Since the reform and opening up, China's light industry has developed rapidly, which not only fundamentally changed the shortage of consumer goods in China, but also exported a large number of products. At present, China has become one of the largest producers and consumers of light industrial products in the world. According to the data, China's total output value of light industry, export earnings and realized profits and taxes have accounted for or approached about one-third of the total industrial output value, export earnings and realized profits and taxes respectively, which have played an important role in national economic and social development, and achieved simultaneous growth of economic benefits and output value, with the average annual growth rate of output value, benefits and exports all above 20%. Generally speaking, China's light industry has achieved rapid growth in recent 10 years, and the quality and efficiency of economic operation are good. The output of household appliances, hardware products, pulp and paper, clocks and watches, beer, leather and leather products in China has ranked first or in the forefront in the world, and China has become a major light industry producer in the world.
Chapter I Overview of Light Industry
1. Light industry
Mainly refers to the industrial sector that produces consumption materials. Such as: food, textile, leather, paper, daily chemical, culture, education, art and sporting goods industries.
Light industry mainly refers to industrial sectors that provide consumer goods, including: ① industrial sectors that use agricultural products as raw materials. Such as the textile and sewing of cotton, wool, hemp and silk, leather and its products, pulping and papermaking, food manufacturing and other industries; (2) Take non-agricultural products as raw materials. Such as daily metal, daily chemicals, daily glass, daily ceramics, chemical fiber and its fabrics, matches, household wood products and other industries. Light industrial products are mostly consumer goods, and some of them are used as raw materials and semi-finished products, such as chemical fiber, industrial cloth, paper, salt and so on.
Light industry is divided into 22 categories and 44 industries, with more than 500,000 products, covering clothing, food, housing, transportation, use and play. The development level of a country's light industry determines the people's living standards. Light industry is an important part of China's national economy. Internally, it shoulders the necessities of solving people's lives, relies on exports for foreign exchange, and solves the indispensable funds for national economic construction.
2. Division of light industry in China
1, pulp and paper industry 2, daily machinery industry 3, salt industry 4, food industry 5, daily silicate industry 6, electric light source and lighting appliance industry 7, daily chemical industry 8, leather, fur and its products industry 9, wood products and bamboo, rattan, brown, grass products 10, furniture industry 165438. Plastic products industry 14, metal products industry 15, household appliances industry 16, weighing instrument industry 17, daily necessities industry 18, toys industry 19, interior decoration industry 20, light industrial equipment industry 2/9.
3. Three levels of light industry development
Light industry is an industry that produces consumption materials. The consumer data industry can be divided into three levels. They are:
In the early days of industrial society, light industry used agricultural and animal husbandry products as raw materials, such as textiles, food and paper making.
In industrial society, light industry takes heavy industrial products as raw materials, such as bicycles, watches and cars.
The light industry in knowledge society is high-tech light industry, such as multimedia and home robots.
Chapter II Development of Light Industry in China
Before 1984, rural villages and industries under villages belonged to agriculture, and after 1984, they belonged to industry.
At the beginning of reform and opening-up, China's light industry developed rapidly, with a high degree of processing, and its industrial structure was rectified (1979 ~1990):1978 At the end of the year, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party was held. On the basis of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts, people have deeply reflected on the industrialization process and industrial structure since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Reflection has promoted the adjustment of the relationship and proportion between accumulation and consumption, production and life, light industry and heavy industry, production structure and resource structure, production structure and demand structure. With the promulgation and implementation of a series of national policies such as "giving priority to textile industry", "regional economic gradient development strategy" and "international grand cycle", the imbalance of industrial structure in China has gradually reversed, showing the characteristics of accelerated development of light industry, high processing degree and partial extroversion. From 1978 to 1990, the proportion of light and heavy industries changed from 43. 1: 56.9 to 49.4: 50.6, the capital formation rate (the ratio of total capital formation to GDP) decreased from 38% to 34.7%, and the net export rate (the net export of goods and services to GDP)
According to the data of China National Light Industry Federation, 1978, one third of the representative watches in light industrial consumer goods have only 1.95 watches per 100 people; The per capita annual consumption of soap and other washing products is only1kg; The national beer output is only 400,000 tons; Toothpaste, matches, batteries, light bulbs and rice bowls are in short supply; Household furniture, leather shoes, etc. It has become a luxury that is hard to buy.
"Today, light industry has become one of the industries with the highest degree of marketization and internationalization in China. The output of light industrial products has advanced by leaps and bounds, and the output of major products has increased by dozens, hundreds or even thousands of times. " Buffa is telling reporters.
The data shows that by the end of 2008, the number of watches, one of the original "three major items", increased from 1.962 to 76 1.000, to 1.9 1.400; The finished sugar increased from 199000 tons in 1949 to 14494900 tons; The annual output of dairy products increased from 1952 to 18 105600 tons. ...
