This contract has come into effect and has been fully performed;
(4) Both parties agree to terminate the contract in advance;
(5) According to the arbitration institution's ruling, the contract is dissolved or terminated.
1 1. Others
1 1. 1 This contract is made in duplicate, with each party holding one copy. The annexes listed in this contract are an integral part of this contract and have the same legal effect as this contract.
1 1.2 Any modification, alteration, increase or decrease of the terms of this contract must be signed by the authorized representatives of both parties in writing, which becomes a supplementary document to this contract and has the same legal effect.
1 1.3 Either party shall not publicly disclose the contents of the contract to a third party unless the other party agrees in advance. However, if the contract needs to be submitted to the relevant government departments for approval, the other party's prior consent is not required.
1 1.4 Matters not covered shall be decided by both parties through consultation.
12. Accessories
12. 1 Annex I: List of Contract Goods and Prices (omitted)
12.2 annex ii: warranty period of main components provided by the original factory.
Party A (seller) (official seal): _ _ _ _ _ _ Party B (buyer)
(official seal): _ _ _ _ Legal representative (signature): _ _ _ _ _ _
Legal representative (signature): _ _ _ _ _ _
Time: Year Month Day Time: Year Month Day
Signing place: Signing place:
Part III of International Trade ContractNo.: _ _ Date: _ _ _
Seller: _ _ _ Signing place: _ _ _
Address: _ _ _ Registered by telegram: _ _ _
Buyer: _ _ _
Address: _ _ _ Registered by telegram: _ _ _
The Buyer and the Seller hereby agree to conclude the following goods on the following terms:
1. Commodity: _ _ _ _ _ _
2. Specification: _ _ _ _ _ _
3. Quantity: _ _ _ _ _ _
4. Unit price: _ _ _ _ _ _
5. Total price: USD (in words).
6. Packing: _ _ _ _ _ _
7. Time of shipment: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8. Port of shipment and port of destination: from _ _ to _ _.
9. Insurance: _ _ _ _ _ _
10. Payment terms: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
The buyer shall open a confirmed, irrevocable, transferable and divisible letter of credit at sight with the seller before September 9. The negotiation validity of the letter of credit shall be extended to _ _ days after the last shipment date.
(2) The buyer shall pay a deposit of _ _ _% immediately after signing the contract.
1 1. Shipping marks and delivery conditions: The shipping marks shall be specified by the seller.
12. Note: Please indicate the contract number when opening the letter of credit.
13. Remarks: _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Seller: _ _ _ _ _ Buyer: _ _ _ _ _ _
Note: ① Standard contract is also called standard contract. In international trade, the fixed terms drawn up by international organizations, foreign trade institutions or law firms according to the basic contents of sales contracts, that is, blank standard contracts with fixed formats, can only become effective contracts after being signed by both parties and are legally binding on both parties.
In recent years, international trade fraud has caused tens of billions of dollars to the parties every year, so it is of great significance to study the types of international trade fraud and its preventive measures. As the basic types of international Jia Yi bullying, there are mainly bullying of contract subjects, bullying of contract terms, bullying of contract performance, fraud of quantity restriction or mandatory terms, etc. In order to prevent international trade contract fraud, different measures should be taken according to different situations.
Keywords: international trade contract; Fraud; Stay alert
In international economic exchanges, almost any international trade business must be carried out through contracts. An international trade contract can establish, change and eliminate the rights and obligations of the parties in international trade, and measure the right and wrong of the parties. Due to the wide application of international trade contracts, many international trade fraud activities are carried out by means of contracts. After China's accession to the WTO, international trade activities will become more and more frequent, and the scale of international trade will become larger and larger, and international trade contracts will play a more important role. In order to better safeguard their legitimate rights and interests in international trade, it is necessary to understand and master the types of international trade contract fraud and its preventive measures, so as to nip in the bud.
Types of fraud in international trade contracts
(1) The subject of a contract is the subject of an international trade contract, that is, the parties to the contract. With the development of world economic integration, the subjects of international trade contracts are various. There are multinational companies with strong economic strength, well-known small businessmen, and even specialized commercial swindlers. In international trade, the forms of fraud of contract subjects mainly include:
1. Fictional subject fraud. This kind of fraud mainly includes that one party to the contract is not registered, the subsidiary signs the contract under the banner of the parent company without the consent of the parent company, and both parties to the contract are pure commercial swindlers.
2. Limited liability fraud. This kind of fraud is mainly carried out by using the legal characteristics of joint stock limited companies and limited liability companies. One of the legal characteristics of these two companies is that the company is liable to the outside world within the limit of its total registered capital, and the shareholders are liable to the debts of the company within the limit of their capital contribution, which gives some malicious international trade fraudsters an opportunity. Especially in Britain and the United States, which implement the capital authorization system, the requirements for registered capital are not strict, which provides legal convenience for fraudsters engaged in international trade. These people often register a joint stock limited company or limited liability company with very low capital, and then fish in troubled waters in international trade.