At the same time, a number of emerging industries are constantly emerging, and products from household appliances, plastics, down products, fitness equipment, modern cosmetics, decoration, gifts and other industries have enriched people's lives in many ways. The output of watches, bicycles, sewing machines, batteries, beer, furniture and other products 100 ranks first in the world. China has become a major producer and consumer of light industry in the world.
Chapter III Analysis of Chinese and Western Light Industries
The industrialization theory of western countries reflects the general law of industrialization process in history, but it comes from the industrialization practice of western countries since modern times, so it has obvious historical "traces" and western "traces". When we use it to observe and judge the historical process of China's industrialization, we can't simply "sit in the right place". I say this because of two basic factors:
First, the historical starting point of industrialization in China and the West is different. The industrialization of western countries began along the road of market economy. Under the integration of market mechanism, urban and rural development is generally a unified process. Under this system, the development of industry also means the advancement of industrialization, and industrialization and industrial development generally go hand in hand. But our country is different. Due to the long-term implementation of the planned economic system, the allocation of resources is completed by the state plan, and the internal organic connection of marketization in economic development is weak, so it is difficult for industries to "naturally" transfer the influence of their own development to other industries. At the same time, due to the division of urban and rural areas, the economic connection between urban and rural areas is only through the "administrative connection" of the government. This has further aggravated the industrial segregation between urban and rural areas, and between industry and commerce and agriculture, resulting in the long-term inability of rural areas and agriculture to enter the socialized large-scale production system centered on big industries and big cities and linked by market mechanisms, so they are far from being "reformed". In this case, the so-called industrialization is basically just the industrialization of cities; From the perspective of the whole national economy, industrialization and industrial development are seriously out of sync, and industrialization lags far behind industrial development. Only when the transmission mechanism of industrialization is produced can China have a real industrialization process. Therefore, the method generally adopted by market economy countries to judge the period of industrialization through the proportional relationship between the three industries and to judge the level and stage of industrialization through the proportion and fluctuation of industrial economy among the three industries is not applicable here.
Second, the background of industrialization is different. China's industrialization began under the background of the new scientific and technological revolution and the acceleration of globalization. The highly open global environment not only enabled China to quickly learn and absorb the traditional industrial civilization in its foreign exchanges, but also quickly accepted the scientific and technological civilization of the western "post-industrial society"-new scientific and technological revolution achievements such as information technology and biotechnology and the new production methods brought by them. With the embedding of information technology, the strategic position of service industry has been highlighted in advance, and the time series of rapid rise of service industry in industrial structure has moved forward greatly, which has also greatly promoted the upgrading process of industrialization, disrupted the order of traditional industrialization, blurred the boundaries between the initial stage, the middle stage and the later stage, and blurred the industrialization process and the "post-industrialization era". In a word, informatization has promoted industrialization and changed it at the same time. Coupled with the particularity of China's unbalanced development and unbalanced industrialization foundation, the process of industrialization in China is more complicated than that in western countries, and therefore richer. -Multi-level industrialized technology and culture meet here and merge into a diversified, multi-style and unified development process. In other words, globalization subverts the environment of the traditional road to industrialization, thus subverting the laws of industrialization to a great extent. No matter which country's industrialization in the future, it will not repeat the process of industrialization in western countries. We will no longer be able to clearly see the traditional boundaries between the middle and late stage of industrialization and between industrialized society and post-industrialized society.
Chapter IV Development Trend of Light Industry in China
1. China industrial development stage
China's industrialization process can be divided into four periods:
(1)1949-1984: industrialization preparation period. Old China was basically a completely agricultural country. At that time, the industry was very weak, concentrated in several coastal cities such as Shanghai. At the same time, no matter during the Westernization Movement or the Kuomintang government, industry was "official" and comprador, and it was hard to say that industrialization had begun at that time. After the founding of New China, the construction of a large number of industrial projects officially kicked off the development and industrialization of modern industry in China. However, during this period, urban and rural areas were isolated, and industrialization was limited to cities and did not enter the countryside. Although farmers and agriculture also made important contributions to the industrial development at that time, they themselves stayed out of the industrialization process for a long time and failed to share the fruits of industrialization. Therefore, from the founding of New China in 1949 to the urban economic reform in 1984, these 35 years were a period of isolated development of urban industry and commerce, and industrialization in the full sense has not been fully started. However, during this period, China had large-scale industries, state-owned and quasi-state-owned businesses covering urban and rural areas, and the necessary material strength was already available in the early and middle stages of national industrialization. We can call this period the preparation period for industrialization.
(2) 1984-2002: the initial stage of industrialization. 1in the middle of 1984, the central government made a decision to reform the urban economic system, thus making the reform and opening up widely carried out in urban and rural areas throughout the country. In 2002, the 16th delegation meeting of China Communist Party was held, the traditional planned economy system was largely broken, and the framework of socialist market economy system was basically formed. During this period, the most important change in national economic life is the emergence and development of market mechanism as the transmission mechanism of industrialization. As we all know, the core, leading and driving force of industrialization is industry, but how can industrial development be transformed into the industrialization of the whole national economy? This transmission mechanism is the market. Only through the market can we establish close industrial relations within the industry and between the industry and other industries, project and penetrate the influence of the industry into the reproduction system of the whole society, and transform the industrialization characteristics of the industrial economy into the industrialization characteristics of the whole national economy. In this sense, the initial process of China's industrialization is the development and growth process of its transmission mechanism-market mechanism. Therefore, in 1984, the central government made a decision to promote economic system reform in cities, marking the official start of China's comprehensive industrialization process. By 2002, the basic establishment of China's market economy system framework naturally indicates that China's industrialization will enter a new stage with stronger power, greater strength and wider influence.
(3)2002-2020: the period of accelerated industrialization. According to Comrade Deng Xiaoping's vision in the early 1990s, by 2020, China will establish a relatively standardized and mature market economy system. This time may be advanced or postponed, but after 20 years' efforts from the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, it is entirely possible to realize Comrade Deng Xiaoping's vision. Therefore, this period will be an important period for China's socialist market economic system to move from basic establishment to maturity, and it will also be a period for China's industrialization to be highly released by the socialist market economic system. During this period, the functions of market in regulating economic operation, integrating industrial development, connecting urban and rural areas and guiding industrialization will all be promoted to a higher level, and the industrialization of China will present a more spectacular picture: under the unprecedented powerful role of market mechanism, the integrated development of urban and rural areas and the resulting complementary advantages will make economic growth faster, labor productivity higher, urban expansion stronger, and agricultural labor force and rural population turn to non-agriculture. It can be predicted that this period will be the period with the strongest industrialization, the fastest speed and the fastest quality improvement in China.
(4)2020-2049: the maturity and completion of industrialization. According to the national development plan, during this period, China's industrialization and modernization will reach the level of moderately developed countries. By 2049, what we have to accomplish may basically include not only the initial, middle and late tasks completed by western countries in the process of industrialization, but also some important developments they have made in the "post-industrial society".
2. The light industry in China
Relying on scientific and technological progress, the varieties of light industrial products have developed from tens of thousands in the past to hundreds of thousands at present, and the products have diversified and serialized, and the quality of products has been significantly improved. However, with the development of China's economy and the development of international light industry, China's light industry is facing great challenges. There is still a considerable gap between China's light industry and foreign advanced enterprises.
Driven by the reform and opening up, China's economy has developed rapidly and people's living standards have gradually improved, showing a peaceful scene. At the same time, we should also be soberly aware that there are still many problems to be solved in development.
In addition, according to the requirements put forward by the 17th National Congress, we should develop the economy well and quickly in the future. In order to improve the quality of economic development, we should effectively protect the environment in development. In the future development, we should not blindly pursue GDP, strictly control the scale of investment, and close large energy-consuming enterprises with low efficiency. The construction of enterprises should be participated by the supervision institutions created by local people. In the future development, we should establish a resource-saving model. With the deepening of reform and opening up, we will face all kinds of new challenges. In the future, we should emphasize economic coordination and sustainable development.
Concluding remarks
After nearly 30 years of accelerated development, China has become one of the most important economies in the world, and its total GDP has been in the forefront of the world. However, according to the per capita level, China is still a developing country, and the wealth of its citizens lags behind that of developed countries and many developing countries. We have no reason to be complacent. Compared with the living standards of residents in developed countries and regions, with the increasing contact with the outside world, although Chinese citizens have stepped out of poverty, their desire to get rich is getting stronger and stronger. At the same time, the "institutional impulse" of the market economy has just begun to be fully released. From individual residents to enterprises, to local governments, from society to cities, to the whole country, there is a strong desire for development. With a strong industry, considerable social capital, a huge rural population ready to enter the threshold of industrialized society, and an available platform for globalization, driven by informationization, this powerful development impulse will become a huge uncontrollable internal tension, which will make China's economy grow faster in this period than in previous years.
The next decade will be an accelerated period of industrialization in China. Compared with the past industrialization period, industrialization in this period should be the beginning of "formal industrialization". This is because, in the past, China's industrialization lacked a complete promotion mechanism, and on the whole, there was industrial growth, with little or no industrial progress. Now, we have not only a large-scale industry, but also a mechanism for industry to drive and dominate other industries-a rapidly growing and gradually mature market. During this period, every step of industrial expansion and upgrading will be manifested as industrial expansion and upgrading. Therefore, the industrialization in this period will be a period of systematic development. In order to smoothly advance the industrialization in this period, we must grasp the basic characteristics of this period very soberly, adhere to Scientific Outlook on Development, and adhere to active, civilized, harmonious and peaceful development.