3. Discipline change and fraud. This kind of fraud refers to the fraud in the international trade contract by changing the subject. The specific way is that one party of the contract transfers its contractual obligations to a third party, and the performance conditions put forward by the third party are often superior. When the original parties to a contract do not have a deep understanding of the credit of a third party, it is easy to be deceived.
(2) Using the terms of the contract to cheat many contract frauds is because both parties made some imperfect terms when signing the contract, which brought a chance for one party to cheat. There are mainly the following cases of fraud by using the terms of the contract:
1. Quality clause fraud. This is a way for one party to cheat the other party by not specifying the quality and specifications of the goods in the production and personal use contract.
2. The claim clause is fraudulent. There are often claims clauses in international trade contracts, which stipulate that if one party fails to perform or fails to perform the contract correctly, the other party has the right to claim compensation from it to protect the contractual interests of the observant party from damage. Using the claim clause to cheat, there is fraud from the buyer to the seller. For example, although the terms proposed by the buyer are excellent, the performance time given to the seller is very short, which eventually makes the seller breach the contract and file a claim against the seller; The seller can also use the claim clause to cheat the buyer. For example, the contract stipulates that the seller will perform the contract for a long time, and the buyer will suffer losses after the seller delivers the unqualified products to the buyer.
3. The penalty clause cheated a person. In international trade contract fraud, when using the penalty clause to cheat, the fraudster always fully understands the other party's actual performance ability before signing the contract, and then takes advantage of the other party's eagerness to export trade to conclude a large trade contract with it that exceeds the other party's actual performance ability, but the performance period is too short for the other party to perform, and the fraudster can get a large amount of penalty.
4. The warranty clause is fraudulent. The fraudster in the international trade contract uses the guarantee clause to cheat. The fraudster provides a guarantee to enhance the trust of the other party to the contract, but this guarantee is invalid or the collateral is easy to be lost or transferred. Even if the fraudster fails to perform the contract, the injured party will eventually suffer losses because it cannot exercise the security right.
Article 5 of the International Trade Contract: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Address: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Postal code: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Tel: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Legal Representative: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Title: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Nationality: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Buyer: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Address: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Postal code: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Tel: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Legal Representative: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Title: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Nationality: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
On the basis of equality and mutual benefit, the Buyer and the Seller have reached the following contract terms for common compliance.
Article 1 Name, quantity and price
Article 2 Packaging: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Article 3 Insurance: The insurance shall be covered by the buyer at 100% of the invoice value.
Article 4 marks and numbers: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ marks and numbers.
Article 5 Port of shipment: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Port of Item 6: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Article 7 Time of shipment: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Article 8 Terms of payment: The buyer shall open an irrevocable, transferable and divisible letter of credit in favor of the seller through a bank agreed by both parties. This letter of credit is payable against shipping documents in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ bank. The letter of credit must reach the seller before _ _ _ _. The validity of the letter of credit is 15 days after shipment and expires on _ _ _ _.
Article 9 Shipping documents: The buyer shall provide the following documents.
1. Clean the on-board bill of lading;
2. Invoice;
3. Packing list;
4. Insurance policy.
Article 10 Conditions of shipment:
1. The shipping vessel is arranged by the seller, allowing partial shipment and transshipment;
2. After the goods are loaded on board, the seller shall notify the buyer of the contract number, product name, quantity, ship name and loading date by cable.
Article 11 Claim: The seller agrees to accept the claim that the quality, quantity and/or specifications of the goods are not in conformity with the contract, but the seller is only responsible for compensating the unqualified parts caused by poor manufacturing technology or materials. The seller will not accept any claim or loss caused by improper installation or improper use. When filing a claim, the inspection report of a reputable notary public recognized by the seller must be provided. Objections to quality claims should be raised within 3 months after the goods arrive at the destination, and objections to quantity and/or specification claims should be raised within 30 days after the goods arrive at the destination. The seller will not accept all losses due to natural reasons or the responsibility of the ship owner or insurance company. If the buyer fails to open the letter of credit within the time limit stipulated in the contract, or the letter of credit opened is inconsistent with the contract, and the amendment cannot be completed on schedule after receiving the notice from the seller, the seller may cancel the contract or delay the delivery, and has the right to claim compensation.
Article 12 Force Majeure: The seller shall not be responsible for failure to deliver the goods on time or failure to deliver the goods due to force majeure. However, the seller must provide the buyer with a certificate issued by the competent authority.
Article 13 Arbitration: All disputes arising from the execution of this contract or related to this contract shall be settled by both parties through friendly negotiation. If no agreement can be reached, the arbitration shall be conducted in the defendant country in accordance with the arbitration procedure rules of the arbitration institution of the defendant country. The arbitral award is final and equally binding on both parties. Unless otherwise decided by the arbitration institution, the arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party.
Article 14 Others: Any change of this contract shall come into effect only after both parties reach a written agreement through consultation and sign it. Without the written consent of the other party, neither party has the right to transfer the rights and obligations stipulated in this contract to a third party.
Article 15 This Contract is signed on _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Buyer: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Seller: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Representative: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Representative: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Representative: _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